...Skeletal System Functions: The Skeletal system performs vital functions; supports movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation. That enables the human body to survive. Main Parts / Structures and Functions: The skeleton is divided into two major parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and includes skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs. Example of Cell Specialization: Osteoprogenitor Cells: Osteoprogenitor cells are immature cells that are mainly based in the bone marrow (a soft fatty substance in the...
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...Jacob Nedrow Skeletal system This system includes all bones and joints in the body. Each bone is complex organ made of cells. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by supporting and protecting soft tissues that make rest of the body. It provides attachment points for muscles; allows movement. The skeleton grows through childhood; it’s the framework for body. The bones are arranged into two major divisions; axial skeleton; appendicular skeleton. Axial- skull, hyoid, Auditory ossicles, ribs, sternum, vertebral column. The skull is made of twenty two bones fused together except for the mandible. They are separate in children to allow skull and brain to grow but fuse to give strength and protection. The Hyoid is a small, U-shaped bone inferior...
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...Structure of the Skeletal System Axial Skeleton: Altogether there are 80 bones in the axial skeleton, these 80 bones provide support and protection for the main area of the body. The axial skeleton is made up of bones such as the, skull (which provides protection for the brain). thorax(which protects the heart, lungs, esophagus, and big vessels such as the aorta and venae cavae of the thorax. vertebral column(which mainly protects the spinal cord). If we didn’t have these bones our major organs would be at constant risk of becoming damaged and causing serious harm to ourselves. Appendicular Skeleton: The human appendicular skeleton is made up of 126 bones and are the bones of the upper limbs, the lower limbs, the pectoral...
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...individuals in order to understand how the population as a whole experienced and responded to social interactions. Because palaeopathologists have access to all portions of a skeleton, the morbid conditions in all areas of the skeleton are studied and provide a broad understanding of diseases as they affect bones and joints in living populations of our society today ( Ortner & Putschar 2003: 2). The remains of humans offer the...
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...in 15,000 to 40,000 new borns. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. This means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. Mutations in the FGFR3 gene cause achondroplasia. The FGFR3 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in the development and maintenance of bone and brain tissue. There are two specific mutations in the FGFR3 gene that are responsible for almost every case of achondroplasia. These mutations cause protein to be overly active, which interferes with skeletal development and leads to disturbances in bone growth for people with this disorder. The word achondroplasia literally means “without cartilage formation.” Cartilage makes up most of the skeleton during early development, and for people with achondroplasia, the problem is converting the cartilage to bone especially the longer bones of the arms and legs. All people with achondroplasia have short stature. The average height of an adult male with achondroplasia is 4 feet, 4 inches. And the average height for adult females is 4 feet, 1 inch. The characteristic features of people with achondroplasia include an average sized mid section, short arms and legs, limited range of motion at the elbows, and an enlarged head. Their fingers are usually short as well. They usually have a normal intelligence level, however there are common health problems associated with the disorder such as episodes where breathing slows or stops for short...
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...Unit 5 Individual Project Name: Virginia Burgess Date: April 27, 2014 Part 1. There are 9 animals in nine different Phyla. Be sure to look at every page. | |Animal |Phylum |Dichotomous Key (steps) |Classification | |1 |[pic][pic] |Cnidaria |(1b,2a,3a,4b) |Scyphozoa | | | | |1b:symmetry is radial, or | | | | | |bilateral | | | | | |2a: Radial symmetry, lack or | | | | | |well define head | | | | | |3a: No spines or arms present | | | | ...
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...The adult skeleton is composed of a total of 213 bones. The skeleton is divided in two main division, the appendicular skeleton with 126 bones and the axial skeleton with 74 bones. Bones are grouped into four general categories; long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Long bones include the clavicle, humeri, radii, ulnae, metacarpals, femurs, tibia, fibulae, metatarsals and phalanges. The short bones include the carpal and tarsal bones, patellae, and sesamoid bones. The flat bones are made of the skull, mandible, scapulae, sternum, and ribs. And finally, irregular bones are composed of vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, and hyoid bone. The skeleton system provides structural support, protect vital internal organs and structures, provide maintenance of mineral homeostatic and acid-base balance, and permit movement and locomotion by providing levers for the muscles. Long bones in the skeleton system are composed of hollow shaft, or diaphysis; flared, cone-shaped metaphysis located below the growth plates; and rounded epiphysis located above the growth plates. The diaphysis is made primarily of dense cortical bone, the metaphysis and epiphysis in the other hand are mainly made of trabecular meshwork of bone surrounded by a relatively thin cortical bone.67...
