...determined to be decubitus ulcers, due to constant contact with the mattress on his bed. The skin of the scrotum and penis when examined showed that papular lesions covered 2/3 of the organs. The caregivers at the convalescence home had attempted to treat Mr. Butler with antifungal medication, with little results. Patches of Keratosis were found on the soles of the feet and palms of the hands. A physician at another hospital had made an attempt at keratolytics, and had achieved good results, at removing the keratosis that was in the second stage of healing. There were dime sized wheals on Mr. Butler’s upper back and shoulders, where they appeared for a time then disappeared. A large abscess was found para the left ear. Mr. Butler was taken to OR where the abscess was drained a by an incision and a bx...
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...Perirectal/Anorectal Abscess Introduction A perirectal abscess is the acute appearance of a collection of purulent fluid that forms from glandular pockets in the anus or rectum. The prevalence of anorectal accesses is higher than what is actually seen in formal care facilities because a large portion of people with anorectal symptoms do not seek treatment. There are approximately 100,000 cases per year in the United States, and the average age for appearance of anal abscess and fistula disease is age 40. Males are twice as likely to develop an abscess compared with women (Breen, 2014). The following paper will explore the causes of anorectal abscess, diagnostic tools, common signs and symptoms, and treatment options. Causes of Perirectal Abscess Anorectal abscesses are somewhat common and can cause substantial pain. The majority of abscesses are related to an acute infection in the inner glands of the anus. The actual abscess can become clogged by bacteria, fecal matter, or foreign material. If the abscess becomes clogged it can potentially tunnel to tissue surrounding the anal or rectal area. This material accumulates in a pocket and is called an abscess (Buckmire, 2012). The abscess begins as perirectal cellulitis caused by infection of an anal gland, which causes inflammation. The inflammatory process takes over and eventually extends to tissue surrounding the rectum. The specific bacteria that are responsible for the clogged abscess include: E. coli, staphylococci...
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...some of the disorders that effect the tissues of the body that can also cause epilepsy, the main tissues that are affected by these disorders is brain tissue. One example of a disorder that effects brain tissue is Alzheimer's, this disease actually physically changes the brain in its entirety. The tissues of the brain start to break down due to nerve cell damage causing the size of the brain to shrink dramatically affecting almost all of its function. The deeper into the brain with this condition the more there are signs of tissue damage, the cortex shrivels up, the hippocampus shrinks which is the area of the brain that plays a key role in the formation of memories, and ventricles grow larger....
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...that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The Central NS is made up of the brain and spinal cord BRAIN The brain lies within the skull and is shaped like a mushroom. The brain consists of four principal parts: * the brain stem * the cerebrum * the cerebellum * the diencephalon The brain weighs approximately 1.3 to 1.4 kg. It has nerve cells called the neurons and supporting cells called the glia. There are two types of matter in the brain: grey matter and white matter. Grey matter receives and stores impulses. Cell bodies of neurons and neuroglia are in the grey matter. White matter in the brain carries impulses to and from grey matter. It consists of the nerve fibers or the axons. * The brain stem The brain stem is also known as the Medulla oblongata. It is located between the pons and the spinal cord and is only about one inch long. * The cerebrum The cerebrum forms the bulk of the brain and is supported on the brain stem. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres. Each hemisphere controls the activities of the side of the body opposite that hemisphere. The hemispheres are further divided into four lobes: * Frontal lobe * Temporal lobes * Parietal lobe * Occipital lobe * The cerebellum This is located behind and below the cerebrum. * The diencephalon The diencephalon is also known as the fore brain stem. It includes the thalamus and...
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...able to pass from your body into your brain. Once inside your brain, drugs can change the messages your brain cells are sending to each other, and to the rest of your body. They do this by interfering with your brain's own chemical signals: neurotransmitters that transfer signals across synapses. Drugs lead primarily to a intoxication or emergence of a dependency syndrome. They change the awareness and the perception of the consumer during their impact and beyond. They affect three primal parts of the brain: • The brain stem which is in charge of all of the functions our body needs to stay alive • The limbic system links together a bunch of brain structures that control our emotional responses. • The cerebral cortex is the mushroom-like outer part of the brain. In humans, it is so big that it makes up about three-fourths of the entire brain. It’s divided into four areas, called lobes, which control specific functions. Some areas process information from our senses, enabling us to see, feel, hear, and taste. The front part of the cortex, known as the frontal cortex or forebrain, is the thinking center. It powers our ability to think, plan, solve problems, and make decisions. How do they proceed in our brain ? Drugs are chemicals. They work in the brain by tapping into its communication system and interfering with the way nerve cells normally send, receive, and process information. Some drugs can change the brain in ways that last long after the person...
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...It's a hot day and you're at the lake, the first thing you think of is jumping in the water! However,It doesn't happen often, most summers, several Americans ,usually healthy young people, suffer sudden tragic deaths from a brain-eating amoeba (Brain-Eating Amoeba (Naegleria Fowleri): Causes and Symptoms." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.). An amoeba is a freshwater ,marine ,parasitic, one-celled protozoa of the order amoebida. ("Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Apr. 2014. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.) Ameoba's are categorized by a granular nucleus surrounded by a jellylike mass of cytoplasm that forms temporary extensions called pseudopodia by which the organism moves,engulfs food particles, and forms food vacuole s. Pseudopodia is the greek word for"false feet".("Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Apr. 2014. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.) Pseudopodia are temporary projections of Eukaryotic cell membranes or unicellular protists. They extend and...
