...1. Describe the Net Present Value (NPV) method for determining a capital budgeting project's desirability. What is the acceptance benchmark when using NPV? Net present value compares today’s dollar value to the value of that same dollar the future. This amount includes inflation and returns. This method is likely the most correct budgeting method that business owners can use in the decision making regarding new capital projects. If the NPV of a project is positive, then it will be accepted. If the project is negative, then it will be rejected. 2. What is the payback period statistic? What is the acceptance benchmark when using the payback period statistic? The payback period statistic is the length of time required to recover the cost of an investment. The payback period of a capital project is an important determining factor of whether or not to partake in the project. It is calculated as payback period = cost of project / annual cash inflows. 3. Describe the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) method for determining a capital budgeting project's desirability. What is the acceptance benchmark when using IRR? The internal rate of return (IRR) is a rate of return used in capital budgeting to measure and compare the profitability of investments. It is also called the discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) or simply the rate of return (ROR). In the context of savings and loans the IRR is also called the effective interest rate. the IRR of an investment is the...
Words: 641 - Pages: 3
...given to appraise the two projects in order to see which one was more feasible. The four variables used in table 2 & 3 to find the total cost were initial expense, upfront R&D, plant property and equipment, and the investment in working capital. Design Your Own Doll had a higher total cost of $2291 in capital expenditures. Therefore, Match My Doll was more compelling at first glance since it had less capital invested on it. The capital budgeting decision criteria gives us plenty of information to help with the decision. After looking at variables in the criteria my decision to choose Match My Doll at first reformed toward Design Your Own Doll. Some of the strengths for Design Your Own Doll are its operating profit and its growth in revenue over its ten-year life. The first year after production, Design Your Doll’s growth in revenue was up 139.3%. After year 2015, its growth leveled off to 6% in perpetuity compared to Match My Doll whose growth leveled off to 8% in perpetuity. The case even states, “the capital committee generally insisted on relatively low perpetual growth rates.” The operating profit after maturity is at $3719 compared to Match My Doll, which was at $2209 after maturity. One of the weaknesses in the criteria for Design Your Doll is the total production costs. Design My Doll’s total...
Words: 579 - Pages: 3
...Capital budgeting is a process that involves making of investment decision by company from one or a series of investment projects to identify the most worthwhile projects for undertaking. A company’s capital investment usually focuses:- • Expansion in existing market • Develop new products or entering new market • Purchase new building / plants • Replacement or improvement on existing equipment Capital budgeting decision is vital for any company because it always involved: • Large investment – capital budgeting decision usually involve large investment of funds but mostly there is a shortage of funds at every firm. Hence the funds and the resources need to be controlled by the firm • Irreversible nature- once the decision for acquiring a permanent assets is taken, it becomes very difficult to dispose of these assets with the incurring heavy cost • Long term effect on profitability- Not only the present earning of the firm is affected but the future growth and profitability also depend upon investment decision taken today, any unsound decision made can lead to a downfall tomorrow Capital budgeting is a complex process as it involved decision relating to the investment of current funds for the benefit to be achieved in the future but future is always uncertain. The 5 step process in capital budgeting decision is: I. Identified investment opportunities- investment proposal or projects normally was initiated by a firm’s management or staffs in line with the corporate...
Words: 1331 - Pages: 6
...mechanism for the organisations and how non-financial performance tool can be used to complement the budgetary control to provide accurate reporting on the performance of the organisation. Organisational and Budgetary Control In an organisation, the goals and objectives may differ in within each department, division and individual. It is important that every individual has to change their behaviour towards achieving organisation’s objective. (Flamholtz, Daz and Tsui, 1985). The organisation’s primary objective is to earn profits. The management uses financial measurement tools such as Economic Value Added (EVA), financial ratios, residual income and Master Budgets etc to measure the performance of each division as well as motivation and control. (Otley, 1999 & 2002) Hence there is a need to have a management control system for planning, goal setting and performance evaluation. The Budgeting Cycle as shown below is implemented to bring the...
