...The Human Digestive System Human Digestive SCI/241 Nutrition November 22, 2012 Mr. Brain Oddi By: Lenicia Ridley The Human Digestive System Human Digestion 1. How long does it take for food to go through the digestive system? Salivary glands begin the digestive process at the sight and smell of food. After, food enter the mouth and is moistened by, saliva and chewed by the teeth, it transforms into a bolus. Once the bolus leaves the mouth, it moves into the pharynx where it can be swallowed. The bolus then moves from the pharynx into the esophagus, which connects the pharynx to the stomach. Once the bolus reaches the stomach, it is mixed with acid secretions to transform the bolus into chime, a semiliquid food mass. Food is partially digested into the stomach, and chime usually empties from the stomach in 2 to 6 hours. This timeframe is determined by the size and type of meal ingested. 2. How does digestion occur...
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...manipulating neuronal subtypes selectively ( 2), as a postdoc with Tom Jessell I reasoned that a detailed quantification of mouse reaching, together with a genetic dissection of spinal circuits, might help disentangle core features of mammalian skilled motor control ( 3). Reaching appears simple, but deceptively so. Motor neurons fire, propelling the arm to target. Yet reaching does not arise from an isolated burst of motor output; rather, motor neuron activity is continually tweaked to shape appropriate limb kinematics ( 4– 6). One strategy for updating motor output is to use proprioceptive feedback from muscles to evaluate outcome and correct course. But sensory information is slow in its trek from the periphery to the brain, creating at least two challenges for motor systems: how to achieve faster feedback for rapid movements, and how to prevent sensory feedback delays from destabilizing the limb ( 7) (see the figure, panel A). INTERNAL COPIES PROVIDE FEEDBACK. Rapid movements unfold before sensory information arrives ( 8),...
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...This Article in Scientific American, in Nov of 2012 is essentially about treating people with depression and various other psychiatric symptoms with a healthy sleep schedule. They also touch on a growing concern in our nation sleep apnea. This can be said to be a side effect of our ever growing nation, not in numbers but in pounds. They present that getting a healthy dose of uninterrupted sleep will promote a natural balance in the brain there by easing symptoms of depression. There is also a good amount of research on sleep apnea stating that when you stop breathing so often through the night your brain isn’t getting the REM sleep it needs for the next day causing that dragging feeling that can only make symptoms of depression worse. I chose this article because I suffer from clinical depression and general anxiety and PTSD so it hits close to home. My younger sister was murdered almost a year ago and this was the stem of my previous symptoms becoming worse ten-fold. I was suffering from nightmares and my sleep was (naturally from the shock and grief) interrupted. After a few talks with my psychiatrist he suggested a sleep aid that inhibits nightmares and told me he thought if I could just get a good night’s sleep uninterrupted that my symptoms would start to get better. He even took me off my antidepressants because he said they were making me too tired during the day which was also prohibiting my sleep at night. So that night after I took my medicine I slept like a log...
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...the brain system. Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States (SAMHSA, 2014). People smoke marijuana in many different ways. Some method of choice are in hand rolled cigarettes referred to as Joints, water or non-water pipes known as Bongs or emptied cigars known as Blunts. People also bake Marijuana in sweets such as cookies candies and cakes. When an individual smokes marijuana short term the toxic chemicals immediately rushes from the lungs and into the blood stream. The blood steam immediately distributes the chemical to the brain and the rest of the organs in the body. The parts of the brain containing the highest amount of receptors are affected by THC that involves altered senses, sense of time, mood change, impaired body movement, memory, difficulty thinking, and solving problems. Long term use also affects brain development. For example if a teenager use the drug it can negatively affect the building of the brains connections between spaces needed for thinking memory, and learning. These affects could last a long time or perhaps may become permanent depending on the body. For example, a study showed that people who started smoking marijuana heavily in their teens and had an ongoing cannabis use disorder lost an average of eight IQ points between ages 13 and 38. The lost mental abilities did not fully return in those who quit marijuana as adults. Those who started smoking marijuana as adults did not show notable IQ declines (Meier, 2012). ...
