Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy n‡PQ kix‡ii e¨ve‡”Q` (Surgery) we`¨v,hvnv kix‡ii wewfbœ A‡½i MVb cÖYvjx, Ae¯’vb, GKwUi mv‡_ Ab¨wUi m¤úK© GZØq mg‡›` we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq †h Aa¨vq Zvnv‡K G¨vbvUwg ejv nq

Anatomy ‡K c‡Vi mywe`v‡©Z cÖavbZ wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq h_v t

1. Embryology
2. Systemic Anatomy
3. Regional Anatomy

kix‡ii †gŠwjK MVb Abyhvqx G¨vbvUwg‡K PviwU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq h_vt

1. Osteology (Skeletal System ) 2. Myology (Muscular System) 3. Splanchnology (Viscera) 4. Neurology (nervous System)

Animal cell

Def: cell is the structural and functional unit of the Human body.

†Kvl ev †mj n‡jv †`n MV‡bi GK¨vK we‡kl (BDwbU)

‡Kvl ev (Cell) Gi MUb wK?

‡Kvl ev (Cell) Gi MUb n‡jv AwZ mvgvb¨ GKwU RwUj (Chemical) c`v_© ev (Protoplasm) I Zvi gv‡S GKwU wbDwK¬qvm (Nuclous) GKwU (Cell Wall) Øviv †ewóZ n‡q GKwU †mj MwVZ nq| ZvQviv AviI bvbvb c`v_© _v‡K Gi ga¨| Nucleus ev‡` Cell Gi evwK Protoplasm Gi bvg n‡jv Cytoplasm Zv‡Z hv hv _v‡K Zv n‡jv

1. Mitochondria-G ¸wj n‡jv AwZ ¶z`ª Ges j¤^v j¤^v c`v_© hv †m‡ji cywó I wbt¯^vm Respiration Gi mvnvh¨ K‡i|

2.Golgi Bodies-G ¸wj Nucleus Gi Kv‡Q _v‡K Ges Gi mvnv‡h¨ †mj Gi Secretion Gi KvR P‡j

3. Ground Cytoplasm-G ¸wj n‡jv RwUj Colloidal c`v_© hv‡Z Rxe‡bi ag© eZ©gvb Ges Gi ga¨ Ab¨ e¯‘¸wj Ae¯—vb K‡i|

4. Centro some GwU Cytoplasm-Gi mvgvb¨ wKQy Nb Ask hv Nucleus-Gi Kv‡Q _v‡K hv Rb‡bi wµqvq mvnvh¨ K‡i|

5. Cell wall ev Membrane-GwU †mj †K me©`vq wN‡i iv‡L Gi g‡a¨ we›`y we›`y e¯‘ cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z I †ewi‡q †h‡Z cv‡i Z‡e me e¯‘ bq|

Nucleus wK? ev wbDwéqvm ej‡Z wK †evhvq?

Nucleus GwU n‡jv †mj Gi cÖvY ‡K›`ª| Gi Dc‡ii Avei‡Yi bvg Nuclear membrane Gi wfZ‡i _v‡K †h Zij c`v_© Zvi bvg Nuclear sap Chromatin Network Gi GK GKwU Ask‡K ejv nq Chromosomes G¸wj n‡jv Cell-Gi mg¯— Kvh©¶gZvi g~j Dcv`vb

Function in the Cell Plasma

1. Lv`¨vw` MÖnY I nRg (ingestion & assimilation) Intestinal Fluid & Intracellular Fluid GB `yB wUi g‡a¨ Osmosis cÖwµqv Øviv‡h Av`vb cÖ`vb nq Zvi gva¨‡g GB ‡mj ¸wj Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq Amino-acid, salts cÖf„wZ Lv`¨ Mªnb K‡i I cwiZ¨vR¨ Ask Z¨vM K‡i|
2. Growth and Repair
3. Metabolism
4. Respiration
5. Excretion
6. Irritability and conductivity
7. Reproduction

Tissue ev Kjv Kvnv‡K e‡j KZ cÖKvi I wK wK
Tissue ev Kjv n‡jv GKB ai‡bi ‡Kvl GKB RvqMv nB‡Z DrcwË jvf Kwiqv hLb GKB ai‡bi Kv‡R Ask MÖnY K‡i ZLb †mB †Kv‡li mgwó †K Kjv ev Tissue e‡j|

Tissue ev Kjv †K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv nq h_v 1. Epithelium Tissue AveiYx Kjv 2. Connective Tissue †hvRK Kjv 3. Muscular Tissue †ckx Kjv 4. Nervous Tissue øvqy RvZxq Kjv

