...Have you ever seen people walking around with white patches all over there body? Do you ever wonder what condition or disease that person may have? Do we at times just these people and look down on them just because they look different? What is our reaction when we see a person walking on the street that has white patches all over them? Are we quick to judge, or do we simply look at it as they have a health problem and there's nothing wrong with that? Do some of us even know what those white patches on the skin may mean? Those white patches that we at times see in some people are a condition known as Vitiligo. Vitiligo is medically known for being an auto-immune disease. An auto-immune disease simply means that the person's own immune system attacks its own tissues and in some cases their organs. When a person has vitiligo, their melanocytes are destroyed or killed off and they start to get pigmentations (white patches) on different parts of their bodies. The parts of the body that may get pigmentations are: the hands, feet, face, the inside of the mouth, genitals, rectum, and in some cases the persons hair may turn white because of the vitiligo. In other cases of vitiligo, the mucous membranes (tissues that line the inside of the mouth and nose) and the retina (inner layer of the eyeball) can be affected. The cause of vitiligo is still unknown, but some scientists and doctors have developed a few theories about its origin. Some scientists and doctors...
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...Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints. Rhematiod arthritis can also cause inflammation of the tissue around the joints, as well as other organs in the body. Autoimmune diseases are illnesses which occur when the body tissues are mistakenly attacked by its own immune system. The immune system is a complex organization of cells and antibodies designed normally to "seek and destroy" invaders of the body, particularly infections. Patients with these diseases have antibodies in their blood which target their own body tissues, where they can be associated with inflammation. Because it can affect multiple other organs of the body, rheumatoid arthritis is referred to as a systemic illness and is sometimes called rheumatoid disease. While rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic illness, meaning it can last for years, patients may experience long periods without symptoms. Typically, however, rheumatoid arthritis is a progressive illness that has the potential to cause joint destruction and functional disability. A joint is where two bones meet to allow movement of body parts. Arthritis means join inflammation. The join inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis causes swelling, pain ,stiffness, and redness in the joints. The inflammation of rheumatoid disease can also occur in tissues around the joints, such as the tendons, ligaments, and muscles. In some patienst with rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammation leads to the destruction of the...
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...I. There are numerous amounts of diseases all over the world. In the present time, these diseases are cured or contained by vaccines. A couple centuries ago, doctor Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine in 1796. He discovered this vaccine by observing his ambiance. Jenner realized that milkmaids (tend to cattle) frequently contracted cowpox, but after they convalesced they were immune to the deadlier disease smallpox. So Jenner said, “Why not infect people with cowpox to confer immunity to the more dangerous disease.” With his research, he got the pus from a milkmaid who had cowpox and put it on a small healthy eight-year-old boys cut. Eventually, the boy was infected with cowpox, how Jenner predicted. When he was done recovering, Jenner took the riskiest step there is. Jenner deliberately injected the smallpox disease into the kid. This was a dangerous step because smallpox resulted in thousands of deaths every year or left the person disfigured. Thankfully, the boy never contracted smallpox. After this finding, Edward Jenner constructed the first vaccine in history. The production and administration of vaccines have been beneficial, cutting the global death rate in half by destroying or containing diseases. II. Diseases are all over the world and there are copious amounts of them. A. Before scientists discovered what caused diseases, people had no idea what caused these harmful diseases or how to properly treat them. 1. The cause of disease used to be from people thinking...
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...Mapping Immunity to Change By: LaKisha M. Crawford It's difficult to change. This is demonstrated by the number of New Year's resolutions we make and how few of them actually lead to lasting change. For most of us, the resolutions are just more evidence that change attempts seem doomed from the start. Yet most of us see our resolutions as worthy and important. We truly want change in our life, and we are sincere in our commitment to achieving it but just don’t know how. Kegan and Lahey developed an Immunity to change X-ray to help leaders change and become the leaders that they want to be. Not everyone is a natural born leader. Leadership is something that has to be learned. Knowing how to effectively manage your workload is an important part of being a good leader. Learning how to delegate tasks out to employees, prioritize, set realistic deadlines, avoid distractions and say no to unreasonable requests can help to increase your sense of job satisfaction and that of your staff. This also enables you to produce work of a higher quality, because you are able to place more of a focus on the projects you should be spending your time on. Everyone has a well-tuned system of coping mechanisms in place which helps keep us safe and helps us to avoid fear, anxiety, and emotional discomfort. Kegan and Lahey liken this phenomenon to an immune system. Our own emotional immune system is intelligent in...
