...Access to Care Despite the insurmountable cardiovascular risk burden, it is important to note that healthcare systems in many parts of Africa are designed to treat acute communicable diseases, rather than preventable NCDs [5] in part due to resources [22]. As a result, equity in terms of access to health care is constrained by the fact that patients with cardiovascular risk burden make significant demands on already scarce health resources. The healthcare system in SSA is often challenged by lack of sufficient resources to provide adequate patient care. Both lack of institutional resources and up-to-date practical information for healthcare providers often jeopardizes patient care [99]. A review by Motala (2002) [100] noted that the increasing diabetes trends in Africa are influenced by inadequate health care infrastructure, inadequate supply of medications, and lack of available healthcare facilities and providers. Issues such as lack of protocols for diabetic complication evaluation and monitoring, little or non-existent referral systems, inadequate health facilities, and absence of multidisciplinary diabetic care teams also make diabetes care difficult [101]. Among diabetes patients in Mozambique and Zambia, patients in need of insulin were faced with the high cost of the medication when available but were also faced with lack of availability of insulin when needed [102]. Similarly, Whiting and colleagues (2003) [101] noted that the contextual, clinical, and health systems...
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...first compared is the performance effects of money systematically administered through the organizational behavior (O.B Mod.) modification model and routine pay for performance. This was compared with the effects of O.B Mod.-administered money, social recognition, and performance feedback. The money intervention based on the O.B. Mod. outperformed routine pay for performance and also had stronger effects on performance than social recognition and performance feedback. Full Text (7144 words) Copyright Academy of Management Jun 2001 [Headnote] | In this field experiment, we first compared the performance effects of money systematically administered through the organizational behavior modification (O.B. Mod.) model and routine pay for performance and then compared the effects of O.B. Mod.administered money, social recognition, and performance feedback. The money intervention based on the O.B. Mod. outperformed routine pay for performance (performance increase = 37% vs. 11%) and also had stronger effects on performance than social recognition (24%) and performance feedback (20%). | | Although behavioral management, as a systematic approach to increasing employee effectiveness, was formulated about 25 years ago (e.g., Luthans & Kreitner, 1975), organizations are generally not using contingent incentive motivators to manage workers' day-to-day task-related behaviors and to improve productivity (Davis-Blake & Pfeffer, 1989; Ilgen, Major, & Tower, 1994). Moreover...
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...abuse, impaired academic/occupational functioning, aggression, crime, violence, suicidal behavior, and inappropriate...
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...© Kamla-Raj 2011 Int J Edu Sci, 3(1): 37-48 (2011) The Classroom Problems Faced Teachers at the Public Schools in Tafila Province, and Proposed Solutions Mohammad Salem al-amarat Faculty of Education, Tafila Technical University, Tafila, Jordan KEYWORDS Behavioral Problems. Academic Problems. Teacher. Jordan ABSTRACT The study aimed to identify the classroom problems that faced teachers in public schools in Tafila province, and the proposed solutions. The samples of the study were 196 teachers from the public school in Tafila province. By using questionnaire to collect the data, the results of the study show that the mean of the behavioral problems was 2.66, and the mean of the academic problems was 3.08. Also, the researcher found that statistical significant differences refer to interaction between gender, level of school, and teaching experience in the behavioral problems for male in the basic school, those with work experience less than 5 years. Also, there are no statistical significant differences between gender, level of school, education degree, and teaching experience in the academic problems. The study did give some recommendations. INTRODUCTION Traditionally, teachers are encouraged to believe that the learning environment must be orderly and quiet. For some principals, a quiet classroom means effective teaching. With the growing movement toward cooperative learning, however, more teachers are using activities in which students take an active role. Sharing...
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...The early intervention is a national program that initiated in the 1975 Education of All Handicapped Children Act. This law aims to help children in 36 months with disability, just like giving services like checking the children, giving some medications and urgent actions. This law also is centered to children who are not growing according to the standard pattern of development or children who are at risk and even those who are developmentally delayed. The first thirty sixth month of a baby’s life is the most critical of development. It might be physically or cognitively. Due to it criticality, the said months offer a window gives an opportunity that will maybe or not be available in the later part of the development. Early intervention programs...
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...Diabetes Intervention for College Students on Campus The following pages elaborate on a diabetic intervention for college students. It will be developed for facilitation within the campus environment and will serve as a comprehensive program that will encompass the academic, practical and social support domains. The academic domain will involve an educational component, while the practical will involve testing and physical components, complimented by the emotional resources necessary for success in the support component. All of the facets of the program will be supplemented by an online support site that will be comprised of multiple elements, supporting each segment of the intervention. This is consistent with the goal of implementing an evidence based intervention in that use of the internet and social networking sites has become such a pervasive means of communication in the collegiate age group that it is one of the most empirically-proven effective methods of conveying information (Reyes-Valazquez & Hoffman, 2011). Further, because the virtual world is literally a place where students spend so much of their time, it is also one of the best forums for promoting the activities that support the aspects of this program, while fostering emotional support through the networking component of the internet, itself. This “360 degree” strategy has been empirically proven as one of the most efficacious strategies for successfully targeting this age group (Reyes-Valazquez & Hoffman...
