Task 1
An organization is an entity that exists to achieve a purpose through collective efforts of the people who work in for it. Organizations can be described as systems which are affected by their environment, have a structure that has both formal and informal elements. (Armstrong, 2012)
An organization is formally defined as a collection of people working together in a division of labour to achieve a common purpose. This describes a variety of clubs, voluntary, organizations and religions besides as well as entities such as small and large businesses, labour unions, schools, hospitals and government agencies. (G.Hunt et al, 2003)
An organization is an arrangement of people pursuing common goals and achieving results following the standard and rules of the business. There are various levels of management and division of responsibility inside an organization each working through their own tasks.

Private Limited Company- This is a company which is owned and controlled by shareholders who know each other, they can be friends and relatives. There is no minimum capital required to start up this type of business and their shares are not sold on the stock exchange market.
Benefits of being a Private Limited Company (PVT LTD) * In this type of organization the shares are sold to large number of individuals. This leads to large sum of capital which will result in expansion. * All shareholders have limited liability- It means if there is a loss in the business the owners do not have to compensate by selling their personal property. * The organization can enjoy its benefits of being big. * The people who start the business are able to retain control over it. * The business can still continue running in the event of the death of a shareholder.

Costs associated with being a Private Limited Company (PVT LTD) * Company requires a lot of legal formalities to establish the business. * The shares of the business cannot be sold without the agreement of all the shareholders, hence it becomes difficult to sell them. * The accounts of this type of company cannot be kept secret as end of the year * the accounts are sent to the Companies House for inspection over their financial matters. * The company cannot sell its shares to the general public to raise capital.

Example of a Private Limited Company

Figure 1- Airblue Logo
Source: www.google.com

Airblue Limited is a private airline with its head office on the 12th floor of the Islamabad Stock Exchange (ISE) Towers in Islamabad, Pakistan. It is Pakistan's second largest airline with a growing share of the domestic market. Airblue.com, 2014

Mission statement
“Airblue will be recognized as the most progressive enterprise in the transportation business. We will offer our customers cost effective transportation service within geographical areas and market segments that can benefit from our services and will insure a return on investment and growth rate consistent with current management guidelines.”(alihan15, 2011)
Vision statement
“Our vision is to make Airblue the most admired airline in the world.
* Ensuring safety comes first
* Providing Service Straight From the Heart
* Encouraging product leadership
* Delivering superior financial returns
* Providing rewarding career opportunities”(alihan15, 2011)

Airblue is a cost effective airline their mission is to cater to individuals with moderate prices of tickets to travel to their various destinations. They want to establish and ensure a return on their investment and growth while following their principles.
Their vision is to become a leader in the airline services following all the moral codes like safety and security of their passengers, giving them value for their money by being hospitable. Airblue also wants to encourage employment opportunities to deserving candidates

Public Limited Company- This is a large business and most common form of organization which can be called Public Limited. It is not owned by the government but by the shareholders who are the general public. A public limited company has all the advantages of a private limited company plus the right to sell your shares on the stock exchange market.
Benefits of being a Public Limited Company (PLC) * This form of organization offers limited liability to its shareholders. * It has a separate legal identity. * The business can still continue running in the event of the death of a shareholder. * There is no limit to the number of shareholders a public limited company can have so it can raise large capital to invest further in the business. * There is no restriction to the buying and selling or transfer of shares. * A company trading as a Public Limited Company usually has a high status.
Cost associated with being a Public Limited Company (PLC) * The legal formalities of forming such are quite complicated and time consuming. * There are many regulations and controls over PLC in order to protect the interest of its shareholders. Some PLC grow so large that they become difficult to control or manage. * Selling shares to the public is quite expensive. The director will often ask a specialist bank to help them and the bank will charge high commission for their services. * If there is a real danger it is that the original owners might become rich by selling their shares but they may lose control over their business when it goes public the risk of being taken over due to the availability of shares on the stock exchange.

Example of a Public Limited Company

Figure 2- FedEx Logo
Source: www.google.com

FedEx Corporation is an American global courier delivery services company headquartered in Memphis.