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...22 Through what area does the cerebrospinal fluid circulate around the brain and spinal cord? in the subarachnoid space Which is the usual location of language centers? left hemisphere What would be the effect of damage to the auditory association area in the left hemisphere? inability to understand what is heard Which applies to corticospinal tract? it is a pyramidal tract for efferent impulses What is a major function of the limbic system? determines emotional responses Where are beta-1 adrenergic receptors located? cardiac muscle What does a vegetative state refer to? depression of the RAS and inability to initiate action Which is NOT part of the criteria for a declaration of "brain death"? presence of any head injury What is the best definition of aphasia? inability to comprehend or express language appropriately What is an early indicator of increased intracranial pressure? decreasing responsiveness What is the rationale for vomiting with increased intracranial pressure? pressure on the emetic center in the medulla What is the typical change in blood pressure with increased intracranial pressure? increasing pulse pressure A brain tumor causes a headache because the tumor stretches the meninges and blood vessels wall Which of the following causes papilledema? increased pressure of CSF at the optic disc What is the effect of an enlarging brain abscess on cardiovascular activity? systemic vasoconstriction and slower heart...
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...electrical signals generated in adjacent axons. End Bulbs or Terminal Bulbs: Look like tiny bubbles that are located at the extreme ends of the axon's branches. Each one is like a miniature container that stores chemicals called neurotransmitters, which are used to communicate with neighboring cells. Synapse: An infinitely small space (20-30 billionths of a meter) that exists between an end bulb & its adjacent body organ (heart), muscles (head), or cell body. 2. The central nervous system: Made up of neurons located in the brain & spinal cord. 3. Differences between neurons and nerves affect recovery, One reason neurons have only a limited capacity to be repaired or rewired after damage is that there is a genetic program that turns off regrowth when neurons become fully grown by causing problem with motor coordination, strength and sensation. Recent advances in stem cell research suggest the human brain may be able to grow more neurons. If this were possible, the brain could repair damage caused by an accident or disease, such as Alzheimer’s 4. A Phantom Limb is the sensation that an amputated or missing limb (even an organ, like the appendix) is still attached to the body and is moving appropriately with other body parts 5. Parkinson’s...
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...the flight or fight response, which causes an increased in your heart beat and its different responses instead of what an actual emotional trigger would cause. This particular theory isn’t something that everyone believes in because of certain research on patients. With this particular emotion it has the result of someone’s individual perception to their reaction and also bodily changes. The Cannon-Bard theory takes the James-Lange theory and it builds more into it and continues it, it is also altered. The Cannon-Bard theory says that the experience and the expression of someone’s emotions are two totally different things. Although it’s two different things is also thought of having equal responses that are caused by the feelings of the brain from the emotions and also the autonomic and somatic nervous system's expression. It’s also said that one does not initiate or in no way directly cause the other. This theory unfortunately is not proven due to different analysis as well due to some reports that also show the autonomic and somatic nervous system. Emotional expression is thought to be controlled by...
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...University of Phoenix Material Structure and Functions of the Brain Word Search Highlight your answers in the word search below. X B L A L M D D W F L S C T P S N I O A E U G O A F P U W I R U S V A J W G O M T Z V F K D R A I T E P U E O V V H C Y R T G P B M H H Y E H M R H C P V O C G O Y C J C O R P U S C A L L O S U M I D C V T E T S U G V E N C Y P T M F A P A Y F K G R U U L H O N O R E Z H S O I L R Y V Z G E Q M I N W P M D Y H V T T A O U W X D X B T A P N P C Y G E R P A P S F K V D C A R D L O I F D B I J D L K N H E X S I E U A R A H T O F Y V T L L E C G Y C M M R A L B H L F Y H G V O N S N U O S Q A L E A C L T I I S V M B C O K S H Y Q L T C B A O J O I C Z E E W T S W E B O L L A T E I R A P V N R H F A B A O B Q M Z N Z I L J T N Y E C J T M H G E P A X O G E U L L N E B H E W D O U M O T O R C O R T E X U R X L T L H S W A I T F N I T V P J S U M A L A H T J B Z G R M T B F C G S M C F X A S D B Clues: 1. The part of the brain located in the temporal lobe that is responsible for our emotional response. ________________ 2. The portion of the brain involved in intricate cognitive functioning. ___________________ 3. A part of the brain that belongs to the limbic system and is responsible for processing new memories. ________________ 4. A structure that is known to be a key relay station for sensory information. ________________ 5. An area of the cerebral cortex involved in organizing, controlling, directing...
