...Vol. 2 No. 19 [Special Issue - October 2011] Perceived Relationship between Corporate Capital Structure and Firm Value in Nigeria Semiu Babatunde ADEYEMI Department of Accounting University of Lagos Lagos, Nigeria Collins Sankay OBOH Department of Accounting University of Lagos Lagos, Nigeria Abstract This study examined the empirical effects of corporate capital structure (financial leverage) on the market value of a selection of firms listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Both primary and secondary data were obtained for analysis employing both descriptive and inferential statistics for analysis. A sample size of 150 respondents and 90 firms were selected for both primary data and secondary data respectively. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the primary data, while Chi-Square was used to draw inference of perceived relationship between capital structure and firm value. The results of the study suggested that a positively significant relationship exists between a firm’s choice of capital structure and its market value in Nigeria. The study suggested that listed firms in Nigeria should strategically plan and manage their capital structure in order to maximize their market values. Keywords: Capital structure, market value, Nigeria, debt, equity. 1. Introduction 1.1 Background to the Study After the Modigliani-Miller (1958 and 1963) paradigms on firms’ capital structure and their market values, there have been considerable debates, both in theoretical and empirical...
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...CapStrMktPower I M Pandey CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND MARKET POWER I. M. Pandey Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 380015 India E-mail: impandey@iimahd.ernet.in W. P. No. 2002-03-01 March 2002 i CapStrMktPower I M Pandey CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND MARKET POWER I M Pandey ABSTRACT This paper provides new insights on the way in which the capital structure and market power and capital structure and profitability are related. We predict and show that capital structure and market power, as measured by Tobin’s Q, have a cubic relationship. That is, at lower and higher ranges of Tobin’s Q, firms employ higher debt, and reduce their debt at intermediate range. This is due to the complex interaction of the market conditions, agency problems and bankruptcy costs. We also show saucer-shaped relation between capital structure and profitability because of the interplay of agency costs, costs of external financing and debt tax shield. To our knowledge, we are the first to uncover these results. Key words: capital structure; market structure; market power; Tobin’s Q; riskshifting; moral hazard; agency problems; pecking order; trade-off theory; asset substitution. ii CapStrMktPower I M Pandey CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND MARKET POWER INTRODUCTION In corporate finance, works of Modigliani and Miller (1958; 1963) about capital structure irrelevance and tax shield advantage paved way for the development of alternative theories and a series of empirical...
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...The valuation effects of long-term changes in capital structure ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to analyze and examine the changes in capital structure that do not affect the value of the firm and we have to know the relationship between the capital structure and the firm’s value. We are try to learn the changes in capital structure that do not affected the firm’s value and want to know relationship between the capital structure and the value of firm. For this study we used five independent variable that are profitability , growth , leverages , size and intangible ratio on the other hand we have one dependent variable that are firm value. We collected data from the Karachi stock exchange (KSE) and State Bank of Pakistan. Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 Background of the study 4 1.2 Problem Statement 6 1.3 Purpose of the study 7 1.4 Significance of the study 7 1.5 Operational definitions of the variables 8 1.5.1 Leverage: 8 1.5.2 Market to Book Value: 8 1.5.3 Profitability: 8 1.5.4 Growth: 8 1.5.5 Size: 8 1.5.6 Intangible: 9 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEWS 10 2.1 Theoretical Background: 10 2.2 Empirical evidence: 11 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 17 3.1 Research Method 17 3.2 Research Model 17 3.3 Research Hypothesis: 18 3.4 Data Collection 18 3.5 Population and Sample Size 18 3.6 Research Technique 19 INTRODUCTION ...
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...11/3/2008 FIN720 | Baitshepi Tebogo| 9302747|MBA | term paper | CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND DIVIDEND POLICY DISCUSSION: How does Standard Chartered Bank Botswana contribute to this discussion? | TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 3 Historical Background 4 Literature Review 6 Research Objectives 21 Methodology 22 Challenges 23 Methods 24 Data Analysis 25 Conclusion and Recommendations 27 References 28 Appendices 32 ABSTRACT The paper begins by highlighting the historical background of Standard Chartered Bank, and its evolution over the years, and how it eventually got to set up in business in Botswana. After this, the paper delves into the capital structure and dividend policy theories at length. The theories are at first discussed separately, and then meticulously blended as the report progresses. In addition, after a more general discussion, the topic is narrowed down to reflect on the capital structure subsisting under a banking environment. Empirical evidence from Standard Chartered Bank Botswana is then presented to assist future researchers reflect on how it stands against conventional theory. The result of the empirical study shows positive correlation between capital structure and dividend payment; and an even stronger correlation is evident between earnings per share and dividend payment. The paper, however, ends by recommending further studies using larger...