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...Staloral Immunotherapy – Patient Information Staloral oral immunotherapy is an effective treatment for allergies. It is different to previous oral immunotherapies, which are diluted injectable solution, taken orally. In the 7 studies as of March 2007, it is equally an effective treatment as injection immunotherapy and a lot safer. Over 140 million doses of Staloral immunotherapy have been given without one serious reaction. Severe reactions have occurred with allpyral injection solution in about 1 in 7000 injections and death has occurred in about 1 in 2 million injections. Staloral immunotherapy can be self-administered at home and saves the time and cost of going to the doctor (for injection immunotherapy). It costs more than injection solutions because it is several hundred times the strength. Most health-care extra funds will rebate some of the cost of oral immunotherapy. The idea of immunotherapy is to make your body tolerate what you are allergic to. We do this by increasing the dose of the ingested allergen between 240-800 times during the course of the program. It is still important to do allergen reduction measures, as you do not want to remind your body of your allergens by continuing to breathe in high amounts. Most patients find it reduces the need to take other medications. The dose is given by pressing the solution under the tongue. The chart will show you how to increase the strength. Use PRESSES not drops. The solution should be kept under the tongue for 2 minutes...
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...37 - 41 Automatic Resume Recommender system Using Artificial Immune Systems Approach Fatma Masooma Nigar Tel : +91-7398084314 Email: masoomanigar5@gmail.com Department of Computer Science,Jamia Hamdard University, Delhi, India Abstract: In today’s competitive world people across the globe post resumes over various sites of different organizations. Huge amount of documented resumes get stored. The HR manager needs the best among the stored documented resumes. The outcome of this research is a proposed architecture for classification,retreivel of the best selected resumes for the HR based on the ideas and principles of artificial immune system. Based on the research an attempt is made to automate the HR resume selection process by building an automated resume recommender system using the concepts of information extraction and artificial immune system. Keywords: Artificial immune system, information extraction, classification. 1. INTRODUCTION In today’s e-world, many of the applications are automated to ease the task carried out with accuracy. Many organizations across the globe are flooded with hundreds of resumes every month. The task of the HR manager is to create a job based on some criteria and filter out the best suitable resumes among the repository. Since the HR are having rich text of huge data, a computational tool shall help to ease down the task for them...
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...effects mentioned in Seeley’s article are after a person experiences something like a moderate car accident or being chased by something that could do harm (Chronic). In a situation like this, the body enters a so called “fight or flight” mode which helps the person get away from the situation safely, but once the danger has depleted the person goes in the “rest and digest” mode. Although this is a good and natural thing for the body to do, for most men today, they skip this mode and the stress from the moderate event becomes turns it into a more serious, chronic stress (Chronic). Also, in Seeley’s article and according to the American Psychological Association, “Chronic stress is linked to the six leading causes of death: heart disease, cancer, lung ailments, accidents, cirrhosis of the liver and suicide. And more than 75 percent of all physician office visits are for stress-related ailments and complaints.” These examples are only a touch on how much stress effects peoples health. Before getting into more of the effects of stress, lets look at some of the history of stress. An article from the Centre for Studies On Human Stress (CSHS) stated that stress derived from the physics form of stress that “produces strain on a physical body” like how bending a piece of metal until it snaps because of the...
