...Clash Of civilisation The Clash of Civilizations (COC) is a hypothesis that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. It was proposed by political scientist Samuel P. Huntington in a 1992 lecture at the American Enterprise Institute, which was then developed in a 1993 Foreign Affairs article titled "The Clash of Civilizations? in response to his former student Francis Fukuyama's 1992 book, The End of History and the Last Man. Huntington later expanded his thesis in a 1996 book. Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post-Cold War period. Some theorists and writers argued that human rights, liberal democracy, and capitalist free market economy had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post-Cold War world. Specifically, Francis Fukuyama argued that the world had reached the 'end of history' in a Hegelian sense. Huntington believed that while the age of ideology had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines. As an extension, he posits that the concept of different civilizations, as the highest rank of cultural identity, will become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential for conflict. In the 1993 Foreign Affairs article, Huntington writes: ...
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...Describe (3) three African (Ancient or Medieval) civilizations that pre-date enslavement? Kush, Axum, and Ghana are three Ancient African civilizations that pre-date enslavement. The Kush civilization started in 1700 BC, where it reached its first peak. Its second peak dated to 1500 BC. The Kingdom of the Kush was also known as Nubia. It is located south of Egypt and was built at the bottom of the mountains, beginning at the Nile River. The Kush kingdom was exceptionally wealthy with many natural resources. They had gold mines, iron ore, and rich soil. Their soil was rich due to the ample amount of rainfall they had all year long, which kept all of the natural resources fresh and growing. Many kingdoms were jealous of the Kush’s wealth and prosperity, and wanted to take it over, but the Kush did now allow it to happen. The “Iron Age” was when iron ore was at its peak and every kingdom wanted it to make weapons and tools. Kush was the center of the iron trade in ancient Africa. Burnt wood was needed to produce iron from ore and because wood was running out, the Kush had to trade other goods. The Kush was the reason for the Trans- Saharan Trade Route. In 750 CE, the Kush used camels and camel trains to cross the sand. They knew it was a miserable and dangerous journey, but knew it could be done. Attention was then turned to trade with West Africa, starting the beginning of the Trans- Saharan Trade Route. The Axum civilization, also known as Aksum, dated from 100 BC to...
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...five centuries. The departure and their vulnerability to European conventions, including Roman Catholic traditions, characterized and differentiated Voodoo convictions and ceremonies. Art inspired by Voodoo gives new understanding on the magnificence and secrecy of Afro-Caribbean religion and society. Externally comprehended by westerners since the eighteenth century, voodoo has been reviled as disturbing, archaic, depraved and misguided through endless correspondence. Vodun, despite its initial elaboration in Haiti, is one of the notable accomplishments of individuals of African heritage in the western half of the world: an energetic, refined amalgamation of the customary religions of Dahomey, Yorubaland, and Kongo with an implication of Roman Catholicism. Furthermore, Vodun has propelled an astounding custom of spiritual...
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...whether a culture will succeed or not. Location of cities is a key part of geography. If the area does not have any access to any waterways or does not have fertile soil, that could be a serious problem to the civilization prospering. Without fertile soil or access to waterways, a civilization can perish because they will eventually run out of resources and not be able to provide for the entire population. One city that is located...
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...Abstract This is a project in the form of an essay which focuses on the life of Walter A. Rodney. This essay includes Walter A. Rodney historical background, major ideas, his contribution to the Caribbean development, his impact on world affairs and his weaknesses. Content Page Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….. 3 Historical Background……………………………………………………………….. 4 Major Ideas…………………………………………………………………………… 5 Contribution to Caribbean Development……………………………………………. 8 Impact on World Affairs…………………………………………………………….. 9 Weakness……………………………………………………………………………. 10 Reference……………………………………………………………………………. 12 Introduction “For the only great men among the unfree and the oppressed are those who struggle to destroy the oppressor” (The Grounding With My Brothers, pg. 131). Walter A. Rodney otherwise known as 'Brother Wally' was a charismatic Caribbean intellectual. Rodney’s humanity poured out of his personality with a profound sense of the personal. He was articulate and well-spoken, well-educated and informed, a personable listener and one who was in tune with the 'grassroots'. He was able to fuse his knowledge of history, especially African history, with liberation politics. Many of his talks can be found in his book "The Groundings with My Brothers," however a brief portrait does no justice to the heritage he left. Walter A. Rodney was a revolutionary and scholar that combined his scholarship...