Words: 3123 - Pages: 13
...CAPITAL BUDGETING: ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS. SEPTEMBER 2012 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background Study Capital budgeting is the process by which firms determine how to invest their capital. Included in this process are the decisions to invest in new projects, reassess the amount of capital already invested in existing projects, allocate and ration capital across divisions, and acquire other firms. In essence, the capital budgeting process defines the set and size of a firm’s real assets, which in turn generate the cash flows that ultimately determine its profitability, value and viability. In principle, a firm’s decision to invest in a new project should be made according to whether the project increases the wealth of the firm’s shareholders. For example, the Net Present Value (NPV) rule specifies an objective process by which firms can assess the value that new capital investments are expected to create. As Graham and Harvey (2001) document this rule has steadily gained in popularity since Dean (1951) formally introduced it, but its widespread use has not eliminated the human element in capital budgeting. Because the estimation of a project’s future cash flows and the rate at which they should be discounted is still a relatively subjective process, the behavioural traits of managers still affect this process. Capital budgeting is a process...
Words: 7612 - Pages: 31
...Case Study 13-3: Texas Instruments and Hewlett-Packard Case Context: Texas Instrument (TI) and Hewlett Packard (HP) are two companies famous for introducing Electric and electronic products. Although competing in similar industries, their strategies are very much different. Problem Definition: Given the differences in strategy between two firms, what would you expect would be the differences between TI & HP in their planning and control system; strategic planning systems; budgeting systems; reporting systems; performance evaluation systems and incentive compensations systems. Inferred from the case, we expect some differences in planning and control system between Texas Instruments and Hewlett Packard. This paper will discuss and propose some strategic planning systems, budgeting systems, reporting systems, performance evaluation systems and incentive compensation system for each company. . Strategic Planning Systems: In term of corporate level strategy, both firms have the same definition of business in which the firm will participate. TI and Hewlett-Packard (HP) are both in high-technology electric and electronics. But, the second aspect of corporate level strategy, which is deployment of resources among the business, may be different for each firm depends on the objectives that they want to achieve and competitive advantages that they have. I am well known for its first...
Words: 3796 - Pages: 16
...management control system targets. Therefore, conventional management control systems focus on getting better operational efficiency. But as operational efficiency is no longer adequate to create sustainable competitive advantages, management control systems must be expanded to managerial practices that cultivate employee cooperation and creativeness in the discovery and development of new business opportunities. This is especially the case in the high-tech industries that are at the faced with the challenges of globalisation and employee teams must combine efficient communication with creativity. ``Project managers and product designers in software and other industries thus need to find ways to divide up products and tasks so that even teams of many of clever people can work and communicate efficiently as well as creatively'' (Cusumano, 1997). Simons (1987 and 1990) argued that control systems is in four categories, namely i. ii. iii. iv. Diagnostic control systems Boundary control systems Interactive systems Belief systems. These four different management control systems are identified recently by companies as effective categories of controlling system, companies must apply them in a way that maximizes operational effectiveness without limiting employee creativity. This task can be accomplished by using diagnostic measures as a way to improve operational effectiveness and the other three types of control measures as a way to mitigate its negative effects on employee creativity...
