...A Research on the Unusual Forms of Tuberculosis TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Background A. An overview of Tuberculosis B. Definitions of terms III. The common indications of tuberculosis A. Signs and Symptoms B. Causes C. Effects 1. Tuberculosis of the Kidney 2. Tuberculosis of the Bones 3. Tuberculosis of the Stomach 4. Tuberculosis of the Spine IV. Case studies of Tuberculosis A. Philippines B. Other Countries V. Further Study of tuberculosis A. Explaining Tuberculosis B. Treatments VI. Conclusion VII. End Notes VIII. Bibliography I. Introduction Tuberculosis is just one disease out of a million other diseases in the world but it doesn’t only affect the person being infected but also the people around that particular people around it. Thus, it is not just a personal or family problem but a societal problem. After reaching considerable amounts of tuberculosis-related articles, the researcher has deemed tuberculosis as a “highly prevalent” and a “highly infectious” disease that is, once it becomes active. One-third of the world’s population has tuberculosis. To add, there are still other who may just be walking around not knowing whether they have been infected or not. Tuberculosis may be dormant for years and once active, it could lead to pulmonary failure. The agent of contamination is spread through air and since air is invisible to the naked age, the persons involved...
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...Status of nosocomial tuberculosis transmission prevention in hospitals in Thailand Akeau Unahalekhaka, RN, PhD, , , Suchada Lueang-a-papong, RN, MS, Jittaporn Chitreecheur, RN, MS http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2013.09.019Get rights and content A national survey was conducted during July to September 2009 to determine tuberculosis (TB) prevention activities, problems, and support needed of Thai hospitals. Ninety-seven percent of hospitals established TB isolation policy, 96.3% provided guidelines for caring of TB patients, 95% and 91.8% provided prevention of TB transmission and environmental management guideline, and 92.6% established screening system for TB in the outpatient department (OPD). A half of hospitals had problems with isolation rooms and difficulties in screening TB cases in the OPD. Support needed included consultation on structure and ventilation systems, personnel training, national TB prevention, and TB screening guideline. Strengthening TB prevention activities, providing expert consultation, and national guidelines may help hospitals improve their TB prevention activities. Key Words Prevention; Tuberculosis transmission Tuberculosis (TB) is a re-emerging infectious disease that is becoming a serious health problem globally. The number of TB patients is increasing continuously because of the increase in number of TB patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR) as well as the extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis. There were an estimated...
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...Tuberculosis _ Epidemiology and Nursing Research. November14, 2013 Tuberculosis _Epidemiology and Nursing Research. Communicable diseases occurs in every country regardless of urban, rural, or with socio economical diversities. In order to help in prevention and control of communicable diseases, locally, nationally and globally, nurses who are working with the public health system , must have basic understanding of epidemiology, microbiology, treatments, and knowledge about public health system and the legal system. Although, the United states attained a significant success in attaining the control over the communicable diseases, compared to the other parts of the world since 1940s, communicable diseases are still leading cause of death in the United States.(Maurer &Smith, 2012). Tuberculosis(TB) is a air bourn infectious disease which is caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. People who are living in poor socioeconomic background and who are living in medically underserved communities are more prone to this deadly , but preventable and curable disease. This disease continue to be as an indicator of poverty and low socio-economic background. Most of the time people affected with this deadly disease are undiagnosed early and affected with malnutrition or immunologically compromised. Tuberculosis can affect several organs...
