...of Public Expenditure on Health in India Mita Choudhury H.K. Amar Nath National Institute of Public Finance and Policy (NIPFP) 18/2 Satsang Vihar Marg New Delhi May 2012 An Estimate of Public Expenditure on Health in India The level of public spending on health has been a widely discussed issue in India in recent times. Various research studies as well as policy documents have repeatedly highlighted the low level of public spending on health in India.1 In particular, public spending on health as a per cent of GDP has been the focus of discussions, as it is an indicator of the priority accorded to health in the planning process of the country. Policy documents like the Approach Paper to the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012 to 2017), the High Level Expert Group for Universal Health Coverage (HLEG), the Programme Implementation Framework of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the Report of the National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (NCMH) have all endorsed the need to raise the level of public spending on health in India from around one per cent to 2 to 3 per cent of GDP. Monitoring the progress towards achieving the target level of public spending on health has been difficult, due to ambiguity in the definition of health expenditure used, and the corresponding figures reported by different government agencies. The latest Economic Survey, 2011-12 of the Government of India suggests that public spending on health was around 1.35 per cent...
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...achieved a lot in terms of health improvement. But still India is way behind many fast developing countries such as China, Vietnam and Sri Lanka in health indicators (Satia et al 1999). In case of government funded health care system, the quality and access of services has always remained major concern. A very rapidly growing private health market has developed in India. This private sector bridges most of the gaps between what government offers and what people need. However, with proliferation of various health care technologies and general price rise, the cost of care has also become very expensive and unaffordable to large segment of population. The government and people have started exploring various health financing options to manage problems arising out of growing set of complexities of private sector growth, increasing cost of care and changing epidemiological pattern of diseases. The new economic policy and liberalization process followed by the Government of India since 1991 paved the way for privatization of insurance sector in the country. Health insurance, which remained highly underdeveloped and a less significant segment of the product portfolios of the nationalized insurance companies in India, is now poised for a fundamental change in its approach and management. The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) Bill, recently passed in the Indian Parliament, is important beginning of changes having significant implications for the health sector. The privatization...
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...Social Security Administration: U.S. Social Security Administration. (n.d.). Historical Background and Development of Social Security. Retrieved from http://www.ssa.gov/history/briefhistory3.html What are the effects of government-sponsored health care programs for special populations—children, mentally challenged, older adults, patients with specific diseases, and so forth—on health care costs and health care access? What are the effects of government-sponsored health care programs for special populations—children, mentally challenged, older adults, patients with specific diseases, and so forth—on health care costs and health care access? There are six major goverment health care programs 1) Medicare 2) Medicaid 3) the State Children's Health Insurance Program(SCHID), 4) the Department of Defense TRICARE and TRICARE for Life programs (DOD TRICARE) 5) the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Program, 6) and the Indian Health Service (IHS) program-provide health care services to about one-third of Americans. The federal government has a responsibility to ensure that there is more than $500 billion invested annually in these programs, and is used wisely to reduce the barden of illness, injury, and disability to improve the health and functioning of the population. It is imperative that the federal government exercise strong leadership in addressing serious shortcomings in the safety and quality of...
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...Health and Safety Report By Festus Efosa Efosa INTRODUCTION To run a successful business, the company has to maintain the quality of its products and services as well as the productivity of the business. At the same time, health and safety of its employees are also very essential. The way a company does things is dependent on its management system. Health and safety forms an integral part of any business and holds equal importance as production, marketing, and quality, etc. In fact, health and safety have an impact on these functions, so it should be managed along with these functions. Everyone has the responsibility for health and safety but individuals holding managerial and supervisory positions have additional responsibilities in regards to health and safety so that the company can show its duty to care for employees and the society as a whole. MANAGERS RESPONSIBLITIES FOR HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WORKPLACE Managers and employers handle the management of health and safety according to the law. It is the duty of managers to protect the health and safety of its employees as well as other people who are affected by the business. The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HASAWA), and the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation 1999 (MHSWR) lay down some of the main responsibilities and duties of persons at work. It emphasizes and places duties on employees to take precautions of their own health and safety and that of others who may be affected by their “acts...
