...and behavior (Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2013). There are many types of communication but the most basic of all is the interpersonal communication. Interpersonal communication occurs between two people and take place within a relationship. It can occur in many ways, but it is a part of daily life. It happens every day and conveys any kinds of messages between two persons involved in an interdependence relationship. First interpersonal communication meets human needs. From the basic needs to the growth needs, interpersonal communication intervenes to help with their fulfillment through their expression. According the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, we have five scales of needs which we need to satisfy (Koontz & Weihrich, pp. 290-291). But to satisfy those needs, we need to express them. And we express them through communication, verbal and non-verbal. The first two needs in the Maslow’s hierarchy needs which link to the physical needs are the physiological and safety needs. For instance, a baby crying because he or she is hungry is expressing a physiological need. The third scale of need meet the relational needs. Humans need affectionate relationship. One cannot survive without any relationship such as friendships. Humans are social beings who need society to develop. That’s why we develop intimate relationships through communication. The fourth scale is the esteem need. We need to fill our identity needs. To know who we are and have this feeling of accomplishment and prestige, we have...
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...nowadays organisations as there is getting more and more international chains such as hotels, companies around the world, international trade always occurs between different countries, and many organisations’ work environment becomes more multicultural. Eubanks et al. (Samovar & Porter, 2010, p.137) illustrated that ‘cross-cultural or intercultural communication is between individuals and groups whose perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter communication event’. This assignment discusses what the potential communication barriers across cultures could be and what the solutions are to overcome these cultural challenges. Robbins et al. (2011) indicated that language could be the most common problem in cross-cultural communication, even people use same language could have communication problem because of different age and context groups could use words differently. Except language differences, problems relates to language difficulties, could be semantics, word connotations and tone differences. Semantics could cause communication barrier as there could be some uncommon words within different languages that might be difficult to translate, for instance, there is no direct Russian equivalents for the English terms – efficiency, free market and regulation. Connotations could be another reason to result in language difficulties. Individuals from various nations could imply words differently that incur misunderstanding or confusion. such as for Chinese people, to emphasize...
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...her communication to communicate effectively and appropriately. Task Skills- are the communication skills needed to do a job, complete a task, or reach a goal effectively. Relationship Skills-are the communication skills needed to nurture and maintain goodwill with people. Organization-is a number of people with specific responsibilities who are united for some purpose. Culture-is the set of life patterns passed down from one generation to the next in a group of people. Organization Culture-is how an organization thinks, what it finds important, and how it conducts business. Culture Shock-is the confusion or anxiety that sometimes results when people come into contact with a culture different from their own. Social Responsibility- is an obligation or willingness to work toward the well being of others. Conflict-is the struggle between two or more parties who sense interference in achieving goals. Chapter 2 Vocabulary Terms Transactional- is a process that involves an exchange. Sender-receiver- is the person who sends a message to someone. Receiver-Sender- is the person who receives, or believes he or she has received, a message. Message- is the information that is exchanged between communicators. Channel- is the...
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...The true founder of the idea that language and worldview are inextricable is the Prussian philologist, Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835). Humboldt remains, however, little known in English-speaking countries, despite the works of Brown, Manchester and Underhill. Humboldt argued that language was part of the creative adventure of mankind. Culture, language and linguistic communities developed simultaneously, he argued, and could not do so without one another. In stark contrast to linguistic determinism, which invites us to consider language as a constraint, a framework or a prison house, Humboldt maintained that speech is inherently and implicitly creative. Human beings take their place in speech and continue to modify language and thought by their creative exchanges. Worldview remains a confused and confusing concept in English, used very differently by linguists and sociologists. It is for this reason that Underhill suggests five subcategories: world-perceiving, world-conceiving, cultural mindset, personal world, and perspective (see Underhill 2009, 2011 & 2012). Though the work of Humboldt offers a deep insight into the relationship between thinking and speaking, and though Edward Sapir gives a very subtle account of this relationship in English. English linguists tend to persist in attaching discussion of worldviews to the work of Whorf. And this trend has not changed with cognitive linguistics. The linguistic relativity hypothesis of Benjamin Lee Whorf describes how the syntactic-semantic...