Mission statement
“FedEx Corporation will produce superior financial returns for its shareowners by providing high value-added logistics, transportation and related business services through focused operating companies. Customer requirements will be met in the highest quality manner appropriate to each market segment served. FedEx will strive to develop mutually rewarding relationships with its employees, partners and suppliers. Safety will be the first consideration in all operations. Corporate activities will be conducted to the highest ethical and professional standards.”(Fedex.com. 2014)
Vision statement
“A world where goods and information move quickly throughout the world. They view it to be a world where businesses get raw materials and parts globally, and then move them quickly between across time zones and between continents. They see it as a world where global transportation and information networks can shrink distance and time, which creates a competitive advantage for customers worldwide.” (UK Essays, 2014)
Their mission statement speaks about keeping their shareholders satisfied with high returns on their investment through the performance of their business. It also tells us about the importance to FedEx of providing quality services to their customers of each segment. Their statement ends with telling us how they want to develop a rewarding relationship with almost all their stakeholders like the employees, partners and suppliers. Security is vital for FedEx.
Their vision concentrates on providing their services globally and to make the world a better place when it comes to delivering raw materials and components of a business safely at the right place on the right time. Their focus is to reduce any transporting issues worldwide.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)- These are non- governmental non- profitable organization that are created by individuals independently. Their purpose is to help people in need, basically provide humanitarian services.
Benefits of being a Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) * This type of organization is able to employ skilled and highly focused staff with less restrictions than the government. * They are able to establish communication with everyone from high positions in the government to any people living in a neighborhood. * They get along with individuals of a society and can help the people in need with their services as they can identify who is in need of their assistance. * NGO’s have the capability of experimenting freely with innovative ways to take risk.
Costs associated with being a Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) * There can be a low level of participation in their projects as they follow a paternalistic style of leadership. * Sometimes these organisations become so powerful that they start interfering in the matters of the government. * Ngo’s have limited ways of handling an issue in a problem area.

Example of a Non-Government Organisation

Figure 3- GreenPeace Logo
Source: www.google.com

Greenpeace is a non- governmental organization with offices in over forty countries and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Greenpeace states its goal is to "ensure the ability of the Earth to nurture life in all its diversity.

Mission and Vision statement
“Greenpeace is an independent, nonprofit, global campaigning organization that uses non-violent, creative confrontation to expose global environmental problems and their causes.
Greenpeace’s goal is to ensure the ability of Earth to nurture life in all its diversity.
Greenpeace stands for positive change through action to defend the natural world and promote peace. We investigate, expose and confront environmental abuse by governments and corporations around the world. We champion environmentally responsible and socially just solutions, including scientific and technological innovation.
Our goals * Protect biodiversity in all its forms. * Prevent pollution and abuse of our oceans, land, air and water. * End nuclear threats. * Promote peace and global disarmament” (Greenpeace East Asia, 2014)

Greenpeace is a non- profit organization striving to bring global peace. It’s mission is to fight for various causes like air, water and land pollution so that the life on earth will have a clean environment in which the damages to an area can be eliminated. They expose all the harms that are caused by the government or a business in a country.
Greenpeace’s aim is to promote peace and reduce pollution and improper use of the natural resources land and oceans, to also end nuclear dangers.

Task 2
Organisations exist because of their ability to create value and acceptable outcomes for various groups of stakeholders, people who have an interest, claim, or stake in an organization, in what it does, in how well it performs. In general stakeholders are motivated to participate in an organization if they receive inducements that exceed the value of the contributions they are required to make. (R.Jones, 2013)
Stakeholders are group of people who have direct interest in the financial matters, performance and activities of a business as they are affected by them in different ways. Each of the many stakeholders have their own different reason for their interest.
The internal stakeholders are- 1. Managers- They are themselves employees of a business but they control the work of other workers and staff. The important decisions are taken by them in an organization. Managers interest is for the business to grow further so that they can control a larger and a better known business which will give them further power, status and high salary. 2. Owners- Their interest is to get a percentage share of the profits that the business will make from the capital they invest in a business for the start up or for expansion purposes. They also would want growth in a business so that value of the money they invested increases. 3. Employees- This group also has financial interest in the company as their pay levels depend on their performance and the profitability of a business. They would want to have job security and be interested in the performance and growth of the business so it becomes a value to them when they move from one organization to other or for salary increment.
The external stakeholders are- 1. Customers- They are a vital part of any business, since they are the ones that buy a particular good or service that the business is producing, hence they control if the business will make profit or loses as they can eliminate buying a product if its not upto their satisfaction level. Their interest would be to have safe and environmental friendly products and would want value for money. 2. Government- They pass laws to protect the right of workers and consumers in a country. The government would want the business to succeed in their country which will create more jobs for its citizens and increase the country’s output . 3. Suppliers- They provide raw materials to businesses for their production, it is essential for a business to have good relationships with their suppliers which will result into the raw materials being delivered even at a short notice. The suppliers themselves would want to have a good relationship with their customers which will result into regular orders and their payment being made on time. 4. Local Community- Their interest is again, jobs for the working population, safe products for the community, less pollution and value of money. They can report the harmful activities the business is doing to the pressure groups. 5. Pressure Groups- These are groups formed by the people who have a common interest to protect the environment or reduce pollution created by a business. They can spread bad publicity which can result into consumers boycotting their product from the market. 6. Creditors- They would want the businesses to pay their loan on time and receive full interest on the amount due, if they are unable to pay their debt, it will result into closure and they may sell the assets of the business to receive their payment. 7. Media- Their power and interest is to spread good or bad publicity about a business and keeping the world updated on their affairs.
Conflicts of Interest
When there are so many different stakeholders interested in the performance and affairs of a business it becomes difficult to prevent all of them from having different objectives from each other which can result into disagreement between them. Below are four stakeholders with their conflicts- 1. The community and the business- As mentioned in the external stakeholders a community can suffer through the negative activities of the business like noise, air pollution, dumping of waste into the rivers, chemical factories setting up near residential areas with a lot of greenery . If the local people of the community and pressure groups come together the business can face powerful protest which can force them to move to another area resulting in unemployment and reduced investment in that particular area.

