...TERM PAPER OF CHEMISTRY TOPIC: CARBON NANOTUBE Submitted to Submit by: Mr. Balwant Singh Bhist Mr.Shailja Kant yadav Deptt. Of CHEMISTRY Roll. No. : - A02 Sec: - RC5911 REG NO.:-10905256 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to present my vote of thanks to all those guidepost who really acted as lightening pillars to enlighten our way throughout this project that has led to successful and satisfactory completion of this study. I would express my sincere gratitude to my parents for trusting and investing in me and my future and providing for all my needs and requirements. I also express my deep sense of gratitude to my teacher, Mr. Balwant Singh Bhist – Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University for her constant guidance and kind support throughout this project. I am heartily thankful to my friends Anil Choudhary, Pratik Anand, Suresh Hembrom for helping me with their thoughtful and...
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...The Uses of The Nanotechnology Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene. This report will be about the scientific research and development, Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene. I will be covering the advances it could create, as well as the hurdles it will be experiencing during its research of both. While Carbon Nanotubes are soon to be obsolete to Graphene, it presents a foundation for the development and inspiration of Graphene. First I will start with carbon nanotubes. The way carbon nanotubes are produced is through multiple growth methods. One of them is Arc Discharge, which is done by running a 100 amp current through the carbon soot of graphite electrodes. It produces 30% of the weight into both single and multi-walled nanotubes with lengths of up to 50 micrometers with structural defects. Another method is Chemical Vapor Deposition, which uses a substrate that contains metal particles, commonly nickel, cobalt, iron, or a combination. The substrate is heated to approximately 700°C, and then they bleed two gases into the reactor: a process gas like ammonia, nitrogen, or hydrogen, and a carbon-containing gas like acetylene, ethylene, ethanol or methane. Once that, and a couple other, more complex processes are performed, the carbon-containing gas is broken down, and the carbon is transported to the edges of the particle and the substrate, where it forms the nanotubes. The mechanism is still being studied, and others are also being performed as well as other methods of production. The...
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...Fabrication and electrochemical behavior of vertically-aligned carbon nanotube electrodes covalently attached to p-type silicon via a thioester linkage Zihan Poh, Benjamin S. Flavel, Cameron J. Shearer, Joseph G. Shapter, Amanda V. Ellis ⁎ Flinders University, School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Received 7 October 2008 Accepted 23 December 2008 Available online 6 January 2009 Keywords: Carbon nanotubes Thioester Surfaces Nanomaterials Sensors Silicon Vertically-aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) (VACNTs) are becoming increasingly recognized due to their fast electron transfer rates. However, the chemistry available for further functionalizing these electrodes is limited. Here we describe a new approach to the fabrication of VACNTs. SWCNTs were covalently attached to a p-type silicon (100) (Si) wafer surface using a thioester linkage in which the nanotubes were firstly acid treated and then, in the presence of a hydroxylated Si wafer surface, reacted with phosphorus pentasulfide (a mild electrophilic catalyst). The novel nanostructure was characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) showing vertical alignment with FTIR spectroscopy indicating pendant thiocarboxylic acid groups for further reaction. In addition, electrochemical properties using cyclic voltammetry indicate that the electrodes have excellent electrochemical properties...
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...Running Head: CARBON NANOTUBES 1 CARBON NANOTUBES CARBON NANOTUBES 2 ABSTRACT This paper talks about Carbon Nanotubes. It explores their Mechanical, Electrical and Thermal properties. Carbon Nanotubes are basically allotropes of Carbon and have nanostructure , which in turn is cylindrical in shape. These have proved to be a very valuable invention and are increasingly finding usage in manufacturing of high quality products owing to their properties like immense strength and unique electrical properties. They are among the stiffest and strongest fibers known till date. CARBON NANOTUBES 3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Recent researches have time and again revealed that Nanotubes are and can be ultimate High strength Fibers. They have extraordinarily high tensile strength and elastic modulus which is one of the prime reason for the stiffness and strength that they possess. They have generally been found to be flexible and stretchable and continue behaving so under normal conditions. Though, under excessive tensile...
