... Introduction: Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy is any discharge of blood from the vagina. It can happen any time from conception (when the egg is fertilized) to the end of pregnancy. Some women have vaginal bleeding during their first 20 weeks of pregnancy. Vaginal bleeding during the first trimester has been estimated to occur in 16% of all pregnant women, while the frequency of spontaneous abortion is traditionally estimated as 10-20%. The clinical approach though helpful is of limited value. Despite the latest technological developments and laboratory diagnosis the desired goal of early recognition is not achieved. Prior to the era of ultrasound...
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...SPECIAL ARTICLE Postfertilization Effects of Oral Contraceptives and Their Relationship to Informed Consent Walter L. Larimore, MD; Joseph B. Stanford, MD, MSPH T he primary mechanism of oral contraceptives is to inhibit ovulation, but this mechanism is not always operative. When breakthrough ovulation occurs, then secondary mechanisms operate to prevent clinically recognized pregnancy. These secondary mechanisms may occur either before or after fertilization. Postfertilization effects would be problematic for some patients, who may desire information about this possibility. This article evaluates the available evidence for the postfertilization effects of oral contraceptives and concludes that good evidence exists to support the hypothesis that the effectiveness of oral contraceptives depends to some degree on postfertilization effects. However, there are insufficient data to quantitate the relative contribution of postfertilization effects. Despite the lack of quantitative data, the principles of informed consent suggest that patients who may object to any postfertilization loss should be made aware of this information so that they can give fully informed consent for the use of oral contraceptives. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9:126-133 Oral contraceptives (OCs) are among the most extensively studied and used medications in the world,1 and are accessible without a prescription in some countries, although still virtually unavailable in others. In America, OCs have...
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...Should Abortion be legal? Nearly half of pregnancies among American women are unintended, and about four in ten of these are terminated by abortion. In 1973 Roe V. Wade decision, the supreme Court ruled that women, in consultation with their physician, have a constitutionally protected right to have an abortion in the early stages of pregnancy. Abortion is a very serious and dangerous thing to decide 50% of women who have had abortions report experiencing emotion and psychological problems lasting for months or years. Only 12% women reported having a physical problem with their health among having an abortion like an infection called hemorrhage and uterine perforation. My personal experience having an abortion is when my mom had one in 2000. She said that she was not ready to raise other child at this moment in her life, because she just moved to North Carolina and was looking for a job. She felt no guilt about what she has done she thought it was the right thing to do at this point in her life. Most people would argue that abortion is not only wrong, but it is murder to an innocent child with no fault of its own. The first reason that abortion should be illegal because it is murder! For example, the fetus is a distinct individual therefore its DNA is completely its own while the baby is in the womb the baby will show definite signs of emotion. I think that when a human egg and a human sperm meet, the resulting individual is simply human. The number of American babies killed...
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...research study, China has more than 13 million cases of induced abortion every year, which is, undoubtedly, an incredibly high number, even for China. In the abortion controversy, the most appropriate approach is to limit abortions by law, which means to identify when and which abortions should be legalized because limit abortion can promote women’s health both mentally and physically, solve a series of social problems such as reduce the possibility of premarital pregnancy, mitigate the gender discrimination problem and promote the condom use. Essentially to adopt part of Hong Kong’s restriction of abortion. In Hong Kong, abortion is not allowed except for some special cases as follows: 1. two doctors find out that the pregnant woman may suffer from physical or mental harm, they agree and sign an informed consent form for the pregnant woman. 2. The unborn baby has been confirmed that is likely to be a severe deformed fetus. 3. The age of the pregnant woman is under 16 years old. 4. The woman becomes pregnant by rape or incest. This law is a proper law to limit abortions but it is not so available in Chinese mainland because one-child policy was launched here. So for Chinese government, a further consideration of the relationship between one-child policy and abortion should be taken to restrict abortion more properly. Since China’s one-child policy was approved, couple with one child cannot bear another child except some special conditions set by law. So in this case, they must...