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...the following passage and then write a summary of it. Your summary must be in continuous prose, in paragraph form and it must not be more than 150 words in length. Only the first 120 words of your answer will be read and assessed. Since the beginning of civilization, they have served as marks of identification, spiritual protection and decoration. Now at the cusp of another millennium, tattoos and other varieties of body markings are resurfacing as a popular form of individual self-expression. Tattoos are timeless and can be unique as the bearers they adorn, they don't fade away like favorite t-shirts, or get lost or broken like school rings. They stay with you forever, until death. They become a part of you from the day you sit in the artist's chair, etching your emotions alongside the needle's sting, transforming an instant of your life into a symbol for the world to see. Tattoos and other body markings arrived in the Caribbean with African slaves and indentured workers from China and India. They were sometimes the only permanent keepsakes of peoples snatched from their ancestral places. The Caribbean's original Amerindian inhabitants also used tattoos to mark spiritual milestones. The Taino of the northern Caribbean islands, for instance, used vegetable dyes to affix images of their guardians onto their skin. These images also indicated an individual’s lineage, or his or her social position. Each tattoo was both a personal history book and a mark of belonging. Over the...
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...forgotten. And in places where slavery and indentured servitude was a practice, the original and true histories of those people are forgotten. This is a phenomenon that West Indian author and poet Derek Walcott addresses in his insightful and touched the Nobel Prize Lecture delivered after receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1992. He begins his lecture describing a performance that takes place on the island of Trinidad, every year by the East Indian population of the town Felicity. The performance is a dramatization of the Hindu epic Ramayana, a major representation of their original history and presentation of their identities. Walcott talks about the simplifying of these identities and how that translates to the view of the Caribbean as a whole: These purists look upon such ceremonies as grammarians look at a dialect, as cities look on provinces and empires look upon their colonies. Memory that yearns to the join the centre, a limb remembering the body from which it has been severed . . . In other words, the...
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...The Taino and the Spanish Cristóbal Colón landed on an unknown island in the Caribbean on October 10, 1492. He planted banners in the beach claiming the land for the Spanish throne. Colón’s perceptions and interactions with the indigenous people, the Taino, sparked the events that lead to the colonization of the Americas. Colón’s perceptions of the Taino were misinterpreted by him. His misconceptions about the Taino were built from a compilation of his own expectations, readings of other explorers, and strong religious influence in Western Europe. The Taino also misunderstood the Spanish as well. Their false beliefs about the Spanish were driven by their religious beliefs as well as their mythology. Through misunderstandings backed by the religions, physical appearances, and the histories of both the Taino and the Spanish, the Taino believed that the Spanish were god-like figures that fell from the sky, while the Taino were perceived by the Spanish as simplistic, uncultured natives, that would be easily converted to Christianity and used as servants (Wilson, Hispanola p. 48-49).1 To better comprehend these events one must look at the preceeding events in both the lives of the Taino and The Spanish. Before the time of Cristóbal Colón, Spain had recently had several encounters with colonization. They had taken over the kingdom of Granada and the Canary Islands. These colonizations gave Spain their model for subsequent colonizations. The dominance of Christianity in the colonizations...
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...that immigrants had and brought to the New World we see what cultures and food dishes they brought to our civilization. The Migration of Cultures By 1830 the United States consisted of 2.3 million out of 12.8 million were of African descent and upon them settling after being brought here from Africa they brought many traditions and impacted the culture today. When they came to the United States they brought scientific and technological systems from the West and Central Africa as well as many food dishes such as; gumbo and rice, millet, sorghum, watermelon and black-eyed peas. They also brought tradition with them regarding funerals, celebration festivals, arts, music, dugout canoes, the banjo and language which also had an effect on the European culture as well and this is known as Africanism (Nps.gov, n.d.). Africanism is directly related to African American and Creolization which asks the question when you stop and give to the American or European culture. They point out that the African culture has direct impact on Africa, African-American, Creolization, African-Jamaican and European cultures and when examine the roots trace back to Africa. However, there has been some controversial stating that African roots to America were long lost in slavery as some believe but state the only strong culture they have still impacted are Latin America and the Caribbean (Nps.gov, n.d.). Many have traced the routes and the trade...
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...Why European Rulers Promoted Exploration and Colonization in North America Name: University: Course: Tutor: Date: Abstract: This paper is based on various reasons and factors that led to the exploration of North America by European powers and their eventual establishment of colonial rule in the region. These include trade, religion, civilization, spirit of adventure, the political rivalry between various European powers and many other factors. Spain was the first European nation to explore the North America following the discoveries made by Christopher Columbas. It was later on followed by Britain, France and Dutch. Introduction The exploration and subsequent colonization of North America was prompted by economic, social and political interests held by various European powers. These engulfed various European nations. This saw Spain, Britain, France and Dutch setting out their way in order to explore North America. The European powers eventually colonized the American natives in countries such as Canada, Columbia and the United States. The Exploration and Colonization in North America by European Rulers There are several reasons as to why European rulers promoted exploration and colonization in North America. First and foremost, there was increased need to find a sea trade route from Europe to Asia. European traders longed for spices, silk and sugar from Asian countries such as china and India. Earlier trade routes...