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...Health Care Career Report, Nurse Practitioner Victoria Crewdson Health Sciences and Related Studies, MDC Introduction to Health Care, HSC 0003 Health Care Career Report, Nurse Practitioner Introduction Many years ago I chose my studies to begin a career in the medical field. My original goal was to become a Pediatrician. However, at the end of my bachelor’s degree and after many hours spent volunteering at Miami Children’s Hospital, I decided that I wanted a career that would give me more patient provider interaction. I spoke with several doctors, nurses, and other health care providers and decided the best career for me was a Nurse Practitioner. I still have not decided on a specialty but I feel that path will come naturally with time spent in my studies. Job Description A nurse practitioner is a registered nurse (RN) who has additional education and training in a specialty area (see Figure 1). Nurse practitioners (also referred to as advanced practice nurses, or APNs) have a master's degree in nursing (MS or MSN) and board certification in their specialty. Nurse practitioners (NPs) have provided health-care services to patients for more than 40 years. The nurse practitioner role was introduced in the mid-1960s in response to a nationwide shortage of physicians. NPs provide primary and some acute care, and are qualified to meet the majority of patients’ health-care needs. They promote a comprehensive approach to health care and emphasize the overall health and wellness...
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...For my mental health independent rotation, I did my rotations at hotdogs for homeless, City rescue mission and May club AA meeting. The mental health rotations was quite unique for me as it was my first time experiencing something unique like this. Before I started doing my rotations, I was very scared of how this would go, I had many negative thoughts about completing the rotations. I am usually very quiet towards strangers and I take time to start a conversation, so I wondered if I could do any help to the people I meet. I started off my rotations with hot dogs for homeless, I was looking forward to how this experience would be. It was on a Sunday and I had to miss church to attend this experience. I made sure I went with a friend because since it was an unfamiliar place. We started off my dividing chores...
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...COMMUNITY REPORT: HENDERSON BEHAVIORAL HEALTH HISTORY: 1. Why was this organization established? To provide affordable psychiatric and casework services to residents of Broward County. 2. How did Henderson become a community mental health center? “During the late 1950's, the innovation of psychotropic medications revolutionized the mental health field. The Clinic became a multi-purpose organization with broad programs meeting the federal requirements of a community mental health center.” 3. Why was the center named “Henderson”? “In 1960, the late Mr. Alexander D. Henderson and his wife Lucy gave the Clinic stocks in Avon Products as well as property which is the current site of our "Central" Program on SW 27th Avenue in Fort Lauderdale. The money from the sale of the stock enabled us to build the structure and purchase the furnishings. The Clinic was renamed Henderson Clinic of Broward County in 1961.” 4. What populations does the center serve today? Henderson serves “more than 20,000 people of all ages, including 5,000 youth under 18 years of age.” FIND SERVICES CRISIS 5. What is the goal of Crisis Services? “ To provide immediate intervention to people experiencing a psychiatric crisis. Early intervention in a time of need can prevent hospitalization and stabilize acute situations. Crisis Services include mobile community outreach or walk-in services, psychiatric evaluation, consultation and medication monitoring, brief therapy, and...
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...HCA/250 Health Psychology Committee Report By Lynda Joy Green Instructor Remo Obertello 2/6/2011 Health psychology is a specialty area that focuses on how biology, psychology, behavior and social factors influence health and illness (about.com, 2011). The field of health psychology is all about promoting healthy lifestyles as well as prevention and treatment of disease and illness. Gadsden Regional is establishing a committee of five specialists in different fields of psychology: a substance abuse counselor, inpatient-only psychologist, child psychologist, adult psychologist, and a clinical psychologist. This committee will work together to study the mental and health illnesses that arise within the Psychology Department and provide specialized treatment in each area of recovery. The Psychology Department will provide treatment and care for a wide range ages and different abuse areas. Everyone from children to older adults, drug and alcoholic abusers, and people with psychological disorders or those just having problems coping with everyday stress will be able to obtain the help they need. The substance abuse counselor will be responsible for coordinating the use of recovery and structured programs substance abuse. The substance abuse counselor will coordinate with a social worker in order to research the patient’s addiction, addiction habits, frequency of abuse, abuse patterns, and identify thinks that might trigger the patient to abuse whatever...