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... Interpersonal Communication Report SCOTTIE PENNINGTON 05/05/2012 Interpersonal Communication Report Outline I. Interpersonal communication can be defined a number of ways, but it is usually described as communication between or among connected persons or those in a close relationship. I have really been able to examine my own interpersonal communication, between and among the people I am connected to or have close relationship with, over that last few weeks. Prior to this course, I felt my interpersonal communication skills were above average and very effective. However, I have discovered there are many ways I can improve my interpersonal communications and relationships with others. Through the exercises conducted during this course I have realized that I need to work on my effective listening, perception of others and how my nonverbal cues can cause barriers to interpersonal communication. I will describe the barriers I have created and how I have resolved them over the past few weeks. Understanding my own shortcomings in communication, and attempting to resolve them, has helped me improve my current and future relationships with other. II. Main Points A. Fundamental Elements of Communication 1. The fundamental elements of communication can sometimes be taken for granted, but they are more important to effective interpersonal communication than people realize. 2. I look at what fundamentals...
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...of the most important factors in building cohesive teams is proximity. As long as people still have a personal space that they can call their own, nearness to others aids communication because it helps us get to know one another. Perceptual barriers The problem with communicating with others is that we all see the world differently. If we didn’t, we would have no need to communicate: something like extrasensory perception would take its place. The following anecdote is a reminder of how our thoughts, assumptions and perceptions shape our own realities Emotional barriers One of the chief barriers to open and free communications is the emotional barrier. It is comprised mainly of fear, mistrust and suspicion. The roots of our emotional mistrust of others lie in our childhood and infancy when we were taught to be careful what we said to others. They feel vulnerable. While some caution may be wise in certain relationships, excessive fear of what others might think of us can stunt our development as effective communicators and our ability to form meaningful relationships. Cultural barriers When we join a group and wish to remain in it, sooner or later we need to adopt the behavior patterns of the group....
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...society. By thinking about women and men’s different language style, in retrospect, some people claim that women and men have obvious differences in conversation style. In her essay “Women Talk Too Much,” Jonet Holmes argues that to dominate talking depends on many different factors, including the social context in which the talk is taking place, relative social confidence and perception (299-304). By contrast, Ronald Macaulay declares his statement in his article “Sex Difference” that language use and development as a result of the social environment have a great impact on the talking between women and men, not the sex differences in language (307-313). It is explicit that both Holmes and Macaulay express their personal perspectives about the similar purpose of talking, the dissimilar factors of language development and the perception of language that could affect their conversational style. In Holmes’ article, she told about the purpose of talking in public between man and women, “Formal public talk is often aimed at information people or persuading them to agree to a particular point of view” (301). She agrees that public talk is often undertaken by those who emphasize their degrees of public status. In addition, when the men have an effective talk in public, the purpose of the speech is to improve their social status. In private context, women contribute to establish social contact with others and develop personal relationship. Likewise, Macaulay illustrated his opinion in his...
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...two stages of nominative process…….16 CHAPTER II. THE ROLE OF NOMINATION IN LANGUAGE ORGANIZATION……………………………………………………………...…19 2.1. Creative approach during the process of color nomination……………………19 2.2. The main types of lexical nomination of the words of the group «clothes»……21 CONCLUSION……....………....……...…………………………………...…….23 SOURCES…......………...……………………………………………………..…24 INTRODUCTION The actuality of this work is that the issue of change of meaning has always attracted attention of a great deal of scholars both in America and in Europe. The long history of language studying shows the interest of scientists to determine the issue of basic language functions, which inevitably include the nominative one. As a primary language function, the nominative function assumes the language system ability to designate and to isolate fragments of reality, transferring their notions into words, word combinations, idioms and sentences. The dynamic development of cognitive and communicative activities of human society and, as a result, the emergence of new realities, artifacts, objects of material and spiritual culture really determine one of the main tasks of language as "providing all spheres of life activity of a person with new designations" [3]. However, the role of the language in organizing and storing information in our mind is still unclear. A lot of disciplines are aimed at studying perception, reflection of the reality and principles of information transforming. The...