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...Thinking about another pregnancy Miscarriage* can be a very unhappy and frightening experience. Even some time later you may still be coping with feelings of shock and great sadness. You may also be feeling anxious about the future – especially about trying again. This leaflet looks at feelings and some of the facts about pregnancy after miscarriage. It talks about deciding whether to try again, and about timing. It also gives some information that may help you and your partner before and during another pregnancy. Reasons for and against You may want to try again because: • You simply want a baby – or another baby if you already have one. Even if you didn’t plan the last pregnancy, the miscarriage may have made you realise that’s what you want • It seems the best way to get over the ‘empty’ feeling that is common after miscarriage • You feel confident that the next pregnancy will go well • It’s important to your partner • You feel it’s your last chance – if you are an older mother, for example. Should we try again? You may feel quite confident about trying for another baby. But you may be very anxious about having another miscarriage. Or you may be worried about whether you will manage to conceive. “ 2 You feel so desperately empty after the loss and want to fill that void… * We generally use the word ‘miscarriage’ to cover early and late miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy and molar pregnancy. “ You may want to put off trying again because: • You fear...
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...legalized? Abortion Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy before the fetus becomes viable. It can be either therapeutic or accidental. In the former an RU 486 medication is administered or medical equipment used to perform procedure. The figure 1 below illustrates the abortion procedure using medical equipment Figure 1 the body parts are reached to with a looped clamp and pulled out part by part. The head is then reached for with a clamp and crushed so that it can come out of the virginal’s passage. Background The United States did not prohibit abortion in the past up until the 19th century. Antiabortion laws started being implemented with Britain being the first to do so. Abortion was only allowed if it was going to save the mother’s life. Though this, there were cases of abortion going on unpunished and being supported by the general public. A group of humanitarian reformists later arose and confronted abortion on the basis of being a “dangerous procedure”. The government also with the declining birth rate in the 1800’s, collaborated with eugenics movement and urged women to reproduce. As of now abortion is illegal in the United States with only American women being given the right to abort. Statistics show that between 80% and 90% of Americans approve of abortion in the case of poor health, a seriously defective fetus, or rape, and between 40% and 50% indicate approval for all other reasons as well. A study of the different cultures shows that abortion is hardly...
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...changes and psychological implication of aborting pregnancy of women. I. What is the Abortion? A. Meaning of abortion B. Origin of abortion C. Method of aborting D. Types of abortion E. What drive a woman to abort their pregnancy? II. After Effects of Abortion A. Physical B. Psychological III. Prevention to reduce abortion A. Good Policies B. Good Politics IV. Conclusion V. Bibliography Sinag 1 Sinag 1 The Impact of Abortion to the Physical and Psychological Behavior of a Woman Introduction Many women, not only in the Philippines aborting their pregnancy because of economical or financial factor. In this study the researchers aiming to give information what is the physical and psychological behavior implication of aborting pregnancy. What is the process of abortion and reasons why a women needs to abort their pregnancy. In this study, the researcher also sited some prevention to avoid women pregnancy abortion, especially in the Philippines. Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by the removal or forcing out from the womb of a fetus or embryo before it is able to survive on its own. An abortion can occur spontaneously, in which case it is often called a miscarriage. It can also be purposely caused in which case it is known as an induced abortion. The term abortion most commonly refers to the induced abortion of a human pregnancy. The similar procedure after the fetus may be...