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...Dehydration SCI/241 Dehydration “Water is of major importance to all living things; in some organisms, up to 90% of their body weight comes from water” ("U.S. Geological Survey", 2011). The human body is over 60% water; some if its organs are even higher. Without water or enough of it, there is no life. Dehydration is losing excessive amounts of water and not receiving enough to replenish what is lost. Without proper hydration the body can’t function properly. The body can’t store water. Therefore, maintaining water balance in the body is very important. Function of Water in the Body Water helps with many different body functions. “Water bathes the cells of the body and lubricates and cleanses internal and external body surface” (Wiley, 2012). Water is an important factor in joint lubrication and the building of cartilage. It also helps with production of energy, cell function, and metabolism. Water also helps the body by maintaining temperature (sweat). Another important function is the removal of waste from the body (uric acids). Water is Essential The amount of water need varies. It depends on age, temperature, and activities. Children need more hydration than adults. The elderly also need more hydration because the levels drop with age. Participation in physical activity will also increase the need for proper hydration. In hotter climates or physical activity it is easier to become dehydrated. As the body produces sweat to cool its temperature, hydration levels...
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...Stroke Lewis Mack SCI/163-Elements of Health and Wellness April 8, 2012 Ryan Hickman Stroke I. What is a Stroke? A. Definition: It is a sudden death to a portion of the brain cells from a lack of oxygen and blood flow. II. What are the risk factors for a stroke? A. Genetics B. Past environmental and behaviors C. Hypertension D. Smoking tobacco E. Poor diet and exercise F. Diabetes G. Other diseases H. Alcohol Intake III. Life style choices to reduce your chances having a stroke A. Improve diet and exercise B. Quit smoking C. Control alcohol intake D. Improve your future environment and behavior E. Get tested for other diseases relating to strokes Main Body There are two different types of strokes. They are called the ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic strokes. The ischaemic stroke is caused from a blood clot blocking a vessel in the brain. The cause of a haemorrhagic stroke is bleeding in the brain tissue. The haemorrhagic stroke is a result of poor diet and exercise, alcohol intake, smoking tobacco and high blood pressure. The ischaemic stroke is the most common stroke for people to receive. Ninety percent of people have the characteristics of all strokes, making it very serious. Strokes are the second leading cause of death of people worldwide and the leading cause of most adults being disabled in most regions. People can reduce their chances of having a stroke by changing the behaviors and...
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...Protein Research Tracey Morgan SCI 241 April 24, 2014 Dr. Patricia Hubel Protein Research Proteins are all so important in the functions of the body. Throughout the world, some countries have an abundance of protein resources to keep their population healthy. Other countries lack the ability to maintain proper resources of protein to keep them healthy, and safe from diseases. Proteins provide the amino acids needed for many body functions like communications. Proteins are also out first line defense to our structure. Skin, bones, and muscles are just a few that are supplemented by protein (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2012). Proteins design the neurotransmitter that is how our bodies transport communication around it, and to the brain. Many resources are available to Americans for protein sources. Making the right choices in selections to acquire the daily recommended intake takes knowledge on the quality of proteins. As we take a look at protein we must consider the two types available to us. There are complete and incomplete proteins. Complete proteins provide us a significant source for various amino acids. Complete proteins are resourced from animals and their product sources. Incomplete proteins are comprised of plant sources. Plant proteins are not as abundant in amino acids and in order to receive a full benefit they should be accompanied by a grain source. Plant proteins are harder to digest and without proper digestion the amino acids cannot be extracted from them...
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...Syphilis Ryan Robinson SCI/163 December 12, 2013 Dr. O Syphilis Syphilis is a highly contagious disease spread primarily by sexual activity, including oral and anal sex. Syphilis can be passed through kissing and close bodily contact(WebMD, 2011). This disease spreads from sores, which a majority of the sores go unnoticed. The person that is infected is unaware he or she has the disease and passes it on to his or her partner. Transmission of the bacteria usually occurs during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. The syphilis bacteria are passed from person to person through direct contact(WebMD, 2011). Syphilis can enter the body through cuts in the skin and scrapes, or wet kisses which rarely happens. The disease also can be passed from using a needle from a infected person. According to USATODAY, there was a syphilis outbreak in the porn industry in the summer of 2012. Jesse Spencer known as Mr. Marcus was one of nearly a dozen porn actors who tested positive during the syphilis outbreak last summer in Los Angeles, CA . The outbreak led the porn industry officials to briefly call for a moratorium on filming(USATODAY, 2013). The first sign of syphilis is a small sore. The sore appears at the spot where the bacteria entered the body. The disease starts as a painless sore usually on your genitals, rectum, or mouth. Syphilis can be cured sometimes with an injection of penicillin. Syphilis can damage the heart, brain, other organs, and can be life threatening if not treated early(MayoClinc...
