...importance of strategy and its role in the master budgeting process LO 10-3 Outline the budgeting process LO 10-4 Prepare a master budget and explain the interrelationships among its supporting schedules LO 10-5 Deal with uncertainty in the budgeting process LO 10-6 Identify unique characteristics of budgeting for service companies LO 10-7 Understand alternative approaches to budgeting (viz., zero-base, activity-based, time-driven activity-based, and kaizen budgeting} LO 10-8 Discuss various behavioral considerations in budgeting If you don't know where you're going, you'll end up somewhere else. A Yogi Berra Johnson & Johnson (J&J), one of the largest manufacturers of health care products in the world, started (in 1887) as a small manufacturer of health and well-being-related products. Today, it has more than 118,000 employees and more than 250 operating companies in 60 countries. J&J sells its products in more than 175 countries. Surveys conducted over the years by Business Week, Forbes, Fortune, and other business journals repeatedly rank J&J as one of the most innovative and well-managed firms in the world. How does J&J do it? It relies on a comprehensive formal planning, budgeting, and control system in formulating and implementing strategy, coordinating and monitoring operations, and reviewing and evaluating performance. Every January, each operating unit reviews and revises its 5- and 10-year plans from the previous year and prepares the budget...
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...Introduction Budgeting is in its simplest term, an estimation of future outflow/ inflow of money as well as predicted income within a fixed period of time. Budgeting is to many companies, a method of allocating resources. It also serves to evaluate its performance of the organization. Thus I agree to a large extent that budgeting is a key component in management in short and long term planning. Short-term budgeting (Advantages) The pros of short-term budgeting is, firstly, it can help to improve the co-relations between employee as they will be communicating with each other closely to meet the budget plans set by the company. Secondly, budgeting can helps the company to improve in allocating the resources as request are justified. Company will base on the budget plan to acquire the resources that is needed for the company to produce its products and maintain the quality of the production. Thirdly, it will provide companies with a record of its organizational activities throughout the month/year. By having these records, it allows companies to compare its standard plan with the actual result produce within the month/year. Thus organization can further improve its budgeting plans in future and solve the problems face during the past month/year. Disadvantages However, there are also disadvantages of having a short-term budgeting. Firstly, it will faces strong competition to allocate resources from the external forces such as other companies in the same line of production...
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...Budgeting is an essential part of planning. It helps managers control, evaluate and report on operations. When managers develop budgets, they match their organization goals with the resources necessary to accomplish those goals. During the budgeting process, they evaluate operational, tactical, value chain and capacity issues; assess how resources for operating, investing and financing activities are currently being used and how they can be efficiently used in the future; and develop contingency budgets as business conditions change. Managers use budget information to control daily operations, measure and report on performance outcomes, and allocate resources wisely. Budgeting is the process of identifying, gathering, summarizing and communicating financial and nonfinancial information about an organization’s future activities. Budgets are plans of action based on forecasted transactions, activities, and events. They are synonymous with managing an organization and are essential to accomplishing the goals articulated in an organization’s strategic plan. Budgets are used to communicate information, coordinate activities and resource usage, motivate employees and evaluate performance. Budgets are also used to manage and account for cash. For-profit organizations often use the term profit planning rather than budgeting. Strategic planning is the process by which management establishes an organization’s long-term goals. These goals define the strategic direction...
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...• Define the difference between forecasting and budgeting. What is the difference between an operating budget and a cash budget? The first that we need to understand is the definition of both forecasting and budgeting. Forecasting explains that it is “a planning tool that helps management in its attempts to cope with the uncertainty of the future, relying mainly on data from the past and present and analysis of trends. Forecasting starts with certain assumptions based on the management’s experience, knowledge, and judgment.” From this definition we can understand the basic concept of forecasting is when estimates are not necessarily achievable or realistic. It is also important that we understand the meaning of budgeting. This term is defined as “an estimate, often itemized, of expected income and expense for a given period in the future.” The definition of budgeting helps us to understand that it is similar to forecasting because it determines an estimate for the future. A budgeting estimate is both obtainable and achievable unlike forecasting. Now that we understand the meanings of both budgeting and forecasting it is important that we understand what real life examples would look like which will help us to determine the differences. An example of budgeting would be if a corporation wanted to know what quantity of a specific item needed to be sold at a certain price. For example if the organization was selling computer keyboard for twenty dollars per item and the goal...
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...H. Evans, CPA, CMA, CFM This course provides a basic understanding of how to prepare a financial plan (budgeted financial statements). This course will also discuss some of the problems associated with budgeting along with "best practices" in budgeting. This course is recommended for 2 hours of Continuing Professional Education. In order to receive credit, you will need to pass a multiple choice exam which is administered over the internet at www.exinfm.com/training Revised March 2000 Chapter 1 The First Steps Introduction Financial planning is a continuous process of directing and allocating financial resources to meet strategic goals and objectives. The output from financial planning takes the form of budgets. The most widely used form of budgets is Pro Forma or Budgeted Financial Statements. The foundation for Budgeted Financial Statements is Detail Budgets. Detail Budgets include sales forecasts, production forecasts, and other estimates in support of the Financial Plan. Collectively, all of these budgets are referred to as the Master Budget. We can also break financial planning down into planning for operations and planning for financing. Operating people focus on sales and production while financial planners are interested in how to finance the operations. Therefore, we can have an Operating Plan and a Financial Plan. However, to keep things simple and to make sure we integrate the process fully, we will consider financial...