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...shown that people do not understand that there are adverse physical complications from abortion every year. Abortion have immediate consequences like the damages to a woman's reproductive organs and her future ability to have children. Some are like the Post-Abortion Syndrome which is long lasting and destructive. A five year study shows that 25% of women who have had abortions seek out psychiatric cares.Report on abortion committee on the operation of abortion law,Ottawa,1977 p.321. If abortion is legalized in Kenya cases where women will have effects of abortion such as future miscarriages, prematurity, abortion related causes of death, physical damages to internal organs, infertility, later ectopic pregnancy and interrupted breast and pregnancy development will be numerous. The Kenyan economy can not provide enough sustainable for such cases owing to the recent increase in the number of births per year and the number of women that become expectant. Legalization of abortion apart from it having effects on the person that aborts, will result to moral decadence where the youths will just engage in unprotected sexual activities in the hope of aborting in case the girl becomes pregnant. This will indirectly lead to increased spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, sexual transmitted infections and other disease. The overall effect will thwart the stagnating Kenyan economy. Abortion will make society loose its meaning and...
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...including contraception, in-vitro fertilisation, gamete intra-fallopian transfer, intra-cytoplasmic Sperm Injection, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, gamete donation and abortion. Equality of Access Reproductive technologies have had a significant impact to the lives of many infertile and sub-fertile couples around the world. However, due to the high financial costs of these procedures, the access to these technologies is largely limited to Western society; particularly middle to high income earners. Consequentially, developing countries whom have the highest rates of infertility, have limited access to these technologies. The use of these technologies is surrounded with controversy over the social implications involved. In the case of developing countries, some fear allowing access to these societies would lead to increased population growth in already overpopulated environments. A potential consequence of this would include further inequality to resource access,...
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...United States. The infection is part of a 'silent epidemic' as most cases do not show symptoms and are left untreated. It can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and lead to scarring of the Fallopian tubes causing infertility and higher risk of ectopic pregnancy. The research was carried out at the Molecular Microbiology Group, at the University of Southampton, in conjunction with the Department of Virology, at the Ben Gurion University of the Negev, in Israel. Professor Ian Clarke, from the University of Southampton, says: "This is a very significant advance in the study of chlamydia and we are proud to be the first people to achieve this. "Previously people have been unable to study chlamydial genetics and this has created a barrier to the comprehensive study of this disease. "We, together with our colleagues in Israel, discovered that by treating the chlamydia with calcium ions we were able to introduce a piece of foreign DNA. "This will open up the field of chlamydia research and will enable a better understanding of chlamydial genetics. It could lead to the development of new approaches to chlamydial vaccines and therapeutic interventions." To prove that they had accessed the chlamydial genome, the research team inserted the gene for a fluorescent protein into C. trachomatis which identified the chlamydial-infected cells by making them glow green. Their paper detailing the breakthrough in the study of chlamydia is published in the Public Library of Science journal PLoS...
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...defenseless among us. There can be plausible reasons that they support abortion. However, I oppose to legalize abortion because not only that parents should accept the responsibility that comes with producing a child, but also it is highly risky for women both physically and mentally and the fact that it is undeniably a murder. Firstly, people need to take responsibility for their actions and accept the consequences. Unwanted pregnancy is often caused by the sexual intercourse for pleasure. We already have learned that the contraception does not prevent pregnancy hundred percent. If women, rather couple, aren’t prepared for giving birth and take care for the baby, they should not have sexual intercourse without any assumption of giving birth to a child. Abortion should not be the solution for incautiousness of adults Secondly, proceeding abortion could cause psychological and physical health problems on women. As the risk of ectopic pregnancies and pelvic inflammatory disease increase, it is known that abortion can cause being infertility forever. Not only that, study published in the Scandinavian Journal of Public Health found that "Young adult women who undergo... abortion may be at increased risk for subsequent depression”, and many other researchers found that the abortion high chance of causing suicide (British Medical Journal, 1996). The problem is always shared in both women and man; if women suffer, men should share the responsibility. Abortion shouldn’t be used as contraception...