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...article cites by 32 articles, 10 of which you can access for free at: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/72/3/576.full.html#ref-list-1 This article has been cited by 2 HighWire-hosted articles. Access the articles at: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/72/3/576.full.html#related-urls E-mail alerts Reprints and Subscriptions Permissions Sign up to receive free email-alerts related to this article or journal. To order reprints of this article or to subscribe to the journal, contact the AACR Publications Department at pubs@aacr.org. To request permission to re-use all or part of this article, contact the AACR Publications Department at permissions@aacr.org. Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on February 1, 2014. © 2012 American Association for Cancer Research. Review Cancer Research Cancer Stem Cells: Distinct Entities or Dynamically Regulated Phenotypes? Yunqing Li1,2 and John Laterra1,2,3,4 Abstract The origins of tumor-propagating neoplastic stem-like cells [cancer stem cells (CSC)] and their relationship to the bulk population of tumor cells that lack stem-like tumor-propagating features (i.e., transit-amplifying cancer progenitor cells) remain unclear. Recent findings from multiple laboratories show that cancer progenitor cells have the capacity to dedifferentiate and acquire a stem-like phenotype in response to either genetic manipulation or environmental cues. These findings suggest that CSCs and relatively differentiated progenitors...
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...1 Dehydration Mike Martin SCI/241 01/21/2012 Mike Esposito 2 Water is important for creating and sustaining life. In humans, the body is made up of about sixty percent water. Every part of our body including muscle, bone, and blood consists of some percentage of water. About a third of our total body water is extracellular fluid, which is fluid outside and between cells and water in our blood. This is the most important as the blood in our bodies delivers the oxygen and nutrients to all cells. Without the proper amount of water everyday there is a risk of dehydration. Severe dehydration can cause nerve damage, seizures, abnormal blood pressure, brain damage, arrhythmia, and even death. Water is essential to everyday health maintenance as it helps in the balance of our body fluids, such as absorption, digestion, circulation, and distribution of nutrients. The muscles, which are about seventy-five percent water, need that balance of fluids to perform properly. This is especially true when exercising, or running. Body temperature is also regulated with the help of water, since water changes temperature slowly. Water also helps the body get rid of toxins through the kidneys. Without enough fluids the kidneys will keep extra fluids instead of passing them through urine. Water also helps pass food through the intestines, which in turn prevents constipation. 3 Every function in our bodies runs smoothly and works properly with an adequate supply of water. This could...
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...Food Intake Ebony Williams SCI/220 3/7/16 Food Intake – 3 Days The three day food intake information that was recorded in I Profile was completed to provide information on the types of food that were being eaten, nutritional values and to understand the importance of healthier eating behaviors. Recorded Intake of Protein, Carbohydrates, and Lipids According to the spreadsheet of foods that were recorded in the three day intake I Profile, many of the foods listed provided an overlap of protein, carbohydrates and lipids. The foods recorded that provided the majority intake of protein were Eggs, Chicken, Turkey ham, Cheese, Breakfast Sausage. (University of Phoenix, 2012). Next, the foods that provided the majority of carbohydrates were: Croissant, Bagel and Pasta Broccoli Alfredo, Fries. (University of Phoenix, 2012). Lastly, the foods that provided the majority of lipids or fats were: was Butter, BBQ chips, mayo, fries, oils, BBQ Sauce and breakfast sausages. (University of Phoenix, 2012). The recommended dietary reference (DRI) intake provided by I Profile for protein were 67 – 235g, carbohydrate were 302 – 436g, and lipids were 29.8g. Comparing the DRI figures and the food consumption during the three day food examination, protein was 45g, carbohydrate was 95g, and lipids were 20.9g (University of Phoenix, 2012). Therefore, according to the comparison protein intake was just within the recommended range or below, carbohydrates and lipids are below the recommended...