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...COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS FACED BY MALACCA HEALTH DEPARTMENT (MHD) ON ANTI SMOKING CAMPAIGN INTRODUCTION Communication refers to the act, by one or more persons, of sending and receiving messages that are distorted by noise, occur within a context, have some effect, and provide some opportunity for feedback. All communication takes place in a context that has at least four dimensions: physical, cultural, social psychological and temporal. Communication always has some effect on one or more person involved in the communication act. For every communication act, there is some consequence. For example, we may gain knowledge or learn how to analyze, synthesize, or evaluate something. These are intellectual or cognitive effects. Or we may acquire or change our attitudes, beliefs, emotions and feelings. These are effective effects. We may even learn new bodily movements, such as throwing a ball or painting a picture, as well as appropriate verbal and nonverbal behaviours. These are psychomotor effects.Communication behaviours, whether they involve verbal messages, gestures, or some combination thereof, usually occur in “packages” (Pittenger,Hockett,& Danehy 1960). Communication is transactional (Barnlund 1970; Watzlawick 1977, 1978; Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackson 1967; Wilmot 1987). One implication of viewing communication as transactional is that each person is seen as both speaker and listener, as simultaneously sending and receiving messages. Each person in a communication transaction...
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...SMS Text Analysis: Language, Gender and Current Practices Muhammad Shaban Rafi1 Abstract This article tests the assumption that SMS language is like a pidgin in every speech community. The article also examines the assumption that a great motor of SMS lives among females whose lexical and morpho-syntactic choices are different from males. It further speculates influence of SMS language on language of media. One hundred messages were taken randomly from 20 cell phones and perceptions of 25 males and 25 females were recorded on an ordinal scale for analysis. The text was analyzed to look into lexicology, morphology and syntactic levels of texters, and influence of SMS on language of commercials. The results show that a novice intelligible language has evolved through SMS, which is influencing language of media. A significant difference is found between male and female texters’ linguistic properties. Introduction Short Message Service (SMS) language tends to create a novice language, which has become an integral part of the multilingual world. It pursues simple sentences structure for communication. It is assumed that SMS syntactic and lexical choices by the texters are not so different from a child language. A child expresses his feelings through simple present progressive tense e.g. mom eating for ‘Mom is eating’ and Eating for ‘I am eating’. The empirical data show that SMS language over-looks orthographic and syntactic rules of a language with a great emphasis...
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...communIcaTIon Language and Perception Language and Power Power and Words Power and Accent Power and Identity Labels WhaT Is Verbal communIcaTIon? Functions of Language Components of Language Influences on Verbal communIcaTIon Gender Age Regionality Ethnicity and Race Education and Occupation eThIcs and Verbal communIcaTIon Hate Speech Confirming and Disconfirming Communication ImproVIng your Verbal communIcaTIon skIlls “I” Statements Become Aware of the Power of Language The IndIVIdual, Verbal communIcaTIon, and socIeTy 88 “ The verbal elements of communication are the foundation on which meaning is created. When I took a trip to Britain, I thought people would speak with a “British accent.” I didn’t realize that there are many different accents and the differences are not just pronunciation, but also vocabulary. In order to get my message across, I learned to avoid using slang words as much as I could. I didn’t realize how much American slang I use in my everyday speech! Despite the many different ways of speaking English across the UK, I felt the way that I speak English made me stick out as an American. W hen we think of “communication,” we tend to think about the verbal elements of communication: the words people choose, the accents they speak with, and the meanings they convey through language. We frequently don’t consider the ways in which verbal communication assists or hinders relationship development, as illustrated...