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...ABSTRACT Pneumococcal diseases are responsible for killing at least one million children under the age of five every year: over 70% of these deaths are in developing countries. This total is greater than that due to malaria, AIDS and measles combined. Streptococcus pneumoniae has over 90 serotypes, out of which eight are included in the 10-valent Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Synflorix) currently in use in Kenya. Pneumococci are highly diverse and serotype prevalence is dynamic based on age, time period and geographical area. There is no published data on serotypes found in Nairobi and other areas in Kenya except the coastal region. It is therefore possible that these serotypes are different from those included in the vaccine, subjecting the immunogenicity of the vaccine among Kenyan infants to doubt. Since its launch for free public use in February, 2011increasing number of children has been immunized, yet, it was not clear to what extent the vaccine is protective. This study therefore evaluated the immunogenicity of the vaccine by measuring serum concentration of IgG antibodies among infants immunized with PCV-10 at the Mbagathi District Hospital (MDH). It also investigated; the vaccine herd effect on study infants biological mothers and factors that affect the vaccine immunogenicity. It was a cross-sectional study where infants that completed 3-doses of PCV-10 had IgG antibodies to serotype-specific capsular polysaccharide measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The...
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...Vaccines are used to help your body prevent infections that can be harmful or potentially life threatening. There are many people who lack knowledge about vaccinations. Many of these people who lack knowledge are people who also do not want their children to have vaccines because of what they may have heard about vaccines. This article discussed many of the important facts about vaccines. The important facts discussed include the how vaccinations work, different types of vaccinations, safety of vaccinations, as well as recommended schedules for vaccinations. (Kaneshiro, 2014) The article discussed the different types of vaccines which are live, killed, toxoid, and biosynthetic. Vaccines are used to help your body to prevent infections and diseases...
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...Herd immunity occurs when the majority of the population is immune through vaccination against a disease or virus making it tough for the disease to spread throughout the population because there are only a couple people that aren’t immune. Herd immunity benefits those who can’t be vaccinated which are mostly made up of young children, the ill, and those who have immune system problems. It is beneficial to have herd immunity because it can stop the disease from spreading in a population. However, when not enough of the population is immune to the disease herd immunity will disappear leading to the continued spread of the disease. Among those who are not immune are children whose parents refuse to vaccinate due to religious beliefs or because of a misunderstanding of vaccinations ( ). I believe that children who are not vaccinated should be allowed or required to attend public school, but I believe that it is in the childs and populations best interest to have those who don’t have a medical issue to get vaccinated. Herd immunity protects the rest of the population from a disease spreading so as long as the majority of the students in the school are vaccinated then it shouldn’t be a problem for the rest of the population. However, it will be a major problem for the children who are not vaccinated because they have an increased risk at acquiring diseases that could be prevented by a vaccine ( ). If there are a lot of children who are not being vaccinated then this could lead...
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...Introduction An anaphylactic reaction (anaphylaxis) is a sudden, severe allergic reaction that affects multiple areas of the body. Affected areas of the body may include the skin, mouth, lungs, heart, or gut (digestive system). Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening. This condition requires immediate medical attention, and sometimes hospitalization. What are the causes? This condition is caused by exposure to a substance that your child is allergic to (allergen). In response to this exposure, the body releases proteins (antibodies) and other compounds, such as histamine, into the bloodstream. This causes swelling in certain tissues and loss of blood pressure to important areas, such as the heart and lungs. Common allergens that can cause anaphylaxis include: Medicines. Foods, especially peanuts, wheat, shellfish, milk, and eggs. Insect bites or stings. Blood or parts of blood, including plasma, immunoglobulins, or serum. Chemicals, such as dyes, latex, and contrast material that is used for medical tests. What increases the risk? This condition is more likely to occur in children who have: Allergies. Had anaphylaxis before. A family history of anaphylaxis. Certain medical conditions, including asthma and eczema. What are the signs or symptoms? Symptoms of anaphylaxis include: Nasal congestion. Headache. Flushed face. Tingling in the mouth. An itchy, red rash. Swelling of the eyes, lips, face, or tongue. Swelling of the back of the mouth and the throat. Wheezing. A hoarse voice...
