...What are the Benefits of Extended Breastfeeding? Researched Evidence that Identifies Benefits of Breastfeeding to the Child, the Mother, and the Entire Family What are the Benefits of Extended Breastfeeding? Throughout most of human history, breast milk has been the one food that infants have thrived on. Breastfeeding is recognized throughout the world as the preferred method of feeding infants due to its health benefits and nutritional quality. Recommendations by leading health organizations echo the importance of breastfeeding by setting forth guidelines. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics,” breastfeeding should be continued for the first year of life and beyond for as long as mutually desired by mother and child” (American Academy of Pediatrics [AAP], 2005). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends breastfeeding infants for a minimum of six months, with added benefits when breastfeeding continues for more than a year. Their overall opinion is that the greatest health benefits occur when it is done for one or two years (Ryan, 2012). The United States national health objective, Healthy People 2010, set a goal to increase the number of women who breastfeed for at least six months to 50 %, focusing specifically on low-income women (Pugh et al., 2002). This research paper will look into the many benefits associated with breastfeeding for at least six months. First, what added health benefits does the infant receive if they...
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...1.0 INTRODUCTION The purpose of the current paper is to critically review the contributions that two of these studies have made to our understanding of societal perceptions, social support and how it affects breastfeeding attitudes and outcomes. (Kronborg and Vaeth 2004) Defined Social support as the mother's perceptions in relation to the support she receives from peers, family and the society at large. The first paper to be reviewed is written by (Leeming et al. 2013) and entitled 'Socially sensitive lactation: Exploring the social context of breastfeeding'. The second paper is written by (Scott et al. 2015) and entitled 'A comparison of maternal attitudes to breast feeding in public and the association with breastfeeding duration in four European countries: Results of a cohort study. The current paper will summarise the arguments, review the subject matter in both papers and compare and contrast the different methodological approaches taken by the authors with comments on the appropriateness of each method chosen. It concludes by a justified opinion of the subject. (Li et al. 2008), stated that discomfort with the idea of breastfeeding is one of the concerns for some women choosing not to breastfeed or incorporating shorter duration of breastfeeding (Stuebe and Bonuck 2011). Decades of research confirm the benefits of breastfeeding for infants and for maternal health (Cricco 2007) (Tarrant, Dodgson and Wu 2014) (Ingram et al. 2008). 1.1 ARGUMENTS (Leeming et al. 2013)...
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...Breastfeeding – no introduction necessary The focus of this review paper is on presenting and substantiating common knowledge and beliefs with scientific research and facts to demonstrate the advantages of breast milk feeding in early stages of human life and in years that follow. Discussion of non-scientific, i.e. social, economic, etc., aspects of breastfeeding will be limited, with primary focus given to human health outcomes for infants and mothers. The structure of this paper is decisively unconventional: where the author has chosen to discuss the body of common knowledge about breastfeeding before delving into the scientific research review. The intention is to draw the readers’ attention to the vast body of proven and observed advantages of breastfeeding for infant and mothers. Breastfeeding advantages – more than just food Breastfeeding is a natural process. Throughout human history breastfeeding was, and in many places around the world still is, a means to a healthy start to a human life. With the development of baby formula, and its availability, and relatively low cost, breastfeeding is now commonly thought to be a choice in the developed world. No longer a means to survival, no longer a requirement. To some, the advent of the baby formula is a direct form of feminine liberation. To others, baby formula is a necessity for medical or circumstantial reasons that are not driven by the freedom of choice. Those that choose the formula under pretenses other than necessity...