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...Genetics, Brain Structure, and Behavior: Future Directions While there are many disorders or illnesses that involve genetics, brain structure and behavior the most fascinating is Parkinson’s disease. In this paper the following information will be approached, what defines the illness of Parkinson’s disease, how Parkinson’s disease can change the structure of the brain and an individual’s behavior, what the current problems with diagnosing Parkinson’s disease are, what the current issues are with the preventive therapies related to Parkinson’s, what are the future therapies that may be used to diagnose and treat Parkinson’s. The last thing that will be discussed is any questions that are left to be answered about Parkinson’s that is to say what the scientific and medical field do not know about Parkinson’s. According to "Pubmed Health" (2013), “Parkinson's disease is a disorder of the brain that leads to shaking (tremors) and difficulty with walking, movement, and coordination.” Also according to “Pubmed Health” (2013), “nerve cells use a brain chemical called dopamine to help control muscle movement. Parkinson's disease occurs when the nerve cells in the brain that make dopamine are slowly destroyed. Without dopamine, the nerve cells in that part of the brain cannot properly send messages. This leads to the loss of muscle function. The damage gets worse with time. Exactly why these brain cells waste away is unknown.” There are several symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and...
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...Within the skull lies the most complex organ known to mankind -- the human brain. With a mass of only 6 kilograms, the brain contains over 100 billion living cells and 1 million kilometers of interconnecting fibers; but, exactly how does it function? Marketing and sales managers would love to know why consumers are attracted to certain advertising, packaging and brands. Martin Lindstrom, author of Buyology: Truth and Lies About Why We Buy, explains the marketing challenge, “When we walk down an aisle in a grocery store, our purchasing decisions are made in less than four seconds…there is no way we can think about that in a complete way. Those decisions take place in the subconscious part of the brain” (2008). The drive behind neuromarketing is to discover how consumers are actually responding to marketing messages, not how they report they are responding, or will respond. Neuromarketing studies consumers' response to marketing stimuli and matches that response to different areas of the brain. This research will explore neuromarketing history, levels of the brain, neuroimaging techniques used, advertising effectiveness of neuromarketing and some challenges facing this new field. History In 1991, Dr. David Lewis-Hodgson, Minilab chairman and director of research, began Neuromarketing research in the United States, after stumbling upon it when he was researching treatments for phobic anxiety and stress (Lewis, 2010). Shortly after, marketers from large companies such as Coca-Cola...
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...claims because all diseases are manifest because of imbalances in the body caused by improper nutrients that are required for the body processes. I can verify these claims using my own experiences with proper nutrition. I can be so busy some days that I wont eat until late in the evening. I become restless, irritated and angry. When I finally realize the cause of my mood change its because I haven’t had a meal or not enough to eat for my body to function at its best. 3. If I could make a part of my body twice as big as it is now I would choose the limbic system. I think that I could learn more and retain much more memory. I could also cut my tasks in half by quickly coming up with solutions and roadblocks to life’s problems. A part of the brain that I would choose to decrease would be the amygdala. I would be less fearful about certain situations and less discriminatory and analyzing about certain...
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...Health Trimester Project Tej Patnaik, period: 3 1st semeter: Wow! I can't believe it! Everything seems so blurry... probably because my eyes have just began to form. Looks like I am starting to get a face too! I feel squished! I am stuck in this sac! Woah! What are all those noises I hear? My ears are starting to grow in! I am still very small, I am only about 1/4 of an inch! So many changes are happening to me! I am starting to grow hands and feet! Wow! 2nd semester: Wow! I can see! Smaller finger looking things are starting to grow on my hands and feet! This is so cool! Hey! I can move now! not very much, but wow! This has been a great month! I can remember things too now because my brain is starting to form. Wow! all my bones forming! Woah! It's dark in here! What are these thin string looking things growing on top of my new head? Well, whatever it is, it looks pretty cool! Wow, I better keep moving, I weigh 8 ounces! 3rd semester: Wow! Looks like everything is starting to come together in here! From what I can hear, it sounds like I will be coming out soon! Maybe if I kick and punch I will come out faster! Well... that didn't work, but I can't wait to come out. It has been so much fun in here! Look how strong I've gotten! Wow! I need to lose some weight if I want to fit all the clothes that I keep on hearing you talk about. I'm 8 pounds! Looks like I am ready to come out! With all this excercise i'm doing in here, I think I need a bigger place to...
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...teenagers end up abusing alcohol. Some have lost their lives due to alcohol abuse. Each year, more than 5,000 young people below 21 years of age in the U.S. die due to alcohol abuse and alcohol related cases. This is a great loss to the society. The government is compelled to set aside funds for rehabilitation centers. The U.S. law does not allow anyone below the age of 21 to drink alcohol. Dangers of Underage Drinking Underage drinking is the chief cause of death among teenagers. Many deaths among young people are due to excess drinking. Excess drinking leads to accidents, homicides, suicides, drowning and other injuries. Too much drinking can harm the brain growth. The brain continues to enlarge and mature from birth through teenage, up to the early adulthood. The prefrontal cortex, the brain responsible for planning and decision making, can be damaged by early engagement in alcohol. The teen’s reasoning capacity will be affected, resulting to poor performance in class. However, it is not well known how drinking alcohol will influence the long-term memory of people who started abusing alcohol...
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