Anatomy †K KZ fv‡M fvM Kiv nq I wK wK
G¨vbvUgx †K cv‡Vi mwe`v‡_© †gvU wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq h_vt

1. Embryology 2. Systemic Anatomy 3. Regional Anatomy

kix‡ii †gŠwjK MVb Abyhvqx G¨vbvUgx †K KZ fv‡M fvM Kiv nq kix‡ii †gŠwjK MVb Abyhvqx G¨vbvUgx †K K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq h_vt

1. Osteology (Bone) 2. Myology (muscle) 3. Splanchnology (viscera) 4. Neurology (nerve)

Muscular Tissue Kvnv‡K e‡j Bnv KZ cÖKvi I wK wK
GwU GKwU we‡kl Rv‡Zi wUmy| G‡`i we‡kl ms‡KvPb I cÖmvi‡bi ¶gZv Av‡Q| A‡bK ¸wj miy miy †Kvl ev Fiber GKwÎZ n‡q GB me Muscle ‰Zix nq
Muscular Tissue †K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| Gi eY©bv Kiv nq G¨vbvUgxi †h As‡k Zvnvi bvg Myology

1. Striped muscle BPQvaxb †ck 2. Unstriped muscle A‰bwPQK †ckx

Myology †K wfwebœ fv‡M fvM Kiv nq

1. Deltoid †ckx AvKvi Abyhvqx 2. Flexor, Extensor, pronator KvR Abyhvqx 3. Sterno mastoid, Intercostal †h †h nv‡oi m‡O AvU‡K _v‡K Zv‡`i bvg Abyhvqx | 4. Pectoralis major, Rectus Abdominis Ae¯—vb Abyhvqx |

Ae¯—vb Abyhvqx Muscle †K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq h_vt

1. Voluntary Muscle Hw”QK ‡ckx 2. Involuntary Muscle A‰bw”QK †ckx 3. Cardiac Muscle we‡kl ai‡bi †ckx

Nephron

Nephron is a structural and functional unit of the kidney

What is the Neuron?

it is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system

G¸wj gw¯—‡¯‹i m‡½ hy³ I e©vZv cwien‡bi KvR K‡i gw¯—‡¯‹ †`‡ni me e©vZv †cŠQvq GK ai‡bi bvf© Zvi bvg Sensory Nerves Avei gw¯—‡¯‹i e©vZv †ckx‡Z †cŠQvq GK ai‡bi bf© Zvi bvg Motor Nerves.

Nerves Cell Gi MVb mg~n wb‡b¥ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv h_vt

Nerves Cell ev Zš‘ we‡kl fv‡e ˆZix GKwU Nerves Cell Gi m‡½ _v‡K GKwU Nucleus Zvi m‡½ _v‡K mi“ mi“ ARmª Zš‘ ev Dendrites Nerve Cell Gi m‡½ _v‡K GKwU Nerve fiber GB Nerve fiber Gi †K‡›`ª _v‡K GKwU j¤^v bvjx ev Axon. GB Axone Gi Pvi cv‡k GKwU AveiY w`‡q †gvov _v‡K hvi bvg Neurilemma, GB `yBwUi gv‡S _v‡K GKwU Aveib ev Medulary Sheath

Brain ev gw¯—¯‹‡K KZ fv‡M fvM Kiv nq

Brain ev gw¯—¯‹‡K cÖavbZ wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq h_vt

1. Fore brain e„nr gw¯—¯‹ ev †mwieªvg 2. Mid brain ga¨ gw¯—¯‹-‡`‡ni A‡bK wµqvmg~‡ni g~j †K›` 3. Hyend brain †cP‡bi gw¯—¯‹ Gi `yBwU Ask

a. Ceribelum b. Medulla

mviv †`‡ni Nervous system †K cÖavbZ KZ fv‡M fvM Kiv nq

mviv †`‡ni Nervous system †K cÖavbZ `yBwU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq h_vt

1. Central or Cerebrospinal Nervous System GwU mvavibZt †eªBb †_‡K ïi“ K‡i f©vwUeªvj Kjv‡gi g‡a¨Kvi mylygv KvÊ ev Spinalcord I Zvi †_‡K D™¢~Z AmsL¨v øvqygÊjx hv mg¯— BPQvaxb †ckx‡K wbqwš¿Z K‡i| 2. Autonomic Nervous System GwU cÖavbZ †`‡ni me Viscera and Involuntarry Ask‡K Control K‡i|

Giv Avevi `yB fv‡M wef³| Zv n‡jv 1. Sympathetic Nervous System 2. Parasympathetic Nervous System

What is the Blood?