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...Science Publishers, Inc. Chapter APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN NONTRADITIONAL MACHINING AND MICROSCOPY Y.H. Guu1, C.C. Mai2 and H. Hocheng3,* 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National United University Miaoli 360, Taiwan, R.O.C. 2 Department of Numerical Control Technology, Intelligent Machinery Technology Division Mechanical and Systems Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute Taichung Industrial Area, Taichung 407, Taiwan, R.O.C. 3 Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, R.O.C. Abstract Carbon nanotubes possess advantages over other materials due to their superior strengthto-weight ratios, tremendous stiffness, high conductivity, high flexibility, and low density. Many promising applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including miniaturized electronic and mechanical devices. In this chapter, the applications on nontraditional machining and microscopy are introduced. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is one of the most successful and widely accepted manufacturing processes for complicated shapes and tiny apertures with high accuracy including micro nozzle fabrication, drilling of composites and making of moulds and dies of hardened steels. This method is considered suitable for machining of materials with extremely high hardness, strength, wear resistance and thermal resistance. Carbon nanotube powder is mixed in the dielectric of EDM, where...
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...Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 8 (2004) 31–37 Carbon nanotube polymer composites R. Andrews *, M.C. Weisenberger 1 Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY 40511-8410 USA Received 7 October 2003; accepted 29 October 2003 Abstract The state of research into carbon nanotube/polymer–matrix composites for mechanical reinforcement is critically reviewed with emphasis on recent advances in CNT composite toughness. Particular interest is also given to interfacial bonding of carbon nano-tubes to polymer matrices as it applies to stress transfer from the matrix to the CNT. Potential topics of oncoming focus are highlighted. 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Since the documented discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 1991 by Iijima [1] and the realization of their unique physical properties, including mechanical, ther-mal, and electrical, many investigators have endeavored to fabricate advanced CNT composite materials that exhibit one or more of these properties [2,*3,*4]. For example, as conductive filler in polymers, CNTs are quite effective compared to traditional carbon black micro-particles, primarily due to their large aspect ratios [5]. The electrical percolation threshold was recently re-ported at 0.0025 wt.% CNTs and conductivity at 2 S/m at 1.0 wt.% CNTs in epoxy matrices [6]. Similarly, CNTs possess one of the highest thermal conductivities known [*7]...
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...speed, while decreasing power usage by device processes. Transistor size was reduced again in June 2014 when Intel announced a collaboration with Cadence Design Systems, Inc. to create 14 nm transistors, further improving design specs, and maintaining adherence to Moore’s Law. There has been wide speculation that further reduction of transistor architecture could be difficult unless new materials and requisite manufacturing methods are used in their redesign. Silicon-germanium (SiGe), gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium-gallium-arsenide, and graphene have been suggested as possible alternatives for some currently used materials; Intel already employs hafnium in place of silicon for some applications. Current industry discussion of using nanotube technology, however, suggests more immediate potential for...
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...and governments form countries all over the world. Public debates, press conferences and expos around the world this technology is revolutionizing science. Not visible to the naked eye, tiny self-assembling Nano systems offer big solutions to some of the world’s most complex problems. This is science on the Nano scale, or scientist it’s the largest topic with hundreds of thousand possibilities. To put things in more of an understandable perspective, the smallest things that the human eye can make out is around 10,000nm. To aid in further understanding of these measurements more than 100 students from Rice University by designing an immense single-walled carbon nanotube. The nanotube measured 1180 feet long (Williams & Adams 23). So what is nanotechnology? 1 nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter, about the size of six carbon atoms or less than one water molecule almost too small to imagine (Williams & Adams). Nano technology is the science of interacting with atoms and molecules to modify the way they behave; for example by chemical creating Ferro fluids or liquid magnets the exhibit strange behavior due to external magnetic fields. Or by fabricating Nano scale semiconductor crystals known as quantum dots which are sometimes called artificial atoms that glow like Christmas lights. All of this occurs by waving the alchemist wand of the very fine particles of golden solution to modify their shape and size effecting dramatic color changes from yellow to deep blue to red all...