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...Printed in the USA. Copyright © 2014 Society for Psychophysiological Research DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12209 Dissociable effects of psychopathic traits on cortical and subcortical visual pathways during facial emotion processing: An ERP study on the N170 PEDRO R. ALMEIDA,a,b FERNANDO FERREIRA-SANTOS,a JOANA B. VIEIRA,a,c PEDRO S. MOREIRA,a,b FERNANDO BARBOSA,a and JOÃO MARQUES-TEIXEIRAa a Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal School of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal b c Abstract This study examined the relation between psychopathic traits and the brain response to facial emotion by analyzing the N170 component of the ERP. Fifty-four healthy participants were assessed for psychopathic traits and exposed to images of emotional and neutral faces with varying spatial frequency content. The N170 was modulated by the emotional expressions, irrespective of psychopathic traits. Fearless dominance was associated with a reduced N170, driven by the low spatial frequency components of the stimuli, and dependent on the tectopulvinar visual pathway. Conversely, coldheartedness was related to overall enhanced N170, suggesting mediation by geniculostriate processing. Results suggest that different dimensions of psychopathy are related to distinct facial emotion processing mechanisms and support...
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...Other materials that need to hand in: BlogSpot: http://languagesoftheworld.info/language-and-mind/does-language-reflectaffect-thought.html Beyond Blogspot statement: My abstract is definitely beyond the Blogspot. In the Blogspot, the author discussed the controversial question “does language effect/reflect thought” by mentioning a few research results that are in favour of the Whorf hypothesis, but also pointing out that the language pattern/structure does not affect how people perceive an event. In my opinion, thoughts are always being expressed by language, therefore it is much harder to figure out the relationship between language and thoughts because they are too closely link to each other. Therefore, I decide to investigate the relationship between language and perception. Perception, in my point of view, is more intuitional and can be separated from language more easily than thoughts. In my abstract, I will display 4 evidences that show the effect of language on perceptions. Research Plan: My research question is “does language affect perception”. The sources I am planning to use are evidences/examples of how language influences on people’s perceptions (such as perception of colour, phonetic, appreciations and etc.) My tentative answer to this question is “yes, language does have effect on perceptions”. I will use the research results from the studies that I cited to show that language does affect people’s perception of the world. A short statement about my references:...
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...Body Fat and Eating Disorders SCI/241 Alvin Fuentes 9/29/2013 Our bodies are made up of water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, and various vitamins. Having too much fat can lead to health risks such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease. This can be especially true is a lot of the fat is located at your waist. Obesity has become an epidemic in our country, costing around 10% of our national medical budget. One in three adults and one in six children are considered obese. Obesity occurs when people consume more calories than they burn, but the problem can go deeper than that. Fast food is one reason why so many people are overweight. Foods are now higher in sugar and calories, and are often more processed than what we used to eat. There is also less chances for activity adults and children. Walking or biking to schools has become less practical, and many chances for children to get out and play have become scarce. It has become easier to stay in or drive where we need to go over getting out and exercising. Physical education in schools has also declined in the last few years. Low-income communities may also lack a quality grocery store and as a result have to result to eating less healthy foods. These factors all add together to create the obesity epidemic in our country. The three types of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. These disorders put you at a higher risk of having many different health problems. Anorexia...
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...Nursing in 3D: Diversity, Disparities, and Social Determinants The Social Determinants of Health: It’s Time to Consider the Causes of the Causes Paula Braveman, MD, MPHa Laura Gottlieb, MD, MPHb ABSTRACT During the past two decades, the public health community’s attention has been drawn increasingly to the social determinants of health (SDH)—the factors apart from medical care that can be influenced by social policies and shape health in powerful ways. We use “medical care” rather than “health care” to refer to clinical services, to avoid potential confusion between “health” and “health care.” The World Health Organization’s Commission on the Social Determinants of Health has defined SDH as “the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age” and “the fundamental drivers of these conditions.” The term “social determinants” often evokes factors such as health-related features of neighborhoods (e.g., walkability, recreational areas, and accessibility of healthful foods), which can influence health-related behaviors. Evidence has accumulated, however, pointing to socioeconomic factors such as income, wealth, and education as the fundamental causes of a wide range of health outcomes. This article broadly reviews some of the knowledge accumulated to date that highlights the importance of social—and particularly socioeconomic— factors in shaping health, and plausible pathways and biological mechanisms that may explain their effects. We also discuss...
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