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...Thesis statement: Research shows that breastfeeding is the best choice over formula because breastfeeding provides the infant with essential nutrients, helps with recovery from childbirth, and protects the infant against a number of chronic conditions. Annotated bibliography Baumgartel, K. L., & Spatz, D. L. (2013). WIC (The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children): Policy versus practice regarding breastfeeding. Nursing Outlook, 61(6). 10.1016/j.outlook.2013.05.010 This article addresses the discrepancy of policy versus practice in the government subsidized program WIC. This article shows how even though the program is meant to support at risk mothers in breastfeeding, the numbers prove that a majority of their budget is spent on formula expenses. Very little of the budget is actually allocated to breastfeeding initiatives. The American Academy of Nursing members create and execute policy related initiatives to reform the American Health system. The academy has more than 2,400 members and is the established leaders in practice and research. They are advocates in healthcare policy making in Washington DC. This source will be relevant to the research paper because it will provide examples of the lack of funding for education and for initiatives for breastfeeding awareness and support, especially for the at risk population. Gianni, M. L., Roggero, P., Morlacchi, L., Garavaglia, E., & Piemontese, P. (2012)...
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...Thesis: Research suggests that co-sleeping benefits infants because it decreases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, increases the amount of time breastfeeding, and helps stabilize the child’s physiology. Annotated Bibliography: Source #1 Goldberg, W. A., & Keller, M. A. (2007). Co-sleeping during infancy and early childhood: key findings and future directions. Infant & Child Development, 16(4), 457-469. doi:10.1002/icd.522 This article describes the benefits of co-sleeping by pointing out that night waking’s declined in frequency and duration. It also points out that most children who co-sleep do not need a security object to go to sleep. Another point this article discusses is the benefits co-sleeping have on breastfeeding ease. The article also defines the many terms used when discussing co-sleeping and bed sharing. Wendy A. Goldberg is a professor of psychology and social behavior at the University of Michigan. This article will be helpful in my research because it discusses how co-sleeping benefits and increases the length of breastfeeding. Source #2 McKenna, J. J., & Volpe, L. E. (2007). Sleeping with baby: an internet-based sampling of parental experiences, choices, perceptions, and interpretations in a western industrialized context. Infant & Child Development, 16(4), 359-385. doi:10.1002/icd.525 This article describes how co-sleeping affects the maturation of the central nervous system. It states that co-sleeping creates...
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...Of The Research Article: Perspectives Of Hospital-Based Nurses On Breastfeeding Initiation Best Practices In: Other Topics Critique Of The Research Article: Perspectives Of Hospital-Based Nurses On Breastfeeding Initiation Best Practices Running head: CRITIQUE OF THE RESEARCH ARTICLE: PERSPECTIVES OF Critique of the Research Article: Perspectives of Hospital-Based Nurses on Breastfeeding Initiation Best Practices Kimberly Baird Grand Canyon University Intro. To Nursing Research NRS-433V April 21, 2011 Critique of the Research Article: Perspectives of Hospital-Based Nurses on Breastfeeding Initiation Best Practices The purpose of this research study is to evaluate the differences in breastfeeding knowledge and the implementation of breastfeeding by registered nurses in the postpartum units and the hospital policies, both formal and informal, related to the implementation and support of breastfeeding. Human milk is accepted as the ideal food source for infants for the first 6 months of life. Breastfeeding is then encouraged as a supplement to other foods until the child is 12 months of age and beyond. Both The Academy of Pediatrics and the International Lactation Consultant Association support these recommendations. CDC statistics report that in 2006 73.9% of women breastfed in the early postpartum period. This drops to 33.1% of those that are exclusively breastfeeding at 3 months of age and then drops again to 13.6% exclusively breastfeeding at 6 months...
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...Cognitive Development Richard Clark PSYC1000 Lifespan Development Paper Capella University May 2014 Abstract According to dictionary.com cognitive development. The process of acquiring intelligence and increasingly advanced thought and problem-solving ability from infancy to adulthood. The purpose o f this research paper is to determine if all infants follow the same development process from infant to adulthood. There are many questions about the development stages of a child. I am sure many people would like to know if a child is born with cognitive skills or is that develop over time David F. Bjorklund explains “One issue central to all of psychology is that of nature versus nurture. Traditionally, this has been posed as a dichotomy: Is human thought and behavior genetically/biologically determined or is it shaped by learning/experience/culture? This is dealt with in a more sophisticated way today, in that everyone is an interactionist, with the issue being better expressed as “how do biological/endogenous factors interact with environmental/exogenous factors to produce the adult phenotype?” From this perspective, cognitive development does not simply mature, or bloom, over time, nor is it solely a product of a child’s culture; rather, it emerges over the course of ontogeny as a result of the dynamic and reciprocal transaction between a child’s biological constitution, including genetics, and his or her physical and social...