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...Anthropology, Halle, Germany Niclas Burenhult (Niclas.Burenhult@mpi.nl) Olivier Le Guen (ompleguen@gmail.com) Lund University, Sweden, & MPI for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands CIESAS, México DF, Mexico Thora Tenbrink (tenbrink@uni-bremen.de) SFB/TR8 Spatial Cognition, Bremen University, Germany Lisa Hüther (lisa.huether@psychologie.uni-freiburg.de) Department of Psychology, Freiburg University, Germany Space is a fundamental domain for cognition, and research on spatial perception, orientation, referencing, and reasoning addresses core questions in most of the disciplines that make up the cognitive sciences. Consequently, space represents one of those domains for which various disciplinary interests overlap to a substantial extent. For instance, the question of whether and how spatial cognition and language interact has been one of the core questions since early on (e.g., Clark, 1973; Miller & Johnson-Laird, 1976), and yet, consensus between psychologists and linguists is difficult to achieve (e.g., Li & Gleitman, 2002, vs. Levinson et al., 2002). Perhaps most controversial in this dispute is the extent to which spatial cognition is culturally variable (for linguistic variability, see also Evans & Levinson, 2009, and comments there-in). Expanding the space of cognitive science research to ‘nonstandard’ cultures (Henrich et al., 2010; Medin et al., 2010) is thus crucial for the advancement of cognitive science. For this very reason, cross-disciplinary...
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...disability but rather view it as a distinct culture that is not in need of rehabilitation; however, cochlear implants allow a deaf child to grow up in a hearing world. Allowing a child the opportunity to hear will allow them to have several benefits compared to a life without having the opportunity to hear (McKee, Schlehofer, & Thew, 2013). Such benefits include having an increase in the child’s language development (Dettman, Pinder, Briggs, Dowell & Leigh, 2007), having an improvement in peer relationships (Martin, Bat-Chava, Lalwani, & Waltzman, 2011), and having an improvement in the child’s overall quality of life (Schorr, Roth, & Fox, 2009). The first benefit a child could experience with the use of cochlear...
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...Critical Thinking and Language Kaitlyn Longstaff COMM/251 April 11, 2014 Shaun Morse Critical Thinking and Language Language is defined as “the landscape of our mind; it is the mountains and forests as well as the cities and roads. It both carries the content and structures the form. We think with it. Language works intimately with all aspects of our thinking” (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007, chpt. 5). Language both influences and is influenced by the critical thinking process and has the power to inspire or inhibit the expression of thoughts. Language is tied to critical thinking in every way, it is the “interpretive medium for the input—the remembering, sorting, creating, judging, and deciding—and language also dramatically shapes those processes” (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007, chpt. 5). Without language, critical thinking would not be possible. Language and language diversity influence critical thinking, which in turn creates persuasion and the ability for language to benefit or inhibit the expression of thoughts. Language and language diversity play a huge role in in the critical thinking process through the universalizing process of language and the structuring power of language. The universalizing process of language is the mind’s ability to critically think about one word and associate it with all things like it. Kirby and Goodpaster use a tree as an example of the universalizing process of language and a panther to show its diversity among different cultures...
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...research site - Conduct research in local language - May develop close ties with local people Know ethnology and ethnography Ethnography may generalize from a limited time experience or contact with a small number of people Ethnographer cannot see or experience everything or every perspective - Subjectivity of data Ethnography is frequently rife with ethical dilemma LANGUAGE - is a human biological adaption - We are hardwired to acquire language, but it can only be activated through society - There may be basic principle and rules which are foundation of all languages (Chomsky – “universal grammar”) - Words are SYMBOLS – something that stands for something else - Since the relationship between sound and meaning is symbolic: humans can combine worlds and sounds into new, meaningful utterances that have never been heard before - Symbols enable humans to transmit and store information (including abstract concepts) - This allows us to create and transmit culture What is Boroditsky’s main point in “How languages shape thought?” - Anthropologists have long been interested in the relationship between language and culture - Does language merely label or describe Sapir-whorf hypothesis - The claim that the culture and thought patterns of people are strongly influenced by the language they speak - Perception and understandings of time, space and matter are conditioned by the structure of a language - Nell – people are adapted through language is the main point Whorf: - Hopi v...
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