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...years ago was approximately 30% higher than it is today and arthropods in that time period were much larger. It can be suggested that the size of the arthropods is limited in relation to the oxygen concentration in the air today. A second point to discuss is the exoskeletons. Physical size has its problems. It appears that when an animal doubles in size, its weight increases eight times over, but due to the weight-bearing capacity of this skeleton, the weight is only quadrupled and the actual strength of its muscles is doubled. Large vertebrates have skeletons that are disproportionately heavy compared to smaller vertebrates. The size has not been seen because the costs that come with the large size affect arthropods more so than vertebrates. There is a risk of injury with a large skeleton. The large size is further complicated during molting. The large size can’t compensate for all of the difficulties that come with a large skeleton. This greatly affects natural selection. It will favor the smaller sized animal in a population. Large size skeletons run the risk of abrasions and impact damage on the internal body. There is no cushion for soft tissues. The large size also affects the feet. The animal places all the weight when running on the smallest area of the foot. The lack of cushioning causes fractures related to the force of the impact. The testing of these arthropods could be done by raising several generations of beetles in an increased oxygen rich environment and see if...
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...used to be made of hyaline cartilage, but the cartilage eventually ossifies into bone tissue as the body continues to age develop into adulthood. Bone growth and development is strongly affected by growth hormones and sex hormones in the body. Bone tissue can be categorized into spongy and compact (cortical) bone. Spongy bone is almost unorganized with trabeculae and usually filled with red bone marrow in trabecular cavities. Compact bone is organized in structure with lamellae and osteons. The compact bone is found mostly on the exterior edges of the bone and contribute to the bone’s hardness with its calcium phosphate minerals (hydroxyapatites), while the spongy bone found on the interior of the bone make up the bone’s lightness. The skeleton undergoes remodeling continuously (not uniformly) through a moderate balance of bone deposit and bone resorption. In bone remodeling, osteoblasts and osteoclasts serve as remodeling units that try to keep constant bone mass dependent on blood calcium levels. Osteoclasts are a part of a homeostatic negative feedback loop that involves increasing blood concentration of calcium levels needed for important physiological processes. Under blood calcium level decline, the parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormones (PTH), which stimulate the osteoclasts to resorb old and new bone matrix to release calcium into the blood. As blood calcium levels rise, parathyroid gland stops secreting PTH to stop the osteoclasts’ bone resorption. Next, osteoblasts...
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...n your own words, describe how the human skeleton supports the human body. The human skeleton is the framework of the human body. It supports the softer tissues, provides points of attachment for most skeletal muscles and protects many vital organs. It also maintains the body’s’ shape. The skeleton is made up of bones that can be categorised according to one of five functions that they perform; • Shape and support; The skeleton provides the shape and support that gives the body its shape. As well as providing gravitational support, it supports the softer tissues and provides points of attachments for most skeletal muscle. • Movement; Some bones provide leverage for movement. Most of the bones are connected to other bones at flexible joints, which allow the skeletal framework a high degree of flexibility and movement. The bones are attached to tendons of the skeletal muscle and the ligaments of the joints. They then act as levers and pulleys to aid the contraction of the skeletal muscles into movement. • Protection; The skeleton provides protection for the body’s vital organs, reducing risk of injury to them. Blood production; Red blood cells and some white blood cells are manufactured by the bone marrow which is found in the cavities of some of the larger bones. Haematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells. This normally takes place in the red marrow of the bones. Each bone consists of a compact outer shell and a spongy centre. The centre contains the bone marrow which...
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...Dr. Brennan uses the dentition to get a general idea of the age. This is the method I would have used to determine the age as well. Because the skeleton’s wisdom teeth were fully erupted, that indicates that the skeleton is an adult (Reichs 29). After looking at the dentition, Dr. Brennan examines the long bones, especially the humorous. Because the long bones were fully matures, it indicates that the skeleton is an adult. Because of the lack of arthritic changes to the joints and lack of lipping observed in the skeleton’s elbow, it can be concluded that the skeleton is a young adult at this point. To further determine the age of the skeleton, Dr. Brennan examines the macerated pelvis and can see that the iliac crest was in the process of attaching during the time of death. Now that Dr. Brennan has a positive sex, and age, and time since death she can verify the identity of the body with dental records. Once the body is completely cleaned, she can compare dental records to the sorted and x-rayed teeth of the victim. To compare dental records, you must superimpose the data, and ensure that there are no...