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...TBI in Early Childhood: Impact of Early Intervention on Childhood Development TBI in Early Childhood: Impact of Early Intervention on Childhood Development Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a growing concern for children in their preschool years. Children of young ages undergo many developmental changes during the ages of two through five. These changes are significant for their growth and maturity. They include cognitive, social, and behavioral development as well as development in executive functioning. Sustaining a traumatic brain injury during these years can pose as a direct risk of developmental deficits in any or all of these areas. After an extensive literature review, it was found that most of the previous research resulted in areas of consensus. These areas compare the how TBI severity and the age of the TBI effect developmental. Results from multiple studies show that the more sever the TBI, the more prevalent the developmental deficiencies (Gerrard-Morris, A., Taylor, H., Yeates, K., Walz, N., Stancin, T., Minich, N., & Wade, S., 2009; McKinlay, A., Grace, R., Horward, L., Fergusson, D., & MacFarlane, M., 2008; Morse, S., Haritou, F., Ong, K., Anderson, V., Catroppa, C., & Rosenfeld, J., 1999; Taylor, H., Swartwout, M., Yeates, K., Walz, N., Stancin, T., & Wade, S., 2008). It is also found that children injured in early childhood are more vulnerable to developmental deficits, According to Taylor et. al (2008), a younger age at the time of injury is a predictor...
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...founder of the comfort theory in nursing. She was born in Cleveland, Ohio; where she has spent most of her life. In 1965 she became a graduate of St. Luke’s school of nursing obtaining a nursing diploma. After working for many years in the areas of medical surgical nursing, long-term care, and home care. She had a promotional offer that required an academic degree. After completing the required prerequisites she went to Case Western Reserve University and in 1987 graduated in the first RN to MSN class with specialty in gerontology. During her years of work as a head nurse, she began to see comfort in a theorical context. She advanced her education and in 1997 obtained a PhD in nursing from Case Western University. Dr. Kolcaba is an associate professor at the University of Akron, Ohio, where she teaches an undergraduate course titled Nursing Care of Older Adults and graduate courses in research, theory, professional roles, and domains of nursing knowledge. Her areas of expertise include gerontology, end- of- life, long-term care interventions, comfort studies, instrument development, nursing theory, nursing research, and magnet status. (Kolcaba, Tilton, & Drouin, 2006, p. 648). Components of the theory The back bone of the comfort theory is the taxonomic structure grid of 12 cells. It intercalates the three types of comfort with the four contexts of human experience. The three types of comfort are; relief is the state of having a specific need met; ease, is the state of calm...
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...good health practices. The purpose of health promotion is to encourage good health behaviors and improve living and working conditions which will then enhance a better quality of life and reduce premature deaths. There are three levels of health promotion prevention which include primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention is an action taken before there is any onset of disease and it removes the possibility that the disease will occur. Positive health is promoted and encouraged which in return, enables an individual to lead a productive life. Secondary prevention is an action taken to stop the progress of a disease at its beginning stage and prevent complications. It is in the domain of clinical medicine. It is less effective and more expensive than primary prevention. The third level is tertiary prevention which provides measures to reduce or limit disabilities and impairment caused by disease and bad health. It lessens suffering and helps patients adjust to the conditions. There are various theories on how to implement health promotion which targets behavior change. Elder et al. (1999) summarized the important ingredients for successful health promotion and prevention programs. Methods should include helping the person want to change, assuring him that he has the needed skills, and that he is capable of using the skills to change a particular behavior. To achieve his goal, he must be faced with a limited amount of barriers and he...
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...of 29 questions designed to determine a patient’s ethnic, cultural, and religious background. The tool gives nurses an understanding of the patient’s traditional health and illness beliefs and practices so that culturally appropriate interventions can be initiated (Flowers, D.L., 2005). The following paper summarizes the assessment results of three culturally different families, and uses those results to show how the nurse would proceed with health promotion based on the differences in health traditions between the three cultures. Health Maintenance The value a patient places on family values and their perceived support system can greatly influence their overall health maintenance. With two of the families interviewed, one with a Hispanic ethnic background and the other from an American Indian background, both families placed great value in their family relationships. Both families were able to express knowledge of an extended family network and were active participants of that social system. The family unit is the most important support system to both cultural groups. Askim-Lovseth & Aldana (2009) explains that in an extended family network all “family members are expected to help each other during difficult times, and provide aid in case of health or financial problems” (p. 359). The third family interviewed placed a very different value on their family system. Both members of this family unit were younger than 25 years of age and stated having grown up in single parent...