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...MAJOR ARTICLE Implementing a Large-Scale Systematic Tuberculosis Screening Program in Correctional Facilities in South Africa Vincent Zishiri,1 Salome Charalambous,1,2 Maunank R. Shah,2 Violet Chihota,1 Liesl Page-Shipp,1 Gavin J. Churchyard,1,2 and Christopher J. Hoffmann1,3 1 The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; 2School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; and 3Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Downloaded from http://ofid.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on January 9, 2015 Background. Tuberculosis (TB) prevalence is high in correctional facilities in southern Africa. With support from local South African nongovernmental organizations, the South African Department of Correctional Services initiated a program of systematically screening newly admitted and current inmates for symptoms followed by GeneXpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)/rifampicin (Rif ) for microbiologic testing of symptomatic inmates. Methods. We conducted a program evaluation during a 5-month window describing program reach, effectiveness, adoption within the facilities, cost, and opportunities for sustainability. This evaluation included 4 facilities (2 large and 2 smaller) with a total daily census of 20 700 inmates. Results. During the 5-month evaluation window from May to September 2013, 7426 inmates were screened at the 4 facilities. This represents screening 87% of all new admits (the remaining new admits...
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...TB and Women Background: Tuberculosis(TB) is an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It is transmitted from person to person via droplets from the throat and lungs of people with the active respiratory TB disease. In healthy people, infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis often causes no symptoms, since the person’s immune system acts to “wall off” the infection. These people have latent TB infection, where they do not feel sick and cannot spread the bacteria to others. However, in some cases, the bacteria continue to multiply in the body making a person sick with active TB disease. The symptoms of active TB of the lung are coughing, sometimes with sputum or blood, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats. It is a disease of poverty affecting mostly young adults in their most productive years. The vast majority of TB deaths are in the developing world. Left untreated, each person with active TB disease will infect on average between 10 and 15 people every year and this continues the TB transmission. Overall, one-third of the world’s population is currently infected with the TB bacillus. 5-10% of people who are infected with TB bacilli (but who are not infected with HIV) become sick or infectious at some time during their life. People with HIV and TB infection are much more likely to develop TB. The risk for developing TB disease is also higher in persons with diabetes, other chronic...
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...Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature According to the study of the DOH trough the help of the WHO that tuberculosis is an infectious disease cause by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or tubercle bacilli. The disease primarily affects the lungs and this condition is known as pulmonary tuberculosis. Other parts of the body may also be affected by tuberculosis; this is known as extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. It may affect the bones, meninges, joints, genito-urinary tract, intestines, liver, kidneys, and the heart. A person gets infected with Tuberculosis i h or she inhales the bacteria release from air droplets when a person with Tuberculosis coughs and sneezes. Generally, the Bacteria will be killed in five minutes after direct exposure to sunlight. But these bacteria can survive for up to one year in the dark, moist, and poorly ventilated area. A pulmonary Tuberculosis patient whos sputum is positive to Tuberculosis bacilli may spread the disease to about 10-20 persons in a year for two years. Once the patient start on taking anti-TB drugs, sputum will become negative within two weeks in most patients. But he or she needs to take the drugs completely for six months to eliminate all the Tuberculosis Bacilli in the lungs and be cured. In addition Cough for two weeks or more is most common symptom of tubetculosis. Other signs and symptoms are fever, chest or back pain not referable to other diseases, loss of weight, and blood-streaked sputum or hemoptysis. Direct...
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...Strategies for Tuberculosis Control from Experiences in Manila: The Role of Public-Private Collaboration and of Intermittent Therapy INAUGURALDISSERTATION zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Philosophie vorgelegt der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Basel von Christian Auer aus Bottmingen (BL) Basel, Mai 2003 Genehmigt von der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Basel auf Antrag von Herrn Prof. Dr. Marcel Tanner und Herrn Professor Dr. Klaus M. Leisinger Basel, den 6. Mai 2003 Prof. Dr. Marcel Tanner Dekan DEDICATION In memory of Aling Tess and Mang Tony, former neighbours of mine, victims of tuberculosis, the unrestrained killer that terminates daily the lives of 5000 people. With the sincere hope and plea that some findings and thoughts of this dissertation will contribute to reducing tuberculosis and poverty. “The appalling global burden of tuberculosis at the turn of the millennium, despite the availability of effective control measures, is a blot on the conscience of humankind. For developing countries, the situation has become desperate and the "cursed duet" of tuberculosis and AIDS is having a devastating impact on large sections of the global community. The vital question is, can despair be turned to hope early in the next millennium?” John Grange and Almuddin Zumla, 1999 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Summary Zusammenfassung Abbreviations i iii vii...