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...Alicja Nowak-Igwe ID D03509235 FI 516 Advance Managerial Finance Mini Case a) Provide a brief overview of capital structure effects. Identify the ways in which capital structure can affect the WACC and FCF. Capital structure presents how a company finance its operations. It is expressed as percentage of debt, preferred stock, common equity used in financing a company's operations.[1] WACC calculates a company's “cost of capital in which each category of capital is proportionately weighted. All capital sources - common stock, preferred stock, bonds and any other long-term debt - are included in a WACC calculation.”[2] “WACC depends on percentage of debt and common equity (wd) and (ws), the cost of debt (rd) and cost of stock (rs ) and the corporate tax rate (T)”.[3] WACC = wd(1 – T)rd + wsrs The effect of debt on WACC and Free Cash Flow is influenced by impact of the capital structure on value.[4] Capital structure affects the WACC and FCF of a company in many ways. The debt holders have a right to a cash flow before shareholders, which means that dividend can't be paid out unless all obligations toward debt holders for the specific period of time are met. Because of that, the cost of stock, rs goes up.[5] A high debt increases the risk of bankruptcy for a company, which might able to meet all payments. This risk of bankruptcy causes pre-tax cost of debt, rd, to increase.[6] In addition, increased risk of bankruptcy reduces ed free cash flow, which can be...
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...Mekelle University College of Business and Economics Department of Accounting and Finance THE DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE Evidence from Commercial Banks in Ethiopia By K i b ro m M e h a ri F i s s e h a Reg.No.-CBE/PR0025/01 Research Project Submitted to the Department of Accounting and Finance, College of Business and Economics, Mekelle University, for the partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Finance and Investment Under the Guidance of Aregawi Gebremichael (Ph.D. Candidate) Assistant Professor May, 2010 Mekelle, Ethiopia i THE DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE Evidence from Commercial Banks in Ethiopia By Kibrom Mehari Fisseha Reg. No. CBE/PR0025/01 ii DECLARATION I, Kibrom Mehari Fisseha, hereby declare that the project work entitled “The Determinants of Capital Structure: Evidence from Commercial Banks in Ethiopia” submitted by me for the award of the degree of Master of Science in Finance and Investment of Mekelle University, is original work and it hasn’t been presented for the award of any other Degree, Diploma, Fellowship or other similar titles of any other university or institution. Place: Mekelle Signature: Date: May, 2010 ………………….. KIBROM MEHARI FISSEHA iii CERTIFICATION I certify that the project work entitled “The Determinants of Capital Structure” is a bona-fide work of Mr. Kibrom Mehari who carried out the research under my guidance. Certified further, that to the best of my...
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...Proposal for Research On Capital Structure Determinants of the Pharmaceutical Companies in Bangladesh: A study in Incepta pharmaceutical Company Limited. Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka-1216 Proposal for Research On Capital Structure Determinants of the Pharmaceutical Companies in Bangladesh: A study in Incepta pharmaceutical Company Limited. Prepared for Md. Sawkat Ali Lieutenant Colonel Internship Supervisor Faculty of Business Studies Prepared by |Ronald Halder | |ID – M 0910013 | |M.B.A 10th batch | Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka-1216 September 19, 2010 December 19, 2010 Md. Sawkat Ali Lieutenant Colonel Internship Supervisor Faculty of Business Studies Bangladesh University of Professionals Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka-1216. Dear Sir: Subject: Submission of Proposal for research on “Capital Structure Determinants of the Pharmaceutical Companies in Bangladesh: A study in Incepta pharmaceutical Company Limited”. Here I developed a proposal on “Capital Structure Determinants of the Pharmaceutical Companies in Bangladesh: A study in Incepta pharmaceutical Company Limited”. The proposal will focus on the steps of research through several variables. The main findings of the research will be to find out the determinants of capital structure and find the most vital one through statistical analysis and interpretation. I highly appreciate you for creating such opportunity...