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...Budget For Planning and Control An integral part of the modern business enterprise, budgeting not only aids in the planning process, but it also provides an array of accounting measures that can be used to hold managers accountable for the firm's performance. By Richard Sansing A budget is a projected set of consequences of carrying out planned activity. Firms use budgets to facilitate the communication of specialized information from throughout the firm so that an internally consistent production plan can be devised. The budgeted numbers are then used to record certain transactions. Differences between budgeted and actual performance then appear in the accounting records, and can be analyzed so as to evaluate the performance of the firm. The budgeting process interacts with the operations research process in two ways. First, the budget process facilitates the transfer of both accounting and non-accounting information to those involved in operations. This information provides a basis for the formulation of the firm's production plan. Second, the budget reflects the production plan, and becomes a benchmark for subsequent performance evaluation. An analysis of deviations from the budget provides additional information that can be used when formulating the next period's production plan. The Planning Stage Feldman Toy Company makes two types of toys, regular and deluxe. Each toy requires the use of machine time in the production process. To illustrate the way the budget...
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...Task 8 3.1 Explain the purpose and nature of the budgeting process. Task 8 IN business,budget can be defined as a plan for an organization is outgoing expenses and incoming revenues for a specific time period. Budgets are used in many organizations to Track and control spending The purpose is to ensure that available funds are used according to plan,within preset limits and not exceeding available funds. Support funding requests The purpose is to justify the use of funds and to help plan future spending accurately by describing how funds will be used. The budgeting process: Companies and organizations typically develop and implement budgets on a periodic basis at fixed intervals. The norm in private industry is to produce a plan for each fiscal year. Some government organizations also prepare annual plans, but two-year (biennial) budgets are also common in government. Although plans are sometimes adjusted in "real time" (that is, they are treated as flexible budgets after start of the planning period they cover), such changes are exceptions to the normal rule, which is to keep the forecast intact (static) once implemented. In the period of time between issuance of one budget and the next, planning-related decisions and plans are referred to as the budget cycle or process. In large companies, large educational institutions and non profit organizations, and in government organizations, the process normally extends across months, if not the entire period...
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...Budgeting (or profit planning) is a process or technique with broad applications in the management of a business, school or government agency. The rules apply to not-for-profits, as well. The process involves the formation of definite and specific plans or budgets for a limited future period, usually the ensuing fiscal or calendar year. These plans, which take into account all phases of the budgeted operations, are given expression in financial terms. They also become standards against which to measure and evaluate actual performance as the period progresses. Budgeting is, therefore, not only a short term planning and coordinating process, but is also a means of exerting management control over budgeted operations. Budgeting becomes a management process rather than a financial one. Budgeting, as Distinguished from Forecasting Forecasting and budgeting, despite their similarities, should be clearly distinguished from each other. A forecast is a prediction of likely future events. But, unlike a budget, a forecast is not a plan for achieving those forecasted (desired?) results. And a forecast is too general to serve as a control standard against which actual progress across the period can be measured. Forecasts are the starting point in the budget planning process. Most firms and public agencies precede the preparation of their operating budgets with revenue forecasts and expectations of economic conditions within their markets or constituencies, and in the world's...
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...Budgeting as a Key Component in Short and Long- Term Planning Management Budgeting is a process of planning, setting goals and defining the objectives of themanagement that are needed for a given period of time. It is the tool that provides specific direction and achievements for the company. It also controls the business setting, as well as it helps the management to study the financial aspects of the business and challenges of each department, and learn how to solve these problems. Budgeting also focuses on the essential points in evaluating the alternative actions before coming up with final decisions. Similarly, this is also the financial plan to control the future operations and outcome of the business. The financial aspect involves the budget allocation, the number of hours that must be spend in the operations and production, as well as the number of manpower that is needed in order to operate efficiently an effectively the business. Budgeting works also for the systematic and orderly management program that involves the management of the manpower as well as the effective communication process between the management and the workforce in order to promote motivational factors over the employees. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_range_planning) Furthermore, some budget allocation may be short term, like one year or less; it can be intermediate term for two to three years; or a long term budget that might span for three years or beyond. In the case of short-term budgets...
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...Capital budgeting Making decisions having significant future benefits or costs for various entities and their stakeholders. Capital budgeting is the backbone of financial economics. Related topics in financial economics include: the time value of money, the meaning of net-present value, accounting concepts consistent with present-value calculations, discount rates, and option valuation techniques. In the public sector, the term is often exclusively associated with infrastructure investments -- plant and equipment. It is more properly associated with all policy choices that have significant, long-term consequences: especially decisions about missions, programs, products, processes, or procedures. There are standard solutions to several kinds of capital-budgeting problems: make or buy decisions, investment in working capital (especially inventories) decisions, maintenance-level decisions, project selection, the choice of mutually exclusive investments, and investments in plant with fluctuating rates of production. However, the same basic calculus of benefits and costs is supposed to guide all classes policy choices with long-term consequences. Financial Theory Financial theory teaches that, in the presence of a capital market where funds can be obtained at a price, welfare will be maximized by the implementation of all policy choices that generate positive net-present values. This means, in part, that the timing of benefits and costs is generally of no...