2. Customers and the business- Customers expect value of money for the goods or services they purchase with it. They are unlikely to remain loyal or purchase more than one time from a business if the product is not of quality with a low value for money. Customers are always ready to complain about the standard quality of the product and their services offered after sale, the business has to make certain strategies which are specifically offered to customers who are dissatisfied and recuperate on any loses that they might have faced financially and influence further more customers to remain loyal to their business.

3. Suppliers and the business- Suppliers expect their payment to be paid on time for the raw materials they deliver to an organization and thay may even abrogate to supply components on credit or even cancel all their transactions with a business if they do not pay regularly. On the contrary many businesses complain about late deliveries by their suppliers and doubting the quality of the raw materials, this puts a strain between the relationship of a supplier and the business.

4. Managers and workers- Managers aim for the magnification and establishment of the organization in a remuneratively lucrative way, this may lead to a conflict if workers demand for high wages customarily. If they feel like they are not fairly treated and they do not feel safe in their jobs, then there can be certain consequences which can damage the interest of the business for example poor production, absenteeism etc
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Figure 4- Power and Interest Grid of Stakeholders Source: Created by Student No. 014103, 2014
The chart above shows the seven different stakeholders based on the power and interest which they have in an organization. The reasons why each of them have their own level of power depends on their interest and position when it comes to relating yourself to the business. * The group with high power and high interest should be managed closely , as an organization you must plenarily motivate and commit yourselves into satisfying this group as they can highly effect on the activities and publicity of your business. A government would be keen if whether your organization is following all the legal legislation by them as well as not promoting any unethical activities which would harm the interest of the citizens of the country. * The group with low power and high interest should be apprised, the people in this group are important to an organization as well, hence they should be updated perpetually on the organisation’s performance or news and have regular communication with them in order to tackle any major issues that would arise. This group is helpful when it comes to discussing the details of a company’s project or product related queries, their feedback can be of great value as it will contribute to the decision making process. * The group with low power and low interest should be monitored with minimum effort, as the suppliers supply the raw materials for the production process and the local community who can take action against them if they find out of any unethical business activities. * The group with high power and less interest- Customers are a vital part of any business activities as they are the ones who buy the final product hence they should be satisfied with what they are purchasing.

The government and the media are an essential part of any organisation as they have a direct impact on the business affairs and activities hence an organization might trade off the interest of certain stakeholders in order to be supportive by these groups. For example- In order to increase their profitability and savings the owners of an organization might want to cut down their costs by reducing the number of workers, but if the government of an economy objects to this decision of a business as they do not want to generate unemployment then the organization would have to trade off their interest in order to be on good terms with the government of an economy and in turn get positive publicity.

Task 3
Corporate Social Responsibility
Every organization has their own duty towards their stakeholders for the decisions or activities done when it is related to their organization. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an approach which is made of conceptions that a business has to act upon in order to be steady in terms of their growth resulting into taking the responsibility of the social and environmental progress in the areas they operate in. An organization following the concept of CSR or puts in more effort into following all the ethical, legal, environmental and economical responsibilities will have a positive impression on the society.

Workers- They are directly related to an organization as they are working there, it becomes the duty of the organization to take care of their workers. They can do this by- * Providing them with proper safety equipments and clothing * Paying their wages promptly according to their responsibility and task * Providing them with hygienic conditions at workplace and not emphassing on extremely long work hours and giving them their breaks on time. * Avoiding unfair dismissal.