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...Define the term Nanotechnology. What does nanotechnology involve? Nanotechnology is the study of how to produce and control tiny structures. Nanotechnology involves tiny structures; these structures are known as nanoparticles. State approximately how many atoms would fit side by side in 1 nanometre? (nm) Approximately 10 atoms can fit inside 1 nanometre. Calculate: A) nm and B) Number of atoms, for the following measurements. Measurements | A) Nanometres | B) Number of atoms | 1) 1cm | 1,000,000 | 10,000,000 | 2) 1mm | 100,00 | 1,000,000 | 3) 1m | 1,000,000,000 | 10,000,000,000 | Describe the following applications of nanotechnology in detail. Self-Cleaning glass: The British company Pilkington has developed a self-cleaning glass. The scientist at Pilkington discovered the self-cleaning properties when they coated glass in titanium dioxide. In sunlight the titanium dioxide becomes electrically charged, these charges destroy materials found in grease and fingerprints and turn them into water-soluble substances. Water spreads across the glass evenly, dissolving dirt and helps washing the glass. Self-Cleaning paint: Wilhelm Barthlott a Germany botany professor created the concept of the lotus effect and furthered his studies into creating self-cleaning paint which acted like the lotus. The paint acts like the lotus plant, when water falls on top it forms near-spherical drops which then roll across the surface, picking up and washing away...
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...Nanotechnology (first used the term nanotechnology by Richard Feynman, in 1959) can be defined as the manipulation of atoms and molecules at nano (one billionth) scale (1–100 nm) to produce devices, structures or systems having at least one novel or superior property. The materials having at least one dimension in the nano scale are called nanomaterials. 10-9 meter (1 nanometer) to 10-7 meter (100 nanometer) Human eye can visualize up to 20μm only 1μm = 10-6 m DNA= 2.5nm- 3nm Protein= ̴ 5 nm Virus= ̴ 150 nm Human hair= ̴ 5000 nm Properties of Nanomaterials 1. The surface area to volume ratio of the nanomaterials is relatively larger than that of bulk materials of the same mass. This increases the chemical reactivity and affects strength and electrical properties of the material. 2. The quantum confinement is observed at nanometer sizes that changes the optical, electronic and magnetic properties of the material. The band gap increases as the size of the material is reduced to nanometer range. I II III IV Reduction in particle size increase in its Surface area Now, material is NANO so surface area will big… HOW? Let us consider a sphere of radius ‘r’ Surface Area = 4 x π x r2 Volume = (4/3) x π x r3 ratio of SA to Vol = 3/r Thus, radius of sphere decreases, Surface area will increase Let us consider a cube of sides 1 m Area= 6 x side2 = 6 x 1m2 = 6m2 Now, cut the same cube into 8 pieces, then the SA will increases Area= 6 x (1/2)2 x 8 = 12m2 Similarly, the...
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...us further into the 21st century with astounding technological might. Much like the introduction of plastic and rubber, graphene will play a role in how we live our lives. Shaping the way we work, eat, live, and play. However, in order to understand how this wonder material will change lives, we must understand what it is, define its potential uses, and overcome the significant hurdles in cheap and efficient production. Graphene can best be described as a one atom thick layer of graphite. It was first discovered in 2004 by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at the University of Manchester. It is a 2-D crystalline allotrope of carbon, the world’s first 2-D material in fact. An allotrope is just a different arrangement of carbon, like diamond for example. Due to its sp2-hexagonal arrangement, graphene exhibits special properties. Most forms of carbon exist in a sp3 arrangement, (like graphite in the image above). What this means is that graphene can exist in a 2D state. Due to this configuration electrons are free to move across the whole compound with relative ease. Endowing it with remarkably high electron mobility. This ability allows any current to easily make its way through the molecule; making it a prime supercapacitor, meaning it can charge really quickly and give off that energy just as fast. It also exhibits incredible tensile strength, making the strongest intrinsic material ever discovered. When in a pristine condition (meaning no defects), its strength was measured...