Def: Blood is a specialize fluid connective tissue in which formed elements(Red cell. White cell and Platelets) are suspended in plasma

Blood Circulatory System

i³ mÃvjb c×wZ ev Circulatory System ej‡Z †evSvq ü`wcÊ, dzmdzm, agbx¸wj ev veins.

1. Right Atrium Wvb Awj›` 2. Right Ventrical Wvb wbjq„ 3. Left Atrium evg Awj›` 4. Left Ventrical evg wbjq

Blood Circulatory System ‡K mvaviYZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq h_vt

1. Systemic Circulation 2. Pulmonary Circulation 3. Coronary Circulation

4. Portal Circulation ‡c‡Ui g‡a¨ Arterial System Gi ci Veinous System Gi gv‡S ‡h i³ cªevn Q‡j Zv Portal Gi Liver ga¨ w`‡q cvm K‡i , Zv‡K e‡j Portal Circulation

Portal Circulation

Aorta ‡_‡K Hepatic Artery AwK&ª‡Rb enb K‡i wjfv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| portal Ven wewfbœ †c‡Ui Aš¿vw` †_‡K G‡Z Av‡m 1. Stomach ‡_‡K kvLv 2. Intestines †_‡K kv_v 3. Spleen †_‡K kv_v 4. Pancreas †_‡K kv_v

GB `yB i³ †mªvZ cvkvcvwk kvLv cÖkvLvq wef³ n‡q Interlobular Space Ges c‡i AviI ¶z`ª ¶z`ª Sinosoids n‡q cÖ‡Z¨K Liver †Kv‡l Lv`¨ Ges Aw·‡Rb mieivn K‡i _v‡K| Hepatic Artery P‡j Pv‡c Ges `ªyZ MwZ‡Z Ges AwK&ª‡Rb cwi‡ekb K‡i| Portal Ven wkiv-Dcwkivq wef³ n‡q wX‡g Zv‡j e³ wb‡q P‡j †c‡Ui wewfbœ e¯‘¸wY enb K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K Liver Cell m‡½ Av`vb-cÖavb K‡i P‡j | Portal Ven and Hepatic Artary kvLv‡`i KvR †kl n‡q Kve©bWvB-AK&ªvBW hy³ Kv‡jv i³ Kzwo‡q A‡bK Hepatic Artary Gi kvLv| Zviv G‡m †kl nq Hepatic Vein n‡q Inferior Vana cava cÖ‡ZvK wjfvi †Kv‡li †Kª‡Ï _v‡K | cÖ‡Z¨Kwjfvi †Kv‡li evB‡i _v‡K wN‡i _v‡KInterlobular Vein| Interlobular†_‡K †Kv‡l i³ hvq †m me ÕAwZ mi“ kvLv w`‡q Zv‡K e‡j Sub-Lobular Vein

Coronary Circulation
Heart-Gi †cQ‡b posteror-G i‡q‡Q Great Cardiac Ven, Middle Cardiac, Small Cardiac Ven of Left Atrium cªf„wZ| G¸wY wg‡j MwVZ nq Coronary Sinus Heart-Gi `yBwU Coronary Artery Ges Zvi wewfbœ kvLv-cÖkvLv ürwc‡Êi Cardiac Muscle G i³ e‡q wb‡q hvq Right and Left Coronary Artery I‡V Ascending Aorta ‡_‡K| GB fv‡e Coronary Artery I †fb‡`i gva¨‡g mviv nv‡U©i †cwk‡Z i³ PjvPj K‡i, G‡Z evUv co‡j ZLb nq Coronary Thrombosis ev gvivZœK †ivM hv wb‡g‡l gvbyl g„‡Z¨ NUv‡Z cv‡i|

Composition of blood

i‡Ëi Serum or Plasma wb‡b¥v³ wRwbm ¸wj w`‡q ˆZix nq h_vt

• Plasma-91% • Protein-8% (Albumin, Globulin Fibrinogen, Prothombin), etc. • Organic Salts 0.4% (Sodium chloride, Sodium-bycarbe & calcium, magnesium, Phosphorous, Iron) etc

GQvov i‡³i evwK Ask ˆZix nq Glucose, Fat, urea, uric Acid, Creatinine, Amino acid, etc. ZQvoI _v‡K AwK&ª‡Rb, Kve©b-WvBAK&ªvBW,GbRvBg cÖwf„wZ|

i‡³i KvR

1. RBC-Gi Hemoglobin i‡³i AwK&ª‡Rb en‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i †mwU i³ †`‡ni wUmy‡Z †cŠQvq
2. ‡`‡ni cwiZ¨vR¨ c`v_© †ei K‡i †`qv| †hgb Kv©eb WvBAK&ªvBW
3. kix‡ii me wUmy‡Z cywó enb K‡i wb‡q hvq
4. kix‡ii G‡ÊvwK&ªb MÖwš’i im enb K‡i wb‡q hvq kviv kix‡i
5. kix‡ii Antibody enb K‡i
6. i‡³i g‡a¨ Phagocyte Cell _v‡K kix‡i Rxevby cÖ‡ek Ki‡j Zv evwni K‡i I Øsk K‡i