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...Research Critique, Part 1 Problem Statement Identify the clinical problem and research problem that led to the study. The clinical problem being examined in the research study are the three main factors that influenced mother’s decision to formula feed their babies in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada. Breastfeeding has numerous health benefits However, in practice, many women choose not to breastfeed instead replace their breast milk with infant formula milk. In 2010, in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada breastfeeding had dropped to 64.0%( Canada Statistics). While health risks raises in babies with formula feeding, a significant percentage of mothers are reluctant to change their infant feeding behaviors and decided to continue with formula-feed. In some regions of the province, the rate of breastfeeding is very low due to mother resistance and commitment to infant feeding method. Despite increased breastfeeding promotion and support initiatives, mothers still prefer formula feeding over breastfeeding. There is not sufficient proof that mothers’ decisions to formula-feed due to personal factors. What was not known about the clinical problem that, if understood, could be used to improve health care delivery or patient outcomes? The study indicates that women decision to formula-feed their infants due to a lack of support from their mothers, and partners. In addition, decision to formula-feed also influenced by convenience and...
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...Once you’ve already decided what topic you will be writing about, the next thing you should pay attention to is the scope of your paper or what you will be including in your discussion. The broader your topic is, the more difficult it is to discuss your topic in full details. This is why you should establish before hand the scope and limitations of your paper and this will be the foundation of your research paper outline. Basically, your outline will constitute three main parts namely the Introduction, the Body and the Conclusion. But to make sure your paper is complete, consult your instructor for specific parts he/she wants to be included in your research paper. Sample outlines for research papers will be given later on. But first, let us discuss the main parts of your paper and what information each should cover. INTRODUCTION The Introduction should contain your thesis statement or the topic of your research as well as the purpose of your study. You may include here the reason why you chose the particular topic or simply the significance of your research paper’s topic. You may also state what type of approach it is that you’ll be using in your paper for the entire discussion of your topic. Generally, your Introduction should state briefly all the major points of your topic your readers will be reading about. BODY The body of your paper is where you will be presenting all your arguments to support your thesis statement. Please be reminded of the “Rule of 3” where you should...
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...CAN BREASTFEEDING IN THE FIRST SIX MONTHS PREVENT CHILDHOOD OBESITY? Can Breastfeeding in the First Six Months Prevent Childhood Obesity? Introduction Childhood obesity is an issue that has baffled many in the United States and the United Kingdom. Various researchers such as Charlesworth (2013) assert that the trend has significantly increased since the 1960s, an issue that has necessitated further research on the subject .For instance, Akabas et al., (2012) assert that 14 to 16% of 5 years old and 17 to 19% of 19 years old are overweight. This has been necessitated by the fact that the older/obese a child becomes the likelihood that the child will become obese in adulthood (Charlesworth, 2013). Thus, considering this became a matter of global concern. Further, studies have been done to ascertain the probability of a child becoming obese if not breastfed in the first six months. For a thorough comprehension of the topic, it was concluded that it is necessary to explore issues such as defining overweight and obesity for children, genetic predisposition to weight and obesity, behaviours that affect childhood overweight and obesity. Also, how breastfeeding aids in curbing obesity and overweight in children and how the role of a mother and family in preventing obesity and overweight in children is also addressed. Finally, recommendations were made regarding how childhood obesity can be curbed. This paper researches whether breastfeeding can play a critical role in...