Customers- By taking responsibility of providing them with high levels of service and value of money for the goods they purchase and producing environmentally friendly product without causing any damage to the community. It is therefore vital for any organization to satisfy the needs of their customers and manufacture products according to the customer satisfaction level. * Once the goods and services have been bought by the customers it is important to provide them with after sale service in order to keep the customer happy and loyal to their business * Reliable Quality of the product * By providing authentic information about the product use, it should contain details on the packaging of any side effects of using the product. * The product is designed and packaged in such a way which makes it easy to use. * By not promoting any false advertising of their product and misleading the consumers.

Shareholders- They are the people who have invested in the capital of the business and the shareholders should be frequently updated on the performance of their business. The aim of every shareholder is to get benefit from their investment and it becomes the responsibility of the managers in an organization for the business to perform efficiently so that the status and profitability of the organization increases with more benefits for its shareholders.

Suppliers and Creditors- By paying them regularly for their deliveries, loans, interests on loans and establishing a good relationship with them.

The government- Business has to pay variety of taxes to the government on their profits or sales so that they can generate income for providing local services. They have to follow all the laws that are for the protection of consumers, employees and the environment of that country and avoid any illegal activities that might result into damaging the reputation of the business.

The Community- Their interest will be more jobs in that area for the local people, the business engagement in charity work which will result into contributing to their living standard as well as reliable product quality and the development of their areas.

Competitors- They are the people who are producing the same type of product as your organization or the substitute of it. The social responsibility of a business towards their competitors are- * There should be a fair competition, an organization should not put other competitors company down just to highlight their product in the market * By not offering any sort of bribes to the competitors suppliers so that they favor them.

Task 4

Figure 5- Credit Valley Logo
Source: www.google.com
The Credit Valley Hospital is a public hospital located in Mississauga, Canada.“It is a professional, caring, health care organization that promotes life, health and innovation. Credit Valley is known for its innovative, can-do approach to providing quality patient care to the people of Mississauga and the surrounding region (approximately one million people).”
Mission Statement
“To deliver safe, quality and patient centered hospital care, directly and through partnerships.” (Cvh.on.ca, 2014)
Vision Statement
“Together We Create Better Health Care’’ (Cvh.on.ca, 2014)

Figure 5- Med Care Logo
Souce: www.google.com

MedCare is a private hospital located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. ‘’The Hospital has a full-fledged Emergency Department, 25 Outpatient consultation rooms, ICU, NICU, Delivery suites, Endoscopy Room and Day Surgery unit.’’ (medcarehospital.com, 2014)

Mission Statement 1. ‘’To bring highest quality primary, secondary and tertiary health care to the door steps of the population we serve, customizing it to local needs and cultures. 2. To be a community partner in the pursuit to maintain state of wellness through medical awareness campaigns and health check-up, keeping in mind that prevention is better than cure. 3. Be in the forefront of the battle to conquer illness wherever humanly possible, with the involvement of the best available healthcare professionals in the world, equipped with cutting edge medical technology . 4. To produce paradigm shift in the traditional health care delivery of prevention and cure by paying attention to the emotional aspects of illness, by understanding and touching the concerns and of the patient and family with empathy and compassion helping to usher in the experience of Total Health Care. 5. To address areas of Medical Education and Research to continuously upgrade the knowledge base of medical professionals to widen their horizons for better patient care. 6. To assure, monitor and upgrade quality management of services focusing on patient safety and satisfaction with a firm belief that there is no finishing line in the journey for excellence in health care. 7. To go beyond the expectations of all our stake holders with the philosophy of Health First…. everything else follows’’ (medcarehospital.com, 2014)

Vision Statement
“Medcare Hospital will strive to deliver highest quality comprehensive health care of international standard to the people we serve through the synergy of highly qualified medical professionals and state- of the-art medical technology”. (medcarehospital.com, 2014) Evaluation
The public and private hospitals both have their own purpose of existing with their own different mission and vision statements describing of what they’re aim is now and in the foreseen future.
The Credit Valley hospital aim is to provide affordable health services to the citizens of Canada their mission statement is simple stating that their hospital wants to provide safe care for their patients centered through different partnerships financing them in order to deliver quality healthcare to the local citizens of the country. Their purpose is not to be the best internationally but to provide reliable efficient and low cost services to people who cannot afford going to a private hospital, the vision of an organization normally describes about where they see themselves or where they want to be in the near future, Credit Valley’s vision concentrates on delivering a better healthcare with their organization’s oneness.
MedCare hospital has a variety of various different missions in United Arab Emirates, they not only provide health care facilities to all the different sectors but they customize it according to the local cultural aspects of the country ensuring that their hospital’s standards are met for their customers. They believe that by carrying out regular medical awareness campaigns they can educate the local community about different diseases and health problems. With the help of their latest technology and educated medical professionals, the hospital wants to be able to fight every disease known to mankind.
Their vision speaks about following the international standard of healthcare for their patients providing the highest standard with high qualified professional doctors.