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...1 The analysis of Graphene material Alinur Mirassov, Azat Yerkinova, Gaukhar Balbayeva Madi Aldabergenov, Takhmina Torgayeva Abstract: Recently, graphene has attracted the interest of significant number of scientists and physicians due to its exceptional properties (e.g., large surface area, thermal and chemical stability, high conductivity). This new member of the carbon family has potential to revolutionize the current applications (some of them are described in the essay) as well as creating new set of applications. In this paper, we review the background of the novel material, its comprehensive atomic structure and properties that has fascinated the scientific community since its discovery. We also cover the synthesis of the material, including different effective methods that was investigated from the year of discovery until the present day. Finally, we discuss possible challenges and future perspectives in this rapidly enhancing scientific area. Key words: Graphene; Graphene-based material; 2-dimensional (2D); monolayer; Carbon nanotubes; Dirac level; fullerene; nanostructure; graphene synthesis; graphene applications. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Aldabergenov, M., Balbayeva, G., Mirassov, A., Yerkinova, A. & Torgayeva, T. (2013) ‘The analysis of Graphene Material’, Astana: Nazarbayev University. 1 Introduction With the time movement and generation flow, the science and engineering achievements expands and widens by...
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...Why/why not? I would expect both graphite and diamond to be insoluble to water. This would be due to the reason that the attractions between the solvent molecules and the atoms of carbon will never be strong enough to overrun the strength of the covalent bonds in both diamond and graphite. c) Graphite is used for the ‘lead’ in pencils. Explain how graphite’s structure makes if feel slippery and rub off paper. Graphite is held together through the use of strong hexagonal shaped layers, however in between these layers there is a weak force present. With the weak forces between each layer it allows the sheets to slip over one each other with the absence of breaking bonds. This then produces a slippery product when applied to other materials. With the slippery surface graphite is also ideal for the use of many lubricants like bicycle chain...
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...to the form the end product as silicon carbide. 2 Manufacturing of macro size SiC particle by Electric Furnace method A mixture of pure quarts sand and carbon in the form of finely ground coke is built up around a carbon conductor within a refractory kiln electrical resistance type furnace. When current is passed through the conductor the heat will produce which is bringing about a chemical reaction where the carbon in the coke and silicon in the sand are combined to form SiC and carbon monoxide gas. The temperatures in the core is around 2200° to 2700° C and about 1400° C at the outer layer of the furnace. The electricity requires to form the SiC is enormous and it could around 100,000 kW-h required per run. After completion of one run about 40 hours, the product consists of a core of green to black SiC crystals formed together, surrounded by partially or entirely unconverted raw material. The lumped product aggregate is crushed, ground, and screened into various sizes appropriate to the end use. Fig 2.1 Acheson’s Electrical furnace Acheson’s furnace has two electrodes which are connect to a graphite core laid within a surrounding mixture of reactant carbon, salt and sand. When an electric current is passed through the graphite core, it heats the surroundings, resulting in the formation of SiC and the expulsion of carbon monoxide (CO) gas. The main raw materials Quarts (SiO2) and C which are made to react at high temperature around 2700°C. Saw dust and salt are also added...
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...Chemistry and Applications of Carbon Allotropes in Industry Introduction Carbon has the ability to create many allotropes because of its valence. This means that carbon has a high rate of combining power with other different atoms when it is in the process of forming chemical compounds or molecules. The most common allotropes are Diamond and Graphite. The different allotropes of carbon tend to shows different properties and have a different application in different fields. Diamond is a common allotrope of carbon that exhibits hardness and has a high ability to disperse light. Diamond is the hardest discovered mineral and industries find it useful in cutting and drilling of other elements. It is also used to manufacture jewelry. Graphite is another common allotrope of carbon. Graphite is formed in a single layer by graphene that consists of carbon atoms and it is arranged in a single plane. Graphite is a good electric conductor. Graphite is known as the most stable form of carbon under the rating of standard conditions. This paper will describe the chemical and physical compounds and their industrial application in different fields. Discussion Allotropy refers to a property of a particular chemical element that exists in more than one different form when it is found in nature. There are different forms of carbon that exists and this paper will discuss the common allotropes and their application in different fields. The first allotrope of carbon is a diamond. The diagram above...
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