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...Tuberculosis Shequita Kelly HCS/245 10/20/2014 Michelle Clemmons Introduction Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB, is a bacterial infection that can spread through the lymph nodes and bloodstream to any organ in your body. It is most often found in the lungs. Most people who are exposed to TB never develop symptoms because the bacteria can live in an inactive form in the body. With that said, tuberculosis, a disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has been around for thousands of years. In fact, one of the earliest cases of tuberculosis, known as TB, or often referred to as the White Plague, because of the pale skin of the Caucasians who wasted away from it, was found in a young man from Germany about 7,000 years ago. Scientists believe tuberculosis was probably an extremely common disease in Ancient Egypt, and throughout the centuries was spread through Europe, Asia, and Africa. European explorers including Columbus were blamed for bringing TB to the New World, though evidence proves Native Americans suffered from the disease long before then. TB did and still does attack many parts of the body. Many people think only of pulmonary tuberculosis, the kind of TB that attacks the lungs because this is the most common form today. In this form, TB bacteria can grow very slowly in a spot on the lung, which has the appearance of a cheesy boil and takes the shape of a tuber, like a potato. If the bacteria attack the blood vessels of the lungs, the affected...
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...(Provide reference listing using APA format) Reference List Criteria for Case Study I. Introduction – purpose of paper A. Significance B. Objectives II. Assessment a. Include date of admission; date of care; allergies; history b. Address and list analysis of Gordon’s Functional Patterns (list all 11). Integrate treatments, meds, nursing implications, and related assessments in paper. Includes nutritional analysis. III. Literature Review (at least three resources at least one professional journal) a. Disease Description b. Diagnostic Confirmation c. Signs & Symptoms (textbook vs. patient’s actual symptoms being experienced) d. Treatment and Rationale e. Disease Outcome Expectations f. Rehab needs g. Related to client situation IV. Nursing Plan of Care a. Problems Prioritized (list 3 diagnosis) b. Actual Diagnosis c. Potential Diagnosis d. Outcome e. Goals (short and long term) f. Actions/actual diagnosis g. Actions/potential diagnosis h. Rationales (resources documented) i. Evaluation/Revision V. Discharge Planning a. Resources for coping b. Knowledge/Teaching c. Referrals/Continuing Care VI. Summary VII. Format a. Length of paper should be - between 15-20 pages typed b. APA format c. Cover page, reference page, etc… d. Grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, etc… Faculty Signature_______________________________________________ Date________________________________ Name__________________________ Semester______________________ |Criteria...
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...to tuberculosis be reduced? Tuberculosis case reports and rates by age group and sex, UK, 2009 Tuberculosis case reports and rates by age group and sex, UK, 2009 Introduction to tuberculosis A major issue in the medical world which biologists attempt to solve is Tuberculosis, an infectious disease that kills millions of males and females every year. It iscaused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. The bacteria may stay in the lymph system for years before becoming active, then likely will infect the lungs and possibly other organs in the body and damage them, if the lung mucus and immune system fails to defend in the first place. [1] The infection caused worldwide 1.7 million deaths in 2007. [2] An infected person will spread the bacteria in the air with tiny droplets by coughing, talking or even breathing. The main problem is in developing countries as the disease is spread due to unhygienic air, food or drinks. Young people in their productive years are especially vulnerable due to a weaker immune system. Although the mortality rate due to tuberculosis in western countries is much lower than a decade ago, tuberculosis cases are increasing all over the world and especially developing countries still face huge problems. “Among the 15 countries with the highest estimated TB incidence rates, 13 are in Africa, while a third of all new cases are in India and China.” [3] Biological methods and processes By carrying out a case control study, biologists...
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...Case Study Pulmonary Tuberculosis Nursing Management