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...------------------------------------------------- FI – 516 – WEEK 2 - MINI CASE – ANSWER KEY Assume that you have just been hired as a business manager of PizzaPalace, a regional pizza restaurant chain. The company’s EBIT was $50 million last year and is not expected to grow. The firm is currently financed completely with equity, and it has 10 million shares outstanding. When you took your corporate finance course, your instructor stated that most firms’ owners would be financially better off if the firms used some debt. When you suggested this to your new boss, he encouraged you to pursue the idea. As a first step, assume that you obtained from the firm’s investment banker the following estimated costs of debt for the firm at different capital structures: ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- % Financed With Debt rd ------------------------------------------------- 0% --- ------------------------------------------------- 20 8.0% ------------------------------------------------- 30 8.5 ------------------------------------------------- 40 10.0 ------------------------------------------------- 50 12.0 ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...Journal Of Financial And Strategic Decisions Volume 10 Number 3 Fall 1997 STRATEGIC ASSETS, CAPITAL STRUCTURE, AND FIRM PERFORMANCE Rahul Kochhar* Abstract Possession of strategic assets is a necessary condition for sustained competitive advantage. This condition is, however, not sufficient. Firms require financial management capability to realize the rents present in their strategic assets. The firm-specific nature of strategic assets implies that they be financed primarily through equity; other less specific assets should be financed through debt. Firms are likely to suffer increased costs and decreased performance if they do not adopt suitable governance structures in their transactions with potential suppliers of funds. INTRODUCTION The recently developed “resource-based view of the firm” seeks to focus the attention of researchers and managers alike on the unique and hard-to-copy strategic assets of the firm [7, 61]. Firms earn economic rents from these assets when there is an initial level of asymmetry in resource endowments, there is imperfect mobility of these assets, the market for these assets is imperfect, and competitors cannot easily obtain similar assets [2, 6, 7, 20, 24, 48]. Strategic assets provide the firm with a source of steady stream of rents so that it gains a sustained competitive advantage over its rivals. While researchers in this area have a general agreement over the characteristics of strategic assets (albeit adopting slightly different terminology...
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...Capital Structure Decisions: The Basics Capital structure theory Overview of capital structure effects Business versus financial risk The effect of debt on returns Basic Definitions • • • • • V = value of business FCF = free cash flow WACC = weighted average cost of capital rs and rd are costs of stock and debt re and wd are percentages of the business that are financed with stock and debt. • VU = value of unleveraged business • VL = value of leveraged business Capital Structure Theory • MM theory – Zero taxes – Corporate taxes – Corporate and personal taxes • Trade-off theory • Signaling theory • Debt financing as a managerial constraint MM Theory: Zero Taxes • MM prove, under a very restrictive set of assumptions, that a business’s value is unaffected by its financing mix: VL = VU • Therefore, capital structure is irrelevant. • Any increase in ROE resulting from financial leverage is exactly offset by the increase in risk (i.e., rs), so WACC is constant. MM Theory: Corporate Taxes • Corporate tax laws favor debt financing over equity financing. • With corporate taxes, the benefits of financial leverage exceed the risks: More EBIT goes to investors and less to taxes when leverage is used. • MM show that: VL = VU + TD. • If T=40%, then every dollar of debt adds 40 cents of extra value to business. MM relationship between value and debt when corporate taxes are considered. Value of business, V VL TD VU Debt 0 Under MM with corporate taxes, the...
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...2015 DEFINITION OF CAPITAL 1. Financial assets or the financial value of assets, such as cash. 2. The factories, machinery and equipment owned by a business and used in production. “Capital” can mean many things. Its specific definition depends on the context in which it is used. In general, it refers to financial resources available for use. Companies and societies with more capital are better off than those with less capital. INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS 'CAPITAL' Capital is different from money. Money is used simply to purchase goods and services for consumption. Capital is more durable and is used to generate wealth through investment. Examples of capital include automobiles, patents, software and brand names. All of these things are inputs that can be used to create wealth. Besides being used in production, capital can be rented out for a monthly or annual fee to create wealth. Capital itself does not exist until it is produced. Then, to create wealth, capital must be combined with labor, the work of individuals who exchange their time and skills for money. When people invest in capital by foregoing current consumption, they can enjoy greater future prosperity. Capital has value because of property rights. Individuals or companies can claim ownership to their capital and use it as they please. They can also transfer ownership of their capital to another individual or corporation and keep the sale proceeds. Government regulations limit how capital can be used and diminish...