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...Marilyn Lewis HSA 300 November 12, 2013 Incident Reports and Errors in Health Care Millions of people are injured yearly due to medical errors in the health care industry. Moreover, with the many errors that exist, it can cost billions of dollars each year increasing health costs. There are many examples of medical errors that take place within hospitals, but the most common and frequent error is due to medications. Many people believe medication errors are the result of abbreviations handwritten by physicians. Medical errors are a global issue and although, it is the most common, it can be the most preventable (Null et al. 2009, 56) As stated in “Death by medicine”, it found that 18-28% of people who were recently ill had suffered from a medical or drug error in the previous two years (Null et al.2009, 48). The affects of these errors lead to lost wages or productivity cost of employees. A medication error can easily take place if correct measures are not followed. For example, administering the incorrect medication or dosage amount to the wrong patient can be of great concern, which can result in long term injuries based on the depth of which the error resulted from. According to the American Association for Justice, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) preventable medical errors study estimated that at least 98,000 people die yearly totaling 29 billion dollars, which could have been prevented (www.Justice.org). In the past, errors were revealed primarily through...
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...Industry Report for United Health Group Executive Summary Our mission is to perform extensive research and recommend the best alternatives. Our vision is to strive for excellence as being a respectful firm. Our values are integrity, responsibility, collaboration, respect and excellence. Health insurance companies should consider updating their business models to conduct business in accordance with the Affordable Care Act. Healthcare reform allows for consumers to have more control over their medical care and coverage. United Health Group has the majority of Medicare and Medicaid enrollees. The Affordable Care Act allows for no discrimination against consumers with pre-existing conditions. United Health Group has multicultural websites that allow for consumers to understand what effects their specific culture. Healthcare and knowledge of the field can be given. Consumers are not given the proper tools that they need to understand their healthcare. Insurance brokerage firms are disappearing despite the helpful role that they play. Illnesses need to be curved from management to prevention. Healthcare companies need to remove themselves from negative behavior. A vast amount of money is used in the fast food business from health insurance companies. Innovation is key for United Health Group to continue with development. Government is not evolving with the times. United Health Group is in relatively good shape that needs some minor adjustments...
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...Building a Health Retreat Center Memo To: Dr Wallace From: Hristo Hristov Date: April 27, 2012 Subject: Feasibility of Building a Health Retreat Center, 2012 This report is the result of an initiative triggered by the worrisome health-related statistics (2011) related to the declining physical and mental well-being of Bulgarian citizens. This is a private initiative that takes into account people’s natural inclination to improve their situation by resorting to effective and affordable means. The creation of a health retreat center seems to be a plausible option to solving the aforementioned problems. This is why I believe the executing of such a project in Varna, Bulgaria’s most prominent seaside resort, is a solution to people’s problems. The content of the report covers: (1) an analysis of nowadays overall health condition of Bulgarian citizens; (2) a suggestion as to how to successfully eliminate the existing problem and the specific “steps-by-step” ways to realize the project It is my hope that you will join me in this cause and be a part of this exclusive project that will surely bring about change in the lives of people. I will very much appreciate any help you could offer as a man of vision and experience. I can be reached at +359 997310153 or via email at h.hristov@yahoo.com. Thank you for your time, I am looking forward to hearing from you. FEASIBILITY OF BUILDING A HEALTH RETREAT CENTER Formal Report 2012 ...