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...Breastfeeding is commonly promoted by different medical organizations because of its benefits on both the mother and the child. Yet, there are still stigmas connected to the topic that determine the mother’s view of breastfeeding. This stigmas often correlates to the factors that influence mother’s feeding choices, initiation of breastfeeding and even the compliance or continuation of breastfeeding. An article on CBC news Canada, in Montreal, reported that a breastfeeding woman, named Candyce Sousa, was asked to stop nursing her child inside Walmart because it was said to be an inappropriate action. Such incidence greatly affects the mother’s attitude towards breastfeeding. These gives rise to the factors that influence her breastfeeding choices....
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...very short maternity leave when compared to other countries (Berger, Hill & Waldfogel, 2005). When making policies for maternity leave, companies fail to realize how short maternity leave can take away from the care the mother is able to give to her child. Also, short maternity leave can affect the mother’s mental health. This present paper will show how short maternity leave impacts breastfeeding, the health of child, and behaviors of the child and the mental...
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...Is Breastfeeding The Right Choice? There have been many trends that moms have followed throughout the decades. One-minute breastfeeding is the best choice for the baby and there is no doubt about it, the next breastfeeding is no longer the trend and formula is in. My purpose for this paper is to figure out if breastfeeding is truly the best choice for a baby. Being young and hopeful, I one day want to have a child of my own, so hopefully this research will allow me to decide if I will breastfeed my baby. There are a lot of advantages to breastfeeding an infant. The advantages appeal not only to the infant but also to the mother. To start out breast milk is always warm and ready compared to having to prepare a bottle of formula. Not only is breast milk always ready but it also is zero dollars. Formula can be extremely expensive to continuously buy. Breastfeeding is much more accessible and is the least expensive option. Along with being convenient breast milk also enhances brain development and the infants I.Q. in ways that formula cannot. A longitudinal study over a period of eighteen years involving one thousand children was preformed to show breastfed infants grew up to have both higher intelligence and academic achievement than those who were formula fed (Burby). Research has determined that a child’s first three years are the most critical in brain development. The infant’s nutrition during these essential periods in early growth and development permanently...
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...Child Mortality and the Effect on Fertilty Phil 205B! Section 2 Final Paper Child mortality has been an ongoing global issue for centuries, but more so in developing countries. Child mortality can be a broad topic; this paper will narrow the topic of child mortality down focusing on child mortality and its effects on fertility in developing countries. Although there hasn't been any evidence proving causality between the relationship of child mortality and fertility, there has been research and studies showing a strong positive correlation between the two. One might argue that by reducing levels of child mortality fertility will become an economical burden on these developing countries due to an increase in fertility rates and population growth. I disagree with this argument; I argue that as child mortality rates decline or rise so does the fertility rates due to underlying biological and social factors. Breastfeeding is an example of these biological factors that has an effect on fertility; which in turn has an effect on child mortality rates. During the period of breastfeeding a woman experiences a change called postpartum amenorrhea in which the female body comes to a pause with the processes of ovulation and menstruation. Since the death of an infant would affect the lactation period (breastfeeding) this in return will cause the duration of the postpartum amenorrhea to shorten, and the processes of ovulation and menstruation returns which increases...
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...The UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative Developing a breastfeeding strategy – Evidence and appendices © UNICEF UK 2009 The content of this booklet has been produced by the UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative. The Baby Friendly Initiative is a global programme of UNICEF and the World Health Organization which works with the health services to improve practice so that parents are enabled and supported to make informed choices about how they feed and care for their babies. Health-care facilities which adopt practices to support successful breastfeeding receive the prestigious UNICEF/WHO Baby Friendly award. In the UK, the Baby Friendly Initiative is commissioned by various parts of the health service to provide advice, support, training, networking, assessment and accreditation. For more information about all aspects of the UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative’s work, visit our website at www.babyfriendly.org.uk UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative, UNICEF House, 30a Great Sutton Street, London EC1V 0DU Tel: 020 7490 2388 Fax: 020 7250 1733 E-mail: bfi@unicef.org.uk UNICEF is a Registered Charity, No. 1072612. Contents Page 1. Background Information........................................................4 – Health benefits of breastfeeding...............4 – Cost benefits.................................................5 – Health inequalities.......................................7 –The International Code................................8 – National and...
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