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...SOC 233 Professor Singer October 31, 2013 The debate about “abstinence” vs. “comprehensive” sex education has been occurring for at least three decades. The common ground that drives these competing approaches is concern about the negative consequences of adolescent sexual activity to the health and well-being of individuals and society. The debate about these programs were re-energized recently based on the research of about four different abstinence program, where teens in that study reported that they did not abstain from sexual activity more than non-participants. Based on these results it has come to the conclusion that the abstinence approach to preventing teen sexual risk behaviors does not work. My position on this topic is that I feel that all schools should implement the comprehensive sex education class rather than the abstinence only. The abstinence only approach to sex education does not protect young people from HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections, and unplanned pregnancy. This approach will likely have serious unintended consequences by denying young people access to the information they need to protect themselves. Sex education will prepare them only for when they want to make that decision but will clarify that having no sex is the only way to truly prevent any accidents. The idea that sexual activity is the ticket to popularity is burned into teens brains by media, through television, major label music, movies, and their peers. They are bombarded...
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...rupture of membranes, placental abnormalities, and increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome. It is pertinent to mention that smoking causes vascular diseases that in turns affect flow of blood through the placenta. Smokers, in fact, look older than they actually are because the blood vessels are partially obstructed and calcified. The complications resulting from placental abruption are more common in smokers. As mentioned above, smoking cigarette includes carbon monoxide. Since carbon monoxide is the replacement for oxygen in the blood during smoking, there are some fetuses that could attempt to compensate for this particular deprivation by creating extra red blood cells for the purpose of carrying extra oxygen. In some extraordinary cases, the blood gets thicker from the proliferation of such cells and ultimately cuts off the supply of blood to critical organs with fatal results. Smoking causes a person's heart to run in overdrive and ultimately there is a shortage of oxygen in heart. Heart then has to work more for maintaining supply to the entire human body. The blood vessels are narrowed causing high blood pressure. Moreover, smoking impacts the cardiovascular system of human beings which also becomes a cause of high blood pressure or hypertension. The effect of high blood pressure is heart related diseases....
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...That is approximately one baby being aborted every two seconds In many states, abortion has been banned after 16 weeks of pregnancy and many doctors will not perform an abortion unless of a medical reason. Some small clinics such as Planned Parenthood will perform these abortions. When going to these clinics there are pro-life and pro-choice groups usually standing out front with signs. Pro-life groups favor greater restrictions on abortion. They argue that a fetus is a human being with the right to live, so abortion is murder. Pro-choice groups argue that a woman has certain reproductive rights especially the right to choose whether to carry a fetus or not. My own is that I think if there is nothing wrong with the fetus when the woman goes to her ultrasound appointments and nothing shows up and there’s no medical problems with the woman then she should keep it. One of the most common reasons a woman chooses to abort is because they want to delay a pregnancy because they are too young. However, in some cases a woman becomes pregnant from being rapped and decides to abort the baby. They do not want to live with the reminder of the rape so keeping the baby would be too hard for them. I do see the reasoning behind this, but I still believe that they could love the child and not regret their decision to keep it. According to two doctors who conducted one study, Sandra Kathleen Mahkorn, M.D. and William V. Dolan, M.D. revealed that 78% of the 30% of women who had abortions after their...
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...also used after intercourse as a method of birth control, though it is not effective (see below). Many health care professionals state that douching is dangerous, as it interferes with both the vagina's normal self-cleaning and with the natural bacterial culture of the vagina, and it might spread or introduce infections. For example, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services strongly discourages douching, warning that it can lead to irritation, bacterial vaginosis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Frequent douching with water may result in an imbalance of the pH of the vagina, and thus may put women at risk for possible vaginal infections, especially yeast infections.[1] In May 2003, a randomized, controlled, multi-center study was conducted with 1827 women ages 18–44 who were regular users of a douche product and who had been treated recently for a sexually transmitted bacterial infection or bacterial vaginosis. Women were randomly assigned to use either a newly designed and marketed douche product or a soft cloth towelette. There was little or no indication of a greater risk of PID among women assigned to use the douche product (versus soft cloth towelette). Douching may be related to a lower probability that a woman becomes pregnant.[2] Antiseptics may also result in an imbalance of the natural bacteria in the vagina, also resulting in an increased likelihood of infection.[3] Furthermore, unclean douching equipment...
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