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...household income between the years of 2006 to 2010 was $64,971 for the borough of Manhattan. The area is largely occupied by Non-Hispanic Whites, who account for 57.4% of the population. Hispanics make up 25.4% of the population, African Americans make up for 15.6%, while Asians are only accountable for 11.3% of the total population. Poverty is determined by the percent of residents in each neighborhood living below the poverty line; in the Upper West Side about 10-20% of the population is living in poverty. For self reported health status, about 8.8-15.4% of Upper West Side residents rated themselves fair to poor. My major is Nursing, nurses are expected to understand that the health of a person depends on factors other than genetics; such as the substances that the individual uses. Tobacco and Alcohol are both legal drugs (provided that they are not underaged), which is why it is more likely that individuals will use it to cause detrimental damage to their health. The Upper West Side has a high percent of adults, about 18.5-32.1% of adults have reported to having five or more alcoholic beverages at once in the past 30 days. Binge drinking is more of a problem for residents in the Upper West Side than smoking, only 11.9-14.7% of people have reported that they are casual smokers, however this data is marked as unreliable, so the percentage may be higher or the latter. A social determinant that influences those who smoke tobacco and drink alcohol excessively is social status. The...
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...RESEARCH ARTICLE REVIEW Vol.3 Issue 1, January-March 2010 ISSN 0974-2441 Nutraceuticals: new era of medicine and health Manisha Pandey *, Rohit K Verma, Shubhini A Saraf Department of Pharmaceutics, Babu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh – 227105, India. Address for correspondence: Manisha Pandey, Department of Pharmaceutics, Babu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh – 227105, India. E-mail: manisha_2929@yahoo.co.in The concept of nutraceutical was stared from the survey in U.K., Germany and France which concluded that diet is rated more highly by consumers than exercise or hereditary factors for achieving good health. Nutraceutical is a term coined to describe substances which are not traditionally recognized nutrients but which have positive physiological effects on the human body. They do not easily fall into the legal category of food and drug and often inhabit a grey area between the two. Risk of toxicity or adverse effect of drugs led us to consider safer nutraceutical and functional food based approaches for the health management. This resulted in a world wide nutraceutical revolution. The nutraceutical revolution will lead us into a new era of medicine and health, in which the food industry will become a researchoriented one similar to the pharmaceutical industry. Keywords: Nutraceuticals, Medicine, Functional foods. INTRODUCTION The quality of...
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...REVIEW OF HEALTH CARE IN UTTAR PRADESH 1. Abstract Healthy society is an important contributor to economic growth since it rebound the prosperity of a nation and nature of human capital. The aim of this report is to highlights the health status of the Uttar Pradesh in context of different indicators associated with the health. In this report we also point out current status of health centers, schemes and projects running in the Uttar Pradesh. 2. Introduction When measuring the health status of a state the important indicators we should consider are population, crude birth rate, crude death rate, infant and maternal mortality rate. In the case of Uttar Pradesh the different measures taken by the state helped them to decrease above indicators. For improving the health status the Government of Uttar Pradesh is providing the free facilities like vaccination of pregnant women and children, awareness about AIDS, treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy, awareness about importance of family planning ,Distribution of preventive medicine etc. But comparing with other states of India the performance of state is slightly disappointing in the above parameters. Like other states health infrastructure of Uttar Pradesh consists of sub-centre, Primary Health centre, Community Health centre and District hospital. According to rural health statics (2009) in India Uttar Pradesh has 20521 sub-centers, 3690 primary health centers, 515 primary health centers. But there is a shortfall in...
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...Health Psychology Committee Report The health psychologist working in the hospital today should have a broad spectrum in which they can treat many different illnesses that will be present in the future as the population grows, and the life expectancy rises. Because the field of health psychology is new, the profession is still in its early stage. They provide a variety of emotional and social changes in the life of a patient who is ill or disabled. They can help in the area of depression, and pain management and anything that can have a positive impact on the patient that is dealing with a major illnesses (Sarafino,2006). In addition, in order to apply psychology to hospitals we would need to create new titles for the needs of the patient. The titles are substance abuse counselor, inpatient-only psychology: child psychologist; and adult psychologist. There have been tremendous advances in medicines that can treat a variety of diseases, but the mental and physical need of many patients suffering long term with chronic pain, terminal illnesses, and stress disorders. There are also many other issues that the psychologist can be involved with at the hospital for example, there is a need for programs that would treat drug and substance abuse, and helping patients to deal with terminal illness and to also provide and prepare patients prior to surgery. Furthermore, there are many different kinds of pain and illnesses that an individual endures everyday of their lives. The pains...
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