Words: 4444 - Pages: 18
...systems 12 2.5 Limitations of Management control systems 12 CHAPTER 03 13 Management control systems and strategy: 13 A critical analysis 13 3.1 Relationship between Management control systems and strategy 14 3.2 Levels of strategy from organization point of view 14 3.2.1Corporate-Level Strategy 14 3.2.2 Business Unit Strategies 15 3.2.2.1 Business Unit Mission 15 3.2.2.2 Business Unit Competitive Advantage 15 3.4 Responsibility Centers 16 3.4.1 Nature of Responsibility Centers. 16 3.5 types of Responsibility Centers 17 3.5.1 Revenue Centers 17 3.5.2 Expenses Centers 17 3.5.3 Profit Centers 18 3.5.4 Investment center 21 3.6 Concept of Transfer Pricing in relation to Responsibility center 22 CHAPTER 04 23 Budgeting and performance measurement 23 4.1Budgeting as a Control Mechanism 24 4.2Business performance management 25 4.3Balanced Scorecard 26 CHAPTER 05 29 FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION 29 5.1 Findings 30 5.2 Conclusion 30 5.3Bibliography 31 CHAPTER 01 About the report 1.1Introduction To introduce this topic and understanding the importance of management control system we know that in the present globalised world, organizations need to use management control systems that go beyond the strategies that focus on acquisition of technology and logistics which are not sufficient to give the organization sustained long-term competitive edge over its competitors. Management Control Systems (MCS) as defined by Anthony (cited by...
Words: 6561 - Pages: 27
...competitive edge over its competitors. Management Control Systems (MCS) as defined by Anthony (cited by LangfieldSmith, 1997) is the process by which managers ensure that resources are obtained and used effectively and efficiently in the accomplishment of the organization s objectives . MCS is a system used in an organization which collects and uses information to evaluate the performance of the organizational resources that will eventually influence the behaviour of the organization to implement organizational strategies. This paper will look into issues within MCS such as transaction cost economics and transfer pricing. Also considered in this paper is a look of MCS tools and techniques, such as budgeting as a powerful control mechanism in organizations, business performance measurement systems as well...
Words: 5165 - Pages: 21
...different experts in the field. It includes how to raise the capital, how to allocate it i.e. capital budgeting. Not only about long term budgeting but also how to allocate the short term resources like current assets. It also deals with the dividend policies of the share holders. Financial management has emerged as a distinct field of study only in the early part of this century, as a result of consolidation movement and formation of large enterprises. Its evolution may be divided into three phases. The Traditional phase, The Transitional phase and The Modern phase The Traditional Phase: This phase has lasted for about four decades. Its finest expression was shown in the scholarly work of Arthur S. Dewing, in his book tilted the Financial Policy of Corporation in 1920s. In this phase the focus of financial management was on four selected aspects. It treats the entire subject of finance from the outsider's point of view (investment banks, lenders, other) rather than the financial decision maker in the firm. It places much importance of corporation finance and too little on the financing problems of non-corporate enterprises. The sequence of treatment was on certain episodic events like formation, issuance of capital, major expansion, merger, reorganization and liquidation during the life cycle of an enterprise. It laid heavy emphasis on long-term financing, institutions, instruments, procedures used in capital markets and legal aspects of financial...
Words: 1366 - Pages: 6
...Executive Summary The following case study report is for Carson Manor, a Winston based non-profit organization that provides nursing care service for senior citizens. The report will identify key issues that may impact Carson Manor’s day-to-day operation on the basis of budgeting, cost control and cost measurement. The key issues will be analyzed against Carson Manor’s objective to outsource a solution provider to conduct a review of their current situation. This report will evaluate three bidders based on total cost of study, potential savings, possible implementation, experience and references. A recommendation is stated at the end of the report, which comprises the possible solutions to the key issues and some actions need to be taken after selecting one of the three bidders. This report would recommend that Clarke-Hamilton Ltd. would be an optimal consultant for Carson Manor given their highest expected savings, suitable implementation of a patient classification system, excessive experience and positive feedbacks from users. Background Description Carson Manor was a not-for-profit institution that provides nursing care services for aged people. It was founded in city of Winston 30 years ago and currently became a medium sized institution with a bed capacity of 470 and a total of 235 employees. Carson Manor administrator is responsible for overseeing day-to-day operations and serving as an information conduit to Mr. Henry Davis, the director of social services. Mr...
