...Kaemia Howard (19075564) Anatomy and Physiology The Aging Musculoskeletal System At the age of 84, your bones have taken a toll throughout your life time. This leaves you susceptible to a few bone diseases. Three of the most common diseases are Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Muscular Atrophy. With Osteoporosis, it is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to fracture. Usually the bone loses density, which measures the amount of calcium and minerals in the bone. Since our bones undergo bone remodeling quite often in the younger years we do not think of the potential or likelihood of being diagnosed with Osteoporosis or Osteoarthritis. However as we age our bones do not recover and remodel as fast, causing loss of bone density. The more mass that is “banked” when younger leads to the smaller risk of having the disease. Much like Osteoporosis is Osteoarthritis. The more wear and tear you put on your bones and joints the more susceptible you are to Osteoarthritis. With these disorders maintain a popular quo among the elderly; the future diagnosis is almost certain to happen. An 84 year old thin female has more than likely already been diagnosed with one of the two disorders, if not both. Osteoarthritis can be very painful and can on more than one occasion hinder any plans that have been set forth, from a trip to the grocery store or an entire vacation. This is especially true of those who have the arthritis in their hands, fingers and knees. The final...
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...Elivin Stephenson Ms. Gardner Anatomy and Physiology 12-2-14 Osteoporosis The human body made up structure almost entirely of bones. Bones are important parts of the human body. Healthy bone give a lot to the overall health. Bones can also get infections and diseases just like other body parts. Diseases like bone cancer and osteoporosis are the more serious and researched on. This paper showcases the disease osteoporosis by finding out it its causes, symptoms, testing,treatment and prevention. Osteoporosis is a common disease that usually meets older women. The disease is characterized by a loss in bone density over time. Bone strength is measured by the bone mineral density , also called the bone mass. Persons suffering from osteoporosis have low bone mass. [pic] Fig 1. This Picture shows empty and hollow a victim of Osteoporosis compared to someone who does not. (WebMD 1) Osteoporosis is known well as it is called a silent disease. It takes a long time and test for the disease to show up on a doctors radar. As bones weaken,the risk of sudden and unexpected bone fractures increases. Woman 50 and older have many fractures around their hip and wrist within this age group. Even though Osteoporosis is more common in women, it does not matter how old you are age or sex is, osteoporosis can affect you. There are not really visible signs of Osteoporosis. Some victims will notice a loss of height or a Dowager's hump( An abnormal outward curvature of the thoracic vertebrae...
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...Osteoporosis is a disease where decreased bone strength increases the risk of a broken bone. It is the most common reason for a broken bone among people who are old. Bones that commonly break include the back bones, the bones of the forearm, and the hip. Until a broken bone occurs there are typically no symptoms. Bones may weaken to such a degree that a break may occur with minor stress or spontaneously. Chronic pain and a decreased ability to carry out normal activities may occur following a broken bone. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is the most common form of osteoporosis. It affects many women after menopause, leaving some women up in age such as an 84 year old slim, small boned female at high risk for fracture. Osteoarthritis is a type of joint disease that results from breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone. The most common symptoms are joint pain and stiffness. Initially, symptoms may occur only following exercise, but over time may become constant. Other symptoms may include joint swelling, decreased range of motion, and when the back is affected weakness or numbness of the arms and legs. The most commonly involved joints are those near the ends of the fingers, at the base of the thumb, neck, lower back, knees, and hips. Joints on one side of the body are often more affected than those on the other. Usually the problems come on over years. It can affect work and normal daily activities. Unlike other types of arthritis, only the joints are typically affected. ...
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...NAME: __________________________________ Class Period: ________ Anatomy & Physiology Case Study Assignment #3 For the following questions, please attach your answers to this sheet and submit it on the Skeletal System exam day. This assignment is worth 100 points towards your grade. Each correct answer is worth 10 points. All answers must be typewritten. Please be as complete and thorough as possible. You must attach a bibliography in MLA format with your references. Failure to do so will result in a 40 point deduction from your grade. DO NOT ‘CUT AND PASTE’ FROM THE INTERNET—I want to read YOUR ideas, concepts and responses! History #1: A 72-year-old woman presented to her physician with back pain that radiated laterally to the flanks. Upon examination, her physician noticed a pronounced kyphosis of her vertebral column. Radiographs revealed vertebral compression fractures in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions. Bone densitometry showed significant loss of bone mineral density. The patient was diagnosed with senile osteoporosis. The patient was prescribed Fosamax (Alendronate Sodium). 1. What is “senile osteoporosis” and how does it differ from “post-menopausal osteoporosis?” 2. How would you describe a pronounced kyphosis of the vertebral column? 3. BRIEFLY describe the process of bone resorbtion. 4. What cell type is responsible for bone resorbtion? 5. How would you expect the drug Fosamax (Alendronate Sodium) to affect osteoclasts...