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...Early one day on May 15th, the remains of an individual were found by a young woman who was walking her dog, Sparky on a mountain in Overland Park, Kansas. The skeleton of this individual was found off the trail of the mountain walk. The bones found included the skull, humerus, pelvis, and radius. With these bones the forensic anthropologist were able to make out the height, ethnicity, sex and age. Summary of Findings Sex The sex of the skeleton was analyzed by looking at the skull and the pelvis since both can show a significant difference between males and females. The evidence we acquired lead us in the direction of finding out the bones were from a male. The pelvis helped us acquire most of this information. The pelvis was heart-shaped, suggesting that it belonged to a male. In a male the pelvis is heart-shaped and shows the sacrum and the coccyx, while in a female the pelvis is typically...
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...an organ. The major organs within skeletal system are bone, associated cartilages and joints. .) The bones provide support for our bodies. The cartilage is also a form of connective tissue but is not as tough and rigid as bones. The cartilage, the smooth rubbery connective tissue at the end of the bones, cushions joints and helps them move smoothly and easily. The joints are important components of human skeleton because they make the human skeletal mobile. The joints occur between ‘’ two or more bones.’’ Joint enable our bodies to move in various directions. Some joint open and close like a hinge ( such as knees and elbows) whereas other allow for more complicated movement- a shoulder or hip joint, for examples, allow for backward, forward, sideways and rotating movement. .) The main job of the skeleton is to provide support for our body. Without our skeleton our body would collapse and will not stand. Your skeleton is strong but light. Without bones we will be just a puddle of skin and guts on the floor. .) The negative homeostatic feedback mechanism in the skeleton system is the decreased temperature blood vessels constrict, heat is trapped in deeper tissues. The sweet glands become less active. Skeletal muscles contract, causing shivering increased temperature- blood vessels dilate, giving flushed appearance. Sweet glands become more active. .) The homeostasis is the process, which the body is able to maintain a state of stable physiological balance equilibrium. If we...
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...Topics The Skeletal System 6 The skeletal framework of the body is composed of at least 206 bones and the associated tendons, ligaments, and cartilages. The skeletal system has a variety of important functions, including the support of soft tissues, blood cell production, mineral and lipid storage, and, through its relationships with the muscular system, the support and movement of the body as a whole. Skeletal system disorders can thus affect many other systems. The skeletal system is in turn influenced by the activities of other systems. For example, weakness or paralysis of skeletal muscles will lead to a weakening of the associated bones. Although the bones you study in the lab may seem rigid and permanent structures, the living skeleton is dynamic and undergoing continual remodeling. The remodeling process involves bone deposition by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. As indicated in Figure A-16, the net result of the remodeling varies depending on: 2. The applied physical stresses: Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger, and lightly stressed bones become thinner and weaker. Skeletal weakness can therefore result from muscular disorders, such as myasthenia gravis (p. 66) or the muscular dystrophies (p. 65), and conditions that affect CNS motor neurons, such as spinal cord injuries (p. 75), demyelination disorders (p. 72), or multiple sclerosis (pp. 72, 82). 3. Circulating hormone levels: Changing levels of growth hormone, androgens and estrogens...
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...These are study questions for the material on Test 1. If you want to have me look at your answers, please include the question and the answer and please give it to me word processed and double-spaced. Thanks, Linda Kollett Introduction 1. Define anatomy and physiology and describe related areas of study. 2. Describe the relationship between structure and function. Give examples. 3. Name the levels of organization. 4. Describe common tissue types including structure and characteristics 5. Define homeostasis and general characteristics of control mechanisms. 6. Describe negative and positive feedback systems and give examples. 7. Describe the glycocalyx and relate to cell-environment interactions. 8. Describe microvilli, gap junctions, tight junctions and desmosomes. 9. Describe types of cell-environment interactions, including cell adhesion molecules, membrane receptors, and cell signaling Integumentary System 1. Describe the structure of the skin. Be able to compare and contrast the dermis and the epidermis. Relate the structure of the skin to its function. 2. Describe the role of the hypodermis 3. Describe the structure of a hair and hair follicle. 4. Explain how hair and nails grow. 5. Describe the location, secretion type, secretion mechanism and function of the sweat glands. 6. Briefly explain reasons for differences in skin color. 7. List the functions...
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