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...development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. Autism Spectrum Disorder affects information processing in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize, however, how this occurs is not well understood. Autistic Disorder is only one of four recognized disorders in the autism spectrum. The others included in the spectrum are Asperger Syndrome(AS), Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Rett Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), which is diagnosed when the full set of criteria for Autistic Disorder or Asperger Syndrome are not met. In an article from the American Academy of Pediatrics (2011), over the last twelve years, prevalence of developmental disabilities has increased 17.1% which equals about 1.8 million more children in 2006 through 2008 as compared to a decade earlier. Additionally, prevalence of Autism increased 289.5% while the prevalence of ADHD increased 33.0%. With this increase, more research and studies are being done to learn more about a disorder that is relatively recent. Specifically, the focus of this paper is on Asperger Syndrome, which is defined as a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and motor coordination, and unusual or restricted patterns of interest or behavior. Clinically, the distinction between Autistic Disorder and Asperger Syndrome is often made in terms of severity...
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...Certainly, parental neglect is not the sole or even the primary cause of the majority of NFTT cases; however, the factor of neglect should always be taken into consideration, since the possibility exists that neglect is the sole cause behind NFTT symptoms (Scholler & Nittur, 2012). Furthermore, NFTT cases are a large percentage of the number of FTT diagnoses. One study attests that up to 80% of all FTT cases fall into the NFTT category (Panetta, Magazzù, Sferlazzas, Lombardo, Magazzù, & Lucanto, 2008); a second study estimates the number of NFTT patients to be 50% (Khoshoo & Reifen, 2002). Regardless of the exact statistic, it remains clear that the issue of NFTT and its connection to child neglect is a weighty matter requiring closer examination and analysis. Symptoms and Diagnosis NFTT is most typically diagnosed in infancy and toddlerhood (Dykman, et al., 2001). Based on clinical experience, up to 80% of children diagnosed with NFTT are between the ages of 6 and 16 months (Rosenn, Loeb, & Sura, 1980). The symptoms in a child that can lead a...
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...Patient Services/Intensive Care Nurses/Compassion Fatigue Intervention/BESt 173 Best Evidence Statement (BESt) Date: July 17, 2013 Title: Decreasing Compassion Fatigue* among Pediatric Intensive Care Nurses Using Self-Care Skills* and Compassion Fatigue Training* Clinical Question: P (Population/Problem) I (Intervention) C (Comparison) O (Outcome) Among pediatric intensive care nurses does functional knowledge of compassion fatigue and the practice of self-care skills, compared to not, demonstrate less compassion fatigue? Definitions for terms marked with * may be found in the Supporting Information section. Target Population for the Recommendation: Nurses working in pediatric intensive care settings who provide direct patient care Recommendation: It is recommended that nurses working in pediatric intensive care settings receive training that includes compassion fatigue awareness, coping strategies, stress management, relaxation techniques and self-care interventions to decrease the level of compassion fatigue experienced in the work environment (Marine, Ruotsalainen, Serra, & Verbeek (2009) [1a]; Gunusen, & Ustun (2010) [2a]; Kravits, McAllister-Black, Grant, & Kirk (2010) [4a]; Meadors & Lamson (2008) [4a]). Discussion/Synthesis of Evidence related to the recommendation: The evidence referred to a variety of concepts related to the manifestation of compassion fatigue, including burnout, emotional exhaustion, and workplace stress. The concepts...
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...between level of functioning and the recidivism risk for offenders based on that. The second article takes a look into gang life and how the use of drugs within gangs plays a vital role in the ability of youth to successfully integrate into society. The third article reviews the developmental aspect of juvenile delinquency and how serious juvenile offenders are often overlooked in many studies dealing with mental health social disorders. Level of Functioning and Recidivism Shepherd, J. B., Green, K. R., Omobien, E. O., (2009). Level of functioning and recidivism risk among adolescent offenders. Adolescence. 40, 23-32. In this article the author’s main focus is that there should be more attention paid to the level of functioning in adolescent offenders. The idea that delinquent’s affective intervention can take place without properly taking into account these children’s problematic domain is irresponsible. If the proper diagnosis is given to these youth then the appropriate treatment can better be administered which would reduce recidivism and better helps these delinquents. In this study the Level of Functioning...
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...listed domains above, with at least two items from the diminished social interaction, and at least one item from the remaining two domains. Many treatment methods and ideas have surfaced concerning the best way to go about treating this social disorder....
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