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...Case Study: PizzaPalace’s Capital Structure Made by A. C a. Provide a brief overview of capital structure effects. Be sure to identify the ways in which capital structure can affect the weighted average cost of capital and free cash flows. The capital structure decision change the value of the firm either through the the free cash flow or the cost of capital. V = ∑ ∞ t=1 FCFt (1 + WACC)t With FCF= NOPAT-change in ( NOWC+NFA) WACC= wd (1-T) rd + wers An additional debt has an effect on WACC and FCF: On WACC: -debt increase the cost of stock rs as the stockholders require a higher return due to the risk associated with additional debt -debt reduce the tax paid by the company as the interest is tax deductible -debt increase the risk of bankruptcy so debtholders will require a higher promised return rd ***low taxes Vs high cost of equity,high cost of debt => uncertain effect on WACC On FCF: -the probability of bankruptcy increases and generates direct costs ( legal fees,fire sales..) and indirect costs: lost customer s( NOPAT decreases) , reduction in productivity of employees , and reduction in credit offered by suppliers ( A/P decrease so NOWC increase ) - bankruptcy risk affects agency cost : decrease them bu reducing wastful spending And increase them by causing the manager to be too risk averse: underinvestment...
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...------------------------------------------------- An analysis of capital structure of NEXT Programme of Study: MSC INVESTMENT Module: International Treasury Management Tutor: Students ID Number: Date: 23/3/2016 Programme of Study: MSC INVESTMENT Module: International Treasury Management Tutor: Students ID Number: Date: 23/3/2016 Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Capital structure 4 2.1. Theories 4 2.2. Types of capital 6 2.3. Sources of capital 7 2.4. Reasons of conducting different capital structure 9 3. Capital Structure of NEXT 11 3.1. Comparative analysis of internal and external financing of NEXT 11 3.2. Comparative analysis of debt capital and equity capital of NEXT 13 3.3. Comparative analysis of current debt and non-current debt of NEXT 15 3.4. Financial performance of NEXT 2013-2015 17 4. Conclusion 19 5. Reference 20 6. Appendixes 22 Appendix I 22 Appendix II 23 Appendix III 25 Appendix IV 27 Appendix V 29 Appendix VI 30 1. Introduction Capital structure of firms is arguably one of its most important choices, as Milken (2009) said “It doesn't matter whether a company is big or small, capital structure matters. It always has and always will”. Most companies pay much attention to their capital structure, NEXT is one of the good representative among those companies. NEXT, founded in 1864, now is the largest apparel corporation in UK, which currently operates more than...
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...will discuss the choice of capital structure in markets where there is information asymmetry. Particular reference is made to how debt is used as a signalling tool along with a discussion on debt maturity structure. The pecking order theory is examined. Finally this paper reveals empirical evidence of capital structure. Arnold Musadziruma 210525268 Clint Kruger 209541568 Kemsley Grantham 209538112 i “Seminar 4- Capital structure and information asymmetry (2013)” Abstract This study is going to discuss capital structure choices of companies in an environment of information asymmetry. Firstly we discuss information asymmetry and how firms attempt to avoid a pooling equilibrium by signalling the quality of the firm. Quality can be signalled through the use of debt. The use of long term debt is a sign that a firm can make the payment obligations of the long term debt which is shown to signal good quality. The pecking order theory makes use of a hierarchy of financing sources and indicates internally generated funds should be used first. Following this, short term debt should be used before long term debt because of the risk and costs involved. Due to the costs involved in issuing equity in an environment of information asymmetry, firms should make use of equity as a last resort. The maturity structure of debt should also match the maturities of those firms’ assets to reduce costs. Empirical evidence suggests there is no common result for which theory is followed in practice;...
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...Financial Theories Overview Tyrone Freeman University of Phoenix Financial Theories Overview Table 1 Financial Theories Overview |Theories |General Description |Attributes |Current Examples | | |Of the Theories |Of the Theories |Of the Theories | | | | | | |Efficiency Theory |The idea is that investors are so |Information not reflective in the |The Facebook IPO of last year is a | | |competitive in the use of |stock price provides an investor |good example of the need for | | |information regarding a firm that |with opportunity to exploit the |efficiency market theory practice. | | |their trading behaviors bid away |value of the new information until |Specifically, four major | | |firms ability use information as |all gains are competed away (Ball, |underwriters Morgan Stanley, | | |value added to returns. Thus, the |2002). |Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan, and Bank | | ...
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