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...Module 6: Hormones Question 1: Alice is a 70 year old woman with low vitamin D levels who recently broke a hip. She has osteoporosis. She was given several medications to try to improve bone density, however, they were unsuccessful as she could not tolerate the medications. What hormone might she be given to treat the osteoporosis? How does this medication help? How would this be effected by a low TSH? Osteoporosis is a disease in which excessive loss of calcium from the bones occur without adequate replacement, due to the calcium loss bones become weak and are more likely to break (Scanlon & Saunders, pg 129b). Estrogen is classified as a sex hormone but it is also essential for female bone health because it promotes the activity of osteoblasts. Estrogen supplementation is a form of hormone replacement therapy that is approved by the FDA in the treatment of osteoporosis because it slows down bone loss and increases bone density. Estrogen supplementation may lower TSH levels in women with hypothyroidism triggering hypothyroid symptoms, such as low energy and feeling tired, sluggish, and cold, or to put them at risk for regrowth of thyroid cancer. While using estrogen supplements patients thyroid panel should be monitored routinely and doses of thyroid hormone medication adjusted appropriately. Question 2: Darren is a 15 year old, tall for his age, but he wants to build more muscle. He decides that he will eat only protein foods, because he says, “muscle is protein, so...
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...Examiner. I will cover the educational requirements, job responsibilities, pay scale, and the job demand for each of my potential careers. The educational requirements for a Radiologic Technologist include formal training programs in radiography that lead to a certificate, an associate’s degree, or a bachelor’s degree. Associate’s degree programs are the most common. Certificate programs typically last 6 to 12 months. Typical programs include both classroom training and clinical training. Coursework includes anatomy, pathology, patient care, radiation physics and protection, and image evaluation. The Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT) accredits educational and training programs in radiography. Completing an accredited program is required for licensure in some states. High school students who are interested in radiologic technology should take courses that focus on science and math. Suggested courses include anatomy, biology, chemistry, physiology, mathematics, and physics. Radiologic technologists must be licensed or certified in most states; requirements vary by state. To be licensed in most states, radiologic technologists must have graduated from an accredited program and must pass a certification exam from the state or from The American Registry of Radiologic Technologist (ARRT). To keep their certification, radiologic technologists must meet continuing education requirements. Students must also hold a 3.0 G.P.A. (Grade Point Average), or B average...
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...UNIT 4: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT TITLE: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM:j PECTORAL GIRDLE: The human appendicular skeleton is made up of bones of both the upper limbs and the lower limbs. Within the skeletal system a limb girdle can be referred to the bones which connect a limb to the axial skeleton. There is the pectoral girdle also known as shoulder girdle and the pelvic girdle also known as hip girdle which are the bony apparatus with which a limb is joined to the trunk. The pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle are both sturdy sockets for the limb joints although the pectoral girdle is larger and flexible it does not bear a lot of weight and it can be a shallow socket for limb attachment. Whereas the pelvis girdle on...
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...Mitochondrial Disease Victoria Yang Anatomy and Physiology 1 Section 009, Richard Adams, October 21, 2015 Mitochondrial diseases result from failures of the mitochondria, specialized compartments present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. Mitochondrial disease is an inherited neurological disorder that underlies many very common illnesses of adulthood, including Alzheimer’s, dementia, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, osteoporosis, cancer, and even the aging process itself (New initiative aims to improve early detection, treatment of mitochondrial disease in Canada 2015). Mitochondria are responsible for creating more than 90% of the energy needed by the body to sustain life and support growth. Due...