Alimentary Canal/ System

1. Mouth
2. Pharynx
3. Oesophagus
4. Stomach Bnvi Avei wZbwU ¯—i/ Layer a. Peritoneal layer b. Muscular layer c. Sub-mucous layer d. Mucous layer

Gi wZbwU Ask h_vt a. Fundus b. Body c. Pylorus
5. Large Intestines Bnvi Ask ¸wj wb‡b¥ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv h_vt a. Caecum b. Ascending colon c. Transverse colon d. Descending colon e. Pelvic colon f. Rectum
6. Small Intestines Bnvi wZbwU Ask h_vt a. Duodenum b. Jejunum
C. Illium

7. Rectum
8. Anus

Respiration
Respiration is a physiological process by which oxygen is transported from atmosphere to the body cell for oxidation of ingested food materials and crimination of carbon dioxide from the cell to the atmosphere .
Liver Gi KvR
1. †cÖvwU‡bi Z¨vR¨ c`v_© ev Uria ‰Zwi Kiv|
1. kix‡ii me Z¨vR¨ c`v_© RgvKiv I †ei Kiv|
2. kix‡ii A‡bK †kvwlZ c`v_© Kv‡R bvMv‡bv|
3. Bile wbtmiY Øviv nR‡g mvnvh¨ Kiv|
4. kix‡ii Fate †K Kv‡RjvMv‡bv ev Rgv Kiv|
5. kix‡ii †kvwlZ kK©iv‡K Kv‡RjvMv‡bv ev Rgv Kiv|
6. R.B.C ‡K aŸsm K‡i Bile Regiment wn‡m‡e †ei K‡i|
7. Plasma Protein ‰Zwi Kiv|
8. i³ Rgvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`v_© Prothromloin Ges Fetrinogen wjfv‡iB ˆZwi nq| 9. Fate vitamin, Iron cÖf„wZ kix‡ii AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq hveZxq mÂq Kiv I mgq gZ Kv‡R jvMv‡bv|
10. kix‡ii Zvc i¶v mgq gZ me e¯‘‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q GwU Zvc i¶v K‡i|
11. kixi‡K Rxevbyi Avµgb i_iK i¶v Kiv|

Meanings ‡eª‡bi AveiY 1) Pia mater 2) Arach noed mater 3) Dura Mater

Cranial Nerves myly®§v KvÛ ev Spiral cord †_‡K A‡bK Fiber †ei nq| ZvQvov cÖZ¨¶ fv‡e gw¯—®‹ †_‡K 12 †Rvov øvqy †ei nq| Zv‡`i ejv nq Cranial Nerves Zviv n‡jv wKQy Motor I wKQy Sensory hvnv Special Sense Gi m‡½ hy³|

1) Olfactory Nerves (GwU bvK †_‡K åvb)
2) Optic Nerves
3) Oculo motore Nerves (†Pv‡Li wcwk¸‡jvi KvR)
4) Trochlear (GwU †Pv‡Li GKwU †cwk‡K wbqš¿b K‡i)
5) Trigminal (GwU me‡P‡q eo øvqy)
6) Abducens (motor) (GwU †Qv‡Li GKwU gvÎ †cwk‡K wbqš¿b K‡i)
7) Facial Nerves (GwU‡Z Sensory I motor `yB ai‡bi cvBfvi _v‡K (Teste)
8) Auditory Nerves –GwU Sensory øvqy GwU kªe‡Yi ev©Zv Kv‡bi Cochlia †Z †cŠQvq|
9) Glosso-Pharyngeal-&GwU Sensory I Motor wgwjZ øvqy GwU wRnev d¨vwism ¯^v` Gi KvR K‡i
10) Vagus øvqy GwU we‡kl ai‡bi øvqy-hvi m‡½ evû †c‡Ui Viscera cÖf„wZ hy³
11) Spinal Accessory
12) Hypoglossal

Endocrine Organs 1. Pituitary Gland 2. Thyroid Gland 3. Parathyroid Gland 4. Suprarenal Gland 5. Thymus Gland 6. Rineal Gland 7. Cell Islets of Langers 8. Testis 9. Overy