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...1. Who were the peoples whom Europeans came into contact with in American in 1492? The peoples who Europeans came into contact with in the American in fourteen ninety two is the Ciboney or Guanahacabible. They also met the three major Caribbean groups whom they labelled Arawak, Caribs and Maya. 2. Choose one South American indigenous group and one Caribbean indigenous group. How were they described by European explorers/ invaders [refer to appearance, religious, beliefs, gender role and political system]? One South American indigenous group is the Taino. The Taino were very religious people, and they had very distinctive theological ideas. They expressed their religious beliefs through complex rituals and ceremonies. At the core of their religious beliefs was the recognition of a spirit world in which both humans and gods were classified and ranked. They called their religious spirits or gods, Zemis. They displayed these gods in the shape of images made from gold, wood, stone and bones. Each person had his or her own highly personal way of worshipping Zemis and Zemi, images reflected the thinking of the individual worshipper. Each person then had his or her Zemi images; sometimes several were carried around the necks. Many of the Zemi images have survived and we can see that they were designed to show the supernatural powers of the gods. For example, some Zemi images were carved with prominent sexual organs to show the fertility power of god; others...
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...matter how much the Natives got from the Europeans, they could have also lost double that. There are many factors to take into account when thinking of the European Invasion in America; one of the largest concepts to think about is the horrific thing the Europeans did to the Native Americans. Two of the strongest examples to take from are the invasions of the Spanish and the French. The Spanish had taken over the Americas long before many Europeans, this allowed them to develop a wealthy empire in America, and they already had a strong sense of a caste system, and they already had Indian and African slaves working for them. But the first stages of the Spanish invasion of America included frightful violence; armies marched across the Caribbean islands, plundered villages, slaughtered men and captured women. This also led to the creation of the encomienda, which Indians were basically compelled to work for the Spaniards, or else they would be violently punished. Because of how successful Spain was in the invasion of North America, France and Great Britain would later join the Spaniards and invade America on their own, changing the once natively...
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...economic leadership in the global political economy (Dodson p.2). American shipping and financial industries as well as British textile industries were highly dependent on slave-produced cotton. The expansion of the cotton plantation called for banks and financial houses in New York to supply loan capital to purchase more land and slaves. Enslaved Africans were recruited as cheap source of labor, eventually becoming an important economic and political capital in the American political economy (Dodson p.2). Slavery led to the growth of the economies outside of the United States. For example, regional banking emerged in the 18th century because of the need for credit in the long distance Atlantic slave trade. Although slavery stifled Caribbean economic growth, it enhanced global commodity circulation. This acted as a major prerequisite for British industrialization. Slave profits were important in financing infrastructure projects such as railways, which lead to industrial revolution (Harms p.1). Slavery might have been profitable at the microeconomic level but harmful at the macroeconomic level because although it led to industrialization in some parts, there are places that did not benefit from slavery. It also involved violation of human rights making it undesirable to the human race (Harms p.1) In addition, as Andrew Forrest says, “slavery is a dark side of globalization.” (Group) On one side, globalization is a great process of integration among society with international...
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...Index Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 Diversity Amid Globalization-------------------------------------------------------5 The Changing Global Environment----------------------------------------------11 North America---------------------------------------------------------------------------12 Latin America---------------------------------------------------------------------------23 The Caribbean--------------------------------------------------------------------------27 Sub-Saharan Africa-------------------------------------------------------------------31 Southwest Asia and North Africa------------------------------------------------32 Europe------------------------------------------------------------------------------------34 The Russian Domain-----------------------------------------------------------------39 Central Asia-----------------------------------------------------------------------------42 East Asia---------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 South Asia-------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 Southeast Asia-------------------------------------------------------------------------50 Australia and Oceania---------------------------------------------------------------57 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------60 Bibliography----------------------------------------------------------------------------61 ...
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...beatings and public whippings to ensure that they never disobey their owner and won’t try to leave or try to leave again. Slavery was practiced in prehistoric times and still slavery can be found even in the cultural adversity we have today. The start of slavery probably followed the start of farming which was about 10,000 years ago. Farming gave people the opportunity to put their prisoners of the war to work for them forcefully without any one caring how they treat them. People that were captured in the war kept on being the chief source of slaves in the earliest civilizations. Other types of slaves were people that were criminals or people who couldn’t pay their debts. Throughout the middle Ages, a lot of people in Africa and Asia continued to enslave prisoners of the war. During this time, slavery was really popular among three groups of Native Americans. These Native Americans lived on the islands of the Caribbean Sea and they also inhabited what is now called the northwest coast and eastern woodlands of the United States. Most of the slaves in the Native American societies worked as farmers or servants. They were treated worse than the other slaves who worked on European sugar plantations. During the revolutionary war in America many Americans turned against slavery because they thought that slavery didn’t belong in a country that has been...
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