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...Bridget Acosta Anatomy and Physiology RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS * INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease that exerts its greatest impact on those joints of the body that are lined with synovium, a specialized tissue responsible for maintaining the nutrition and lubrication of the joint. The distribution of joints affected (synovial joints) is characteristic. It typically affects the small joints of the hands and the feet, and usually both sides equally in a symmetrical distribution, though any synovial joint can be affected. In patients with established and aggressive disease, most joints will be affected over time. Joint inflammation is characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain within the joint. In addition to affecting the joints, rheumatoid arthritis may occasionally affect the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, blood, or nerves. * SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS The initial trigger for RA is unknown. There is evidence to suggest abnormalities in components of the immune system that lead to the body developing abnormal immune and inflammatory reactions, particularly in joints. These changes may precede the symptomatic onset of RA by many years. Whatever sets the pathology in motion results in a large increase in blood flow to the joint (giving heat and sometimes redness), proliferation of the synovial membrane with an increase in synovial fluid (swelling), and pain (due to stretching of pain receptors in the soft tissues around, and the bone...
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...Chapter 1: Introduction to Zoology Concept of Science • Frings and Frings - defined science as an organized body of knowledge that is gained and verified by exact observation and experimentation and organized by logical thinking. • Schafersman - defined science as a method of discovering reliable knowledge about nature. • Science is factual. • Science is not merely compiled. • Science is a way of asking questions about the natural world. • Guided by natural laws (physical & chemical). • Questions must be testable. Always open to new evidence. • Falsifiable. • It applies scientific and CRITICAL THINKING. When is scientific thinking applied? 1. When one uses the scientific method 2. When one investigate nature or the universe 3. Practice by all scientists 4. Not reserved solely for scientist, anyone can think like a scientist Fields of Science 1. Social Science – deals with human relationships 2. Abstract science – deals with abstract ideas 3. Natural sciences • Physical Science – deals with non-living entity • Biological Science – deals with the living entity The Scientific Method - The most important tool in search for truth - An organized method of gathering information based on observation and controlled testing of hypothesis 1. Observation and/or Review of Literature 2. Problem 3. Hypothesis Formulation 4. Testing of hypothesis 5. Conclusions or generalizations Theory Scientific fact/principle/law Theory – is...
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...Ashlee Tarr Miss Smith Senior English 16 April 2010 Vegetarian Diets: The More Positive Side Is Being Revealed For many people understanding exactly what a vegetarian is can be difficult. Essentially, a vegetarian is one that does not consume meat. There are, however, several different types of vegetarians that are defined by certain restrictions. For quite some time people have thought of vegetarianism as a negative thing; recently, vegetarianism has become more appealing and accessible thanks to the year-round availability of fresh produce, more vegetarian dining options, and the growing culinary influence of cultures with largely plant-based diets (Becoming a Vegetarian 4-6). The traditional idea concerning vegetarian diets was that there were various nutritional deficiencies. New research, however, highlights the positive side of vegetarianism. In the Western world, the popularity of vegetarianism grew in the 20th century because of the combination of nutritional, ethical, and environmental concerns (Heller). With vegetarianism gaining popularity, many people are more aware of the different forms of the diet. Vegetarian eating covers a broad territory and can run the gamut from people who avoid all animal products to people who simply refrain from eating a few select animal foods (Bauer 185). The strictest type of vegetarian is the vegan. Vegans abstain from eating or using all animal products. They withdraw from eating meat, dairy, and eggs. Vegans also prefer...
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...by using the muscles and skeletal system which, as the name implies consists of the muscular system and the human skeleton. Bones are connected to each other at the joints by ligaments or cartilage and skeletal muscle is attached to bones, usually by tendons. With advancing age, all tissues and organs suffer many changes in the normal way it functions and the muscles normally suffer the most damage. Research indicates that the aging of the musculoskeletal system starts usually after age 30 but it may start a little early or later in different individuals depending upon their genetic makeup ,dietary and environmental factors as well aslifestyle choices. Commonly Observed Changes Some of the most commonly observed changes in the anatomy and physiology of musculoskeletal system with aging are: a decrease in the total amount of muscle fibers due to the depressed productive capacity of cells to produce proteins. In addition, the size of muscles cells, fibers and tissue; this is also knownas generalized muscular atrophy. There is total loss of muscle bulk, power and strength of all major muscle groups like deltoids, biceps, triceps, hamstrings, and other major muscles. One can also expect wasting or wear and tear of the protective cartilage of joints that normally acts as a shock-absorber and gliding agent that prevents the bone from frictional injuries. Another change is stiffening and fibrosis of connective tissue that decreases the range of motion and makes movements more painful...
