...Radiation Induced Bystander Effect Bystander effect was first demonstrated back in 1954 when cells exposed to low doses of LET radiation were found to have an indirect effect in producing a plasma—borne factor, which led to chromosome breakage and cytogenic abnormalities in human bone marrow or lymphocytes and caused tumors in rats [2]. An experiment conducted by Nagasawa in 1992 proved the existence of Bystander effect. The study showed that irradiation of 1% cells with alpha particles resulted in a chromatid exchange in more than 30% of the cells. Since the effect was observed in the cells that were not targeted but were in close proximity to the targeted cells; therefore they were called bystander cells and the effect was collect the bystander...
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...to identify whether prosocial behaviour is affected by the presence of bystanders. As Latane and Nida (1981) had pointed out, the bystander effect is among the most deeply ingrained research in social psychology...
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...Abstract The objective of this paper is to explore the fundamental circumstances to sustain the validity of prosocial behavior using experimental methods. The focus is on psychological issue of prosocial behavior, and evaluated these concepts using a descriptive method design. In doing so; this paper describes the sample populations, the experimental methods, and provide a speculation on the expectation of the outcomes of prosocial behavior in these scenarios. In addition, this paper further discusses the established sequence of necessary conditions to support the validity of prosocial behavior in reference to bystander effect. In conclusion, relating the conditions of the survey for reliability and to evaluate whether or not the methods discussed measures and are confirmed through the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and support an inter-source agreement. Experimental Method Design The bystander effect is a psychological episode in social psychology that connects with incidents when individuals refuse to assist in an emergency situation when others are nearby. In the past, the probability of help as been believed to be involving oppositely affected variables comparable to the number of bystanders, for instance, the more bystanders, the least likely anyone will help. John M. Darley was the first social psychologist to make obvious the bystander effect. In this experience, an emergency situation is thespian, and the participants are alone...
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...Rorie Printup CRJU 3402 Research Plan Alcohol and Rape on College Campuses Statement of Interest Many studies look at rape and alcohol on college campuses separately, while others look at the effect that alcohol has on rape. It is estimated that one fifth to one fourth of all women experience a completed or attempted rape during their four to five year college career (McMahon 2010). Too many women are victimized on a daily basis on college campuses, a place people go to better themselves, all while believing they are safe. Reality is, rape can happen to any woman, at any time, on any campus. There are classes given on almost every campus about to how women should protect themselves from violent acts such as rape, but how many women actually attend? What are women’s actual perceptions on rape on campus? Are women aware of the risk of rape on campus? What effects does alcohol have on the chance of committing a rape, and what effects does it have on the probability of getting raped? The objective of the paper is to find out how much women really know about the chances of getting raped, the proper way to protect their selves from getting raped, and what effect drinking can have on rape. Literature Search on Galileo While conducting research for this project, EBSCOhost and ProQuest were used. Both databases were had many articles and journals pertaining to alcohol and rape on college campuses. The first database used through Galileo was EBSCOhost. When using EBSCOhost...
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...Introduction A. Topic 1) Research question: Why do bullies select their targets and do they outgrow their behavior? 2) Working thesis: Bullies are a concern who are not restricted or defined by socio-economic, cultural, or gender basis, and its accepted that adults and children endure the implications of bullying at some point whether they are victims, perpetrators or bystanders. 3) Angle: Bullies effect long-lasting physical, mental and emotional implications on their targets. It is a sad reality that some bullies do not outgrow their behavior and continue with the vice through adolescence and into adulthood. B. Context 1) In the current society where violence is more prevalent among the youths, it is important to address and investigate this issue thoroughly. 2) Though am not a victim, perpetrator or bystander, I am a student who staunchly believes there exists bullies at all levels in the society. My arguments will be based on what I have seen and also with the help of sources that will establish my credibility on the topic. The studies of Beaudoin and Taylor (2004), and Lee (2004), who have done extensive research on bullies and bullying will help to establish my credibility. C. Audience 1) My primary audience will be institutions of learning stakeholders who are students, teachers and parents. 2) My secondary addressees are my lecturer and classmate, some of whom may have experienced either being the target, perpetrator or bystander and thus will relate...
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...2013 Violence in Media and Children There is a wide and growing acknowledgment of the fact that media isn’t just a “mirror of the society” – a smooth polished surface presenting an undistorted reflection of the world around us. For if that were true then all a newsman would have to do is to point his/her camera at the world and hit the record/air button. But in reality, the recorded content is often relayed back to the tv station where rather active decisions are taken at every step of the production process regarding how much of what content should be shown and when. Therefore it can be argued that the media plays no small role in molding our perceptions of the world we live in and in extension affecting the world itself. While this paper shall acknowledge the importance of media in today’s society, it shall neither reiterate the nature or extent of its positive aspects but shall instead focus on presenting an argument that exposure to violent media is harmful to children. One of the reasons it is true is that recent studies show that children today from ages 2 to18 with the exception of sleeping, spend more time watching television than they do performing any other single activity. (1) Additionally, today’s media bears no resemblance to the media a few decades ago; while viewers today are constantly bombarded with images of blood and gore, such a thing would have been almost unimaginable back then. When children are Gollamudi 2 repeatedly exposed to such violence for...