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...Budgeting is a process of planning, setting goals and defining the objectives of the management that are needed for a given period of time. It is the tool that provides specific direction and achievements for the company. It also controls the business setting, as well as it helps the management to study the financial aspects of the business and challenges of each department, and learn how to solve these problems. Budgeting also focuses on the essential points in evaluating the alternative actions before coming up with final decisions. Similarly, this is also the financial plan to control the future operations and outcome of the business. The financial aspect involves the budget allocation, the number of hours that must be spend in the operations and production, as well as the number of manpower that is needed in order to operate efficiently an effectively the business. Budgeting works also for the systematic and orderly management program that involves the management of the manpower as well as the effective communication process between the management and the workforce in order to promote motivational factors over the employees. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_range_planning) Furthermore, some budget allocation may be short term, like one year or less; it can be intermediate term for two to three years; or a long term budget that might span for three years or beyond. In the case of short-term budgets, they provide bigger details and information...
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...Budgeting as a Key Component in Short and Long- Term Planning Management Budgeting is a process of planning, setting goals and defining the objectives of the management that are needed for a given period of time. It is the tool that provides specific direction and achievements for the company. It also controls the business setting, as well as it helps the management to study the financial aspects of the business and challenges of each department, and learn how to solve these problems. Budgeting also focuses on the essential points in evaluating the alternative actions before coming up with final decisions. Similarly, this is also the financial plan to control the future operations and outcome of the business. The financial aspect involves the budget allocation, the number of hours that must be spend in the operations and production, as well as the number of manpower that is needed in order to operate efficiently an effectively the business. Budgeting works also for the systematic and orderly management program that involves the management of the manpower as well as the effective communication process between the management and the workforce in order to promote motivational factors over the employees. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_range_planning) Furthermore, some budget allocation may be short term, like one year or less; it can be intermediate term for two to three years; or a long term budget that might span for three years or beyond...
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...Health Care Budget An operating budget is a strategic initiative for the organizations financial plans over the course of the coming year. The operating budget works directly with the Statement of Activities (SOA) for a fiscal year to accomplish the organization financial goals. To produce an effective operating budget the organization needs to have knowledge of what financial management practices work best for the financial goals they are planning to use. Proper understanding of these concepts is vital for the operating budget to become successful for the upcoming year. Effective Financial Management Practices Effective financial management practices include several types of rules that an organization should follow to create a successful operating budget. Budgeting should focus on income first targeting the reliable income in the budget. Never filling those gaps with income projections to cover expenses can cause a deficit if your organization can not produce the income target within the year. Expenses should be lower than the dependable income total. Each department should be in agreement with this financial management practice. This leaves the additional programs and projects to be set in motion if the revenue allows additional funds (Hamilton, 2010). A financial management practices uses the beginning with the prior fiscal years total, and building the new upcoming year budget on those amounts. This takes calculating percentage of increases and decrease to determine...
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...Abstract Financial planning and budgeting has become a powerful tool of any company’s financial management. Planning and budgeting is an issue that should be solved in a complex. Therefore, this final English research paper highlights three main approaches absorbed: theoretical, practical, and analytical. Theoretical knowledge cannot be applied to practice without clear understanding of business, a feeling about the actual circumstances. Practical knowledge cannot be applied to professional tasks without analytical approach. This skills and approaches are presented and proven in this research. Having faced planning and budgeting process of middle-sized company, it has been noted that some issues of this important activity absence clarity, confidence, and flexibility. In order to optimize planning and budgeting process a thorough examination has been prepared in this research paper. The Company where experience has taken place is Levi’s XX that stands for Levi’s Vintage Clothing. Therefore, the industry examined is apparel, and as a market is taken the whole Globe. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 • The purpose of the study 4 • The main conceptual problem 5 Methodology 6 1. Essence and role of financial planning and budgeting 7 1.1 Planning and budgeting role in company’s structure 7 1.2 Purpose of budgeting 7 2. Company profile, industry and market description 10 2.1 Levi’s XX story 10 2.2 Company’s structure 10 3. Principles and objectives...
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...ASSIGNMENT TITLE Using a company you are familiar with, undertake the following: • Present the budgeting process. • Analyse the budgeting process with reference to the key theoretical aspects introduced within the module. • Evaluate the budgeting process and suggest any areas of improvements. TABLE OF CONTENTS |Public Power Corporation S.A. (PPC S.A) - Company profile |3 | |The budgeting process |4 | |Analysis of PPC’s budgeting process |6 | |Evaluation of PPC’s budgeting process |10 | |Suggestions for improvements of PPC’s budgeting process |12 | |References |13 | |Annex I | | | | | | ...
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