Words: 2520 - Pages: 11
...1. Module Name: Introductory Econometrics Code: P12205 Credits: 10 Semester: Spring 2011/12 Delivery: 16 one-hour lectures + 4 one-hour workshops Aims: The main aims of this module are: to introduce students to the principles, uses and interpretation of regression analysis most commonly employed in applied economics; to provide participants with sufficient knowledge of regression methods to critically evaluate and interpret empirical research. On completion of this module students should be able to: demonstrate understanding of the assumptions and properties underlying regression analysis and the principle of ‘least squares’; interpret and manipulate the coefficients of multiple regression and performance criteria; conduct diagnostic checking of the validity of regression equations coefficients; appreciate the problems of misspecification, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. Content: 1. Simple Regression Analysis 2. Multiple Regression Analysis 3. Dummy Variables 4. Heteroscedasticity 5. Autocorrelation Main Textbook: Dougherty, C. (2011). Introduction to Econometrics, 4th edition, Oxford. 2. Module Name: Computational Finance Code: P12614 Credits: 10 Semester: Spring 2011/12 Programme classes: 12 1-2 hour lectures/workshops Aims: The module aims to describe and analyse the general finance topics and introduces students to implement basic computational approaches to financial problems using Microsoft Excel. It stresses...
Words: 1425 - Pages: 6
...Accounting: Innovations in Practice and Research, December 2002, Brussels. Financial support from the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants is acknowledged with gratitude. 2 An Empirical Investigation of the Evolution of Management Accounting Practices Abstract This paper investigates and reports on the status of management accounting practices in UK industry. The analysis operationalises the IFAC statement on Management Accounting Concepts and its description of the evolution of management accounting. The results, based on responses from 123 practising management accountants, suggest that the management accounting employed in many UK industrial companies is not particularly sophisticated. Budgeting, product profitability and financial performance measurement remain the central pillars and some of the newer management accounting techniques are less widely used than might be assumed from a reading of the textbooks. There is little evidence of management accounting concerned directly with ‘value creation’. 3 1. Introduction During the 1980s...
Words: 11706 - Pages: 47
...FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES AND THEIR EFFECTS By Evanti Firstadea (105020307121003) Rosyida Mardyana (105020307121011) University of Brawijaya Economics and Business Faculty Accounting Major FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES AND THEIR EFFECTS INTRODUCTION The primary objective of for-profit organizations is to maximize shareholder (or owner) value, or firm value for short. Thus, the results-control ideal would be to reward each individual employee for doing what s/he does to increase firm value. However, because direct measurements of the individuals’ contributions to value creation are rarely possible, firms have to look for measurement and control alternatives. A commonly cited management axiom is: what you measure is what you get. This axiom works in practice because performance measures are linked to any of a number of incentives that employees value. Employees respond to these incentives. The measures, then, play valuable motivational, or decision influencing, roles. But what performance measure (or measures) should be used? At managerial levels of organizations, both at the corporate and entity levels, job responsibilities are both broad and varied. In common jargon, managers are said to be multitasking. Reflecting that task variety, the list of measures used in practice to motivate and evaluate managers’ performances is long. However, these measures can be classified into three broad categories. Two of these categories include summary, single-number,...
Words: 7223 - Pages: 29
... References Assignment Part A This report evaluates the viability for marketing and distribution of genetically engineered soya seeds developed by a biotechnology firm. The firm will supply seeds and permit ProGen to market and distribute them under a licence. The evaluation methods used for this proposal are net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and Payback methods. Assumptions used for this analysis are summarised below • Marketing cost is assumed to be a sunk cost and therefore not included in the calculation • Cash flow will be considered over 5 years as this is the lifecycle of the product • An annual licence fee included at 1M per annum • Capital investment for vehicles £650k is an upfront payment and therefore not discounted • Year 5 will see a cash inflow of 120K assumed a realistic sum for the sale of the vehicles • Assume no tax implications for this project • Opportunity cost is assumed at £900k for rental as this is market value • Assume that a £47K profitability gain for existing products is a realistic forecast • Assumed a 50K reduction in overheads from £750K to £700K as allocated overhead cost of £50k is not incremental to the group....
Words: 2195 - Pages: 9