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...National College Women Sexual Victimization study estimates that one in five college women experience completed or attempted rape during their college years. (Fisher, Cullen, & Turner, 2000). Women have always faced significant challenges throughout their lives due to inequality between men and women. Stereotyping, lack of opportunity, pay differences, sexual harassment, gender-based violence and discrimination represent some of these challenges, which ultimately is disempowering women. This disempowerment has numerous consequences for society today. Times have changed and although unlike in the past, the thought of equality now does lie in the minds of most people, the actual effective significant change has yet to happen. This paper will define the inequalities that still exist between men and women, review the literature on sexism and inequality, and define ways to reduce and resolve it. Literature Review Sexism toward women is a damaging prejudice based in widespread social power...
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...Increasing bystander-initiated CPR through “hands-only” CPR and EMS dispatcher instructed “hands-only” CPR improves survival rates. Methods CINAHL, PubMed, and OvidMD were searched for the following key terms or combination thereof: “hands-only”; “compression-only”; chest compression-only”; “bystander”; “CPR”; “dispatcher”; and “neurological affect”. We initially restricted our search to peer-reviewed studies published in English between January 2004 and June 2014, but agreed by consensus to use a 2000 study located during a manual search of included study references. Results We identified nine Level II, III, and IV studies comparing “hands-only” CPR and “standard” CPR, published between 2000 and 2013, and occurring in the countries of Japan, London, Sweden and the U.S. All but one of the study results recommend that “hands-only” CPR is at least equal or superior to “standard” CPR. Conclusions Guidelines should be established to teach bystander “hands-only” CPR nationwide, to increase public awareness of the effectiveness of “hands-only” CPR and start to teach out-of-hospital “hands-only” CPR. Introduction Sudden cardiac arrest is the leading cause of death in the United States (Neumar, Barnhart, Berg, Chan, Geocadin, Luepker,… Nichol, 2011). According to the American Heart Association (AHA), “Each year, emergency medical services (EMS) assesses nearly 360,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) in the United States” (Neumar, et al. 2011). Bystander initiated...
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...COM 802: Communication Research II Spring, 2007 - Syllabus Professor: Gwen M. Wittenbaum, Ph.D. Office Location: 559 Communication Arts Bldg. Office Phone: 353-8120 Email: gwittenb@msu.edu Office Hours: Tuesdays and Thursdays, 1:30 – 2:30 p.m., and by appointment Class Meets: Tuesdays and Thursdays, 10:20 a.m. – 12:10 p.m. in room 474 COM. Required Readings Crano, W. D., & Brewer, M. B. (2002). Principles and methods of social research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Articles and book chapters are posted on Angel (http://angel.msu.edu) Course Description This course provides in-depth coverage of research design and measurement. As a companion to its precursor, COM 801, this course outlines how to measure constructs of interest and design research to test issues of theoretical importance. Students will learn a variety of research methods, such as experimental and survey designs, laboratory and field research, and methods of studying individuals and groups. The course exposes students to measurement issues (e.g., reliability and validity) and approaches (e.g., self-report measures, behavioral observation and coding). Students will practice evaluating the design and measurement of research articles and reporting their own research. Course Objectives 1. To understand and implement a variety of research designs. 2. To understand and implement a variety of measurement techniques. 3. To practice critical evaluation of research articles. 4. To facilitate...
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...Jump to: navigation, search Bullying is detrimental to students’ well-being and development.[1] Bullying is a form of aggressive behavior manifested by the use of force or coercion to affect others, particularly when the behavior is habitual and involves an imbalance of power. It can include verbal harassment, physical assault or coercion and may be directed repeatedly towards particular victims, perhaps on grounds of race, religion, gender, sexuality, or ability.[2][3] The "imbalance of power" may be social power and/or physical power. The victim of bullying is sometimes referred to as a "target". Bullying consists of three basic types of abuse – emotional, verbal, and physical. It typically involves subtle methods of coercion such as intimidation. Bullying can be defined in many different ways. The UK currently has no legal definition of bullying,[4] while some U.S. states have laws against it.[5] Bullying ranges from simple one-on-one bullying to more complex bullying in which the bully may have one or more 'lieutenants' who may seem to be willing to assist the primary bully in his or her bullying activities. Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as peer abuse.[6] Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism. Bullying can occur in any context in which human beings interact with each other. This includes school, church, family, the workplace, home, and neighborhoods. It is even a common push factor in migration. Bullying can exist...