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...Cystic fibrosis, also known as mucoviscidosis, is an autosomal recessive disorder.1,2,22 It is the most common inherited disease in the Caucasian population affecting 1 in 3000 children in Western Europe.3 It is a multiorgan disorder caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which is located on the long arm of chromosome 7 and encodes for a special chloride ion channel.4,5 The vast majority of mutations involve three or fewer nucleotides and result in primarily amino acid substitutions, frameshifts, splice site, or nonsense mutations.11 Of more than 800 identified CFTR mutations, the 3 base pair deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 is found worldwide in 70% of cystic fibrosis sufferers, therefore making F508 CFTR the most common deadly mutant in the Caucasian populations.6 Since cystic fibrosis has a genetic origin the opportunity to treat by replacing the defective gene with a normal healthy gene (gene therapy) offers a ‘novel therapeutic approach’ for sufferers.7 The estimated survival age of cystic fibrosis sufferers is 33.4 years (Fig 1). In this essay we will discuss the aetiology and symptoms of cystic fibrosis and the current available treatments, with particular emphasis on gene therapy and furanones, which prevent the build up of bacterial biofilms and thus reduce lung infection. Mutations in the CF gene can disrupt CFTR function within epithelial cells in different ways, ranging from complete loss...
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...BIOL 203: Human Anatomy and Physiology Midterm Review 10-15-2015 LAB MIDTERM Tuesday, October 20th, 2015 at 8:00-9:30PM in Elliott Hall of Music BRING YOUR PURDUE ID!!!!!! EVENING EXAM TAKES THE PLACE OF YOUR REGULARLY SCHEDULED LAB FOR THE WEEK OF OCT. 12! For Next Recitation (10/16 and 10/19) Read Lab 8 Quiz covering Lab 8 1 THE HUMAN BODY – LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 1. MOLECULES (e.g. water, two atoms of hydrogen linked to one atom of oxygen) and macromolecules ( = "large molecules", e.g. DNA) 2. CELLS (e.g. white blood cells, muscle cells, nerve cells), which contain cell organelles (e.g. mitochondria, little powerhouses that produce energy for the cells) 3. TISSUES, made up of cells (e.g. muscle tissue, nerve tissue) 4. ORGANS, groups of tissues (e.g. liver, heart, kidney) 5. SYSTEMS, groups of organs designed to do a specific job (e.g. the digestive system, reproductive system, nervous system). Cavities of the Body Membranes of the Body MEMBRANES THORACIC CAVITY PLEURAL lines thoracic cavity and covers lungs ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY PERICARDIAL surrounds heart and covers its surface PERITONEAL lines abdominopelvic cavity and covers organs inside (stomach, intestines, etc.) 2 ORGAN SYSTEMS 1. Body covering 2. Support, protection and movement 3. Integration and coordination 4. Processing and transporting 5. Reproduction - integumentary system - skeletal system - muscular system - nervous...
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...CORE SYLLABUS for National Eligibility-Cum-Entrance Test (NEET) for Admission to MBBS/BDS Courses The Medical Council of India (MCI) recommended the following syllabus for National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test for admission to MBBS/BDS courses across the country (NEET-UG) after review of various State syllabi as well as those prepared by CBSE, NCERT and COBSE. This is to establish a uniformity across the country keeping in view the relevance of different areas in Medical Education. PHYSICS S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. CLASS XI Physical world and measurement Kinematics Laws of Motion Work, Energy and Power Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body Gravitation Properties of Bulk Matter Thermodynamics Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory Oscillations and Waves CLASS XII Electrostatics Current Electricity Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents Electromagnetic Waves Optics Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation Atoms and Nuclei Electronic Devices CHEMISTRY S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. CLASS XI Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Structure of Atom Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure States of Matter: Gases and Liquids Thermodynamics Equilibrium Redox Reactions Hydrogen s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals) Some p-Block Elements Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques Hydrocarbons...
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