A private and public hospital might not have the same objectives as each other. A private hospital is owned by an individual or a group of people who manage their own finance and resources to provide services for people who are socially well off, their hospitals are equipped with all the latest technology, every other thing in it is of good reliable quality which makes them more costly, they might even aim to be recognized internationally. Private hospitals do provide quality services because people are paying that extra for it but at the same time these services are not just for everyone but the wealthy individuals. On the contrary, a public hospital is owned by the government which means that they are responsible for all the expenses and building of the hospital for consumers who can’t afford all the luxurious health facilities hence they are funded for these fundamental facilities which they ought to have by the government in the form of public hospitals, but these services that are offered by the government are not that effective as it is with private hospitals, people are sometimes afraid to go to the public hospitals because of their caliber of efficiency despite the fact that these services are either funded or provided for free there should be a level of quality standard followed with it as it is one of the basic necessities of life for the consumers who do not earn so much that they can support the expensive healthcare provided in private hospitals.

Task 5

Figure 4- Subway Logo
Source: www.google.com

“Subway (stylized as SUBWAY) is an American fast food franchise restaurant that primarily sells submarine sandwiches (subs) and salads. It is owned and operated by Doctor's Associates, Inc. Subway is one of the fastest growing franchises in the world, with 40,855 restaurants in 105 countries and territories.” (SUBWAY - Eat Fresh, 2014)

Mission statement

“The SUBWAY® system is committed to providing a variety of great tasting, nutritious food choices while reducing our environmental footprint and creating a positive influence in the communities we serve around the world.” (SUBWAY - Eat Fresh, 2014)

Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives taken by Subway 1. Nutritional Leadership- Providing fresh sandwiches with low calibers of sodium for adults and children as well as calcium and Vitamin D which has contributed towards the health factor. Their sandwiches are between 300-500 calories depending on the size. They have consummately abstracted the option of trans adipose meat from their menus around the world. They have been transforming themselves in different ways from 1997 to the year 2010, with committing themselves more and more to their nutritional quality of the product, Subway has its very own calorie counter available on its website.

2. Environmental Leadership- Subway was founded on the basis of improving the health of the society with their health oriented fresh sandwiches and salads. The fundamental issue worldwide is that resources are scarce, this organization has taken the responsibility of utilizing their resources wisely by using methods that generate less energy and water. Their packaging in North America is made of recycled content and they are trying to implement this method of packaging worldwide. Subway has contributed to the environmental leadership is different ways such as- a) Eco Restaurants- They have about 14 branches of eco- friendly restaurants in North America. In Kokomo, Indiana the restaurant outlet was built with a type of stone which is 100% recyclable, their eco- friendly restaurants contains characteristics such as auto sensor lights in the washroom, furniture’s that do not contain ozone depleting ingredients. b) Waste Reduction- By utilizing film pouches for their tuna sauce which requires less energy and is easily transported which in turn has resulted into reducing 6 million pounds of waste yearly. c) Packaging- By using environmentally friendly material for packaging which that can easily be recycled such as their catering trays are made with 25% recycled content and on the other hand their brown paper bags given out for take away are 100% recyclable. They don’t use polystyrene in packaging.

3. Sustainable Sourcing- Subway doesn’t compromise for the quality of their products starting from their supply chain management which passes through all the elongates of sustainable sourcing from the farm till their product, providing high quality and safe food is . They own a franchise of Independent Purchasing Corporative whose obligation is to look out and get the best quality of delicious ingredients and reliable supplies which are utilized in the restaurant.

4. Our People- Subway concentrates in building strong relationships with its customers just like we do with our families.
Subway strives to create opportunities for their franchises, staff and the communities in which they serve, they have succeeded to meet their goals through the determination of their teamwork.
Diversity- The employees or the people who work for them are their greatest asset, they treat their staff like family and with respect. There is no discrimination during the recruitment and selection process on basis of sex, race and religion. For example- Subway encourages jobs for senior citizens in some franchises 10% of their staff are above 62years old, 98% of their franchises employs women in their restaurant.
They believe in conducting regular trainings for their employess and providing them with opportunities for career growth.

Bibliography
Books
Armstrong. M (2012). Armstong’s handbook of Human Resource Management. 12th Ed. UK: Kogan Page
Hunt G.J, SchermerHorn. R.J, Richard. Jr and Osborn. N(2003) .Organizational Behavior 8th ed: John Wiley & sons, United States Of America
Jones. R.G (2013). Organisational theory, design and change. 7th ed. U.S. : Pearson

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