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...Bullying is the use of force, threat, or coercion to abuse, intimidate, or aggressively impose domination over others. The behavior is often repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception, by the bully or by others, of an imbalance of social or physical power. Behaviors used to assert such domination can include verbal harassment or threat, physical assault or coercion, and such acts may be directed repeatedly towards particular targets. Justifications and rationalizations for such behavior sometimes include differences of class, race, religion, gender, sexuality, appearance, behavior, strength, size or ability. If bullying is done by a group, it is called mobbing. "Targets" of bullying are also sometimes referred to as "victims" of bullying. Bullying can be defined in many different ways. The UK currently has no legal definition of bullying, while some U.S. states, including Oklahoma have laws against it. Bullying consists of four basic types of abuse - emotional, verbal, physical, and cyber. It typically involves subtle methods of coercion such as intimidation. Bullying has become such a problem in many places. How can we solve this problem? Bullying ranges from simple one-on-one bullying to more complex bullying in which the bully may have one or more "lieutenants" who may seem to be willing to assist the primary bully in his or her bullying activities. Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as peer abuse. Robert W. Fuller has analyzed...
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...Trends and Issues in Victimology Trends and Issues in Victimology Edited by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon Trends and Issues in Victimology, Edited by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon This book first published 2008 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2008 by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-0069-4, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-0069-3 TO THE VICTIMS OF TERRORISM AND VIOLENCE. LET US PRAY THAT EXPANDING THE RIGHT KNOWLEDGE INTO THE RIGHT HANDS WILL CONTRIBUTE TO THE ATTENUATION OF HUMAN EVIL AND CONSEQUENT SUFFERING. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ..................................................................................................... x Gerd F. Kirchhoff Editors’ Introduction ................................................................................... 1 Between perception and victimization: Trends and issues in victimology Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar & Moshe Bensimon Part I: Justice for victims Chapter One.....................
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...What is Social Psychology? Psychology has many divisions including abnormal, cognitive, developmental, comparative, educational, experimental, and a multitude of others. It is a diverse and complex field of study, with each branch focusing on its own perspective of human thought and behavior. Social psychology spotlights human behavior as it relates to social interactions, influences, and relationships. It seeks to understand why people in society behave the way they do with each other and to determine the cause of societal conformities, beliefs, and trends. The following paper provides an overview of social psychology; its definition, how it differs from other branches, and the role of research in the discipline. Social Psychology Defined Social psychology is defined as "the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to each other" (Myers, 2010). The main concepts studied within the field of social psychology include social thinking, influence, and relations. Social thinking encompasses how people perceive themselves and others, their attitudes, beliefs, and judgments. Social influences encompasses how culture, social situations, groups of people, and the accompanying temperaments manipulates behavior. Finally, social relations refers to how relationships (attraction, intimacy, family), feelings toward others (prejudice, hostility, kindness), and biology relate to behavior (Myers, 2010). Social Psychology Differs From Other Disciplines ...
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...1. EFFECTS OF BULLYING _________________ Undergraduate Thesis Presented to theFaculty and Staff of the College of CriminologyNueva Ecija University of Science and Technology Cabanatuan City ___________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject Psychology ___________________ By Marlon de Lara Cedric D Jale Arceo Arnie Angelo Andulan Melvin Marcelo Mark Joseph Arenas Maricris Estrada Jaypee Grospe Eddie Boy Tamares Rommel Grospe Jimver Reyes 2. Acknowledgements The researcher’s wishes to express their deepest gratitudeto the special people who have extended their assistance for thesuccess of this study; The Almighty God, who is the source of life and strength ofknowledge and wisdom. Mrs. __________________ for her genuine apprehension,encouragement, patient and guidance and whose expertise andknowledge were generously shared; To the fellow classmates, for sharing their knowledge andidea in helping the researchers in the construction of theproject; To the beloved parents and guardians for untiring love andsupport; The Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, this piece of work washeartily offered. 3. DEDICATION The researchers would like to dedicate this study to theAlmighty God, to their beloved families and friends, to theirAlma Mater- the Nueva Ecija University of Science andTechnology, to their classmates, instructors and to theprofessor of this subject Psychology __________________ The researchers would also like to dedicate this project totheir fellow criminology...
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...study of how people think, feel and behave around people and how people’s feelings, thoughts and behaviors are influenced by these people. It aims at studying and explaining how individual personalities change due to social groups. Social psychology helps one understand how individuals fit in the society. Social psychology exists in our daily life. When we make friends, when we argue with friends, how we live with people and relate with them, are all examples of social psychology. There are different study areas in social psychology and they are; prosocial behaviors, prejudice, discrimination and diversity, self and social behavior, social influence, cultural links, psychology of gender and violence, conflict resolution and peace. In this paper I will discuss prosocial behavior. Prosocial behavior is the opposite of anti-social behavior. While anti-social people will exclude themselves from the society, are selfish and don’t contribute much in conversations, prosocial people are philanthropic, obedient and cooperate with others. Prosocial behavior has been described as the phenomenon where people help each other, either willingly or with a hidden motive. Prosocial behavior should not be confused with altruism, which is helping others with the motive of the well-being of the affected person. Altruism is a prosocial behavior but prosocial behavior is not altruism. Prosocial behavior studies began after the murder of a young woman in New York as her neighbors watched. In 1964, a...
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