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...In the United States, 90% of parents vaccinate their children and follow the recommended schedule. That is about twenty-eight immunizations against fourteen different diseases in the first two years of life. But, at least 10% of parents skip or delay some shots, and around 1% do not vaccinate at all "Vaccines-Calling the Shots". Most people have gotten at least vaccinated once in their lives. Doctors use vaccines as sort of a boot camp for immune systems from adults to small children. The way it works is by using a dead or weakened virus that would imitate the real virus if it attacks. The immune system responds by attack to virus and leaving behind white blood cells that know how to fight the virus now. Vaccines came from Dr. Edward Jenner. He was the first man to deliberately inoculate people with a mild, non-fatal disease called "cowpox" that came from a similar strain to smallpox, thus making people immune to the virus. He called his technique "vaccine” from "vacca" Latin for cow "Vaccines-Calling the Shots". The U.S. should make it mandatory for all children to be vaccinated, some reasons are that easily preventable diseases are starting to show up, they keep people from getting sick, and prevents the fragile structure of herd immunity from collapsing . To begin with, easily preventable diseases that were once rare in the United States (US) are beginning to appear again, due to the decline in vaccination rates. Around the year 2013 an unvaccinated man returned from a...
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...Outline and evaluate research into the relationship between the immune system and Stress-related illness. (12marks) It is suggested that stress can result in immunosuppression which can lead to stress-related illnesses such as Coronary Heart Disease and high blood pressure. Kiecolt and Glaser conducted an experiment to see the effects of stress on the immune system. This was achieved by taking blood samples of 75 medical students one month before and during their examination period. They then compared the two blood samples and found decreased leucocyte activity in the sample taken during high levels of stress (during their exams). This shows that stress reduces the activity of the immune system, making them more susceptible to becoming ill. Advantages of the study are that blood tests are objective measurements, so there was no social desirability or experimenter bias when analysing the results. The participants were also compared to themselves which removes participant variables on how they perceive stressors. The experiment was a field experiment so there was no manipulating of the independant variable to deliberately cause stress to the participants which makes it ethical. It also means the research has ecological validity and can be applied to the wider world. However, a field experiment may have extraneous variables which impact the results. For example, the student lifestyle of having little sleep and poor accomidation may have been an alternative source of stress. Another...
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...Brenden Riesgo Riesgo 1 Mr. Lee Language Arts 4/27/15 “Vaccinate, Vaccinate!” I support that vaccinations should be mandatory because they can save children’s lives, they don’t include high amounts of harmful ingredients, major health organizations say that vaccines are safe, reactions to vaccines are rare, and that vaccines can protect the communities. To begin with, vaccines save children by 2.5 million per year. 285 children are saved from diseases for every hour due to vaccines. The CDC has said that 732,000 children were saved from death and that 322 million diseases were prevented from the years of 1994 and 2014. In addition, the ingredients in vaccines are safe in the amount used. Thimerosal, formaldehyde, and aluminum are used in safe amounts in vaccines. Most infant formulas have more aluminum than used in vaccines. Outside activities can expose you to more bacteria than vaccinations can. With the exception of inactivated flu vaccines, thimerosal has been reduced or completely removed in vaccines for children under six. The FDA test vaccines for more than 10 years until Riesgo 2 The vaccinations are licensed. Similarly, adverse reactions to vaccinations are extremely rare. The most common rare allergic effect of a vaccine is anaphylaxis. The reaction happens one per million vaccinations. The MRR vaccination does not cause autism and that the TDap vaccination...
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...Fear of the Unknown Taking any kind of a risk is a gamble. They have the potential to lead to a harmful or dangerous outcome, yet can still provide the opportunity for an outcome that can perceived as positive. The essay, “Into the Wild” by Jon Krakauer is his account of Chris McCandless’ search for himself through taking a risk and inhabiting the Alaskan wilderness. Through his lack of survival skills, it is evident that McCandless is a person who likes to take part of risky and dangerous behaviors. “Immune to Reality” by Daniel Gilbert is an analytical essay that revolves around the existence of the psychological immune system. This defense system proves to work as a mechanism that can create positive views out of a negative experience thus producing happiness to an individual. Through Gilbert’s analysis he discovers that people are usually not in favor of taking risks out of fear of feeling regret. However he proves how the psychological immune system can turn a negative consequence of taking a risk into a more pleasant and bearable one. The essay “Another Look Back, And A Look Ahead” by Edward Tenner is an insightful discussion about how people often miscalculate the way technologies will work in the future and to what extent they are useful. People may find themselves getting an unexpected outcome of some new technology which can lead to dangerous risks in the future. People take risks because they want to attain happiness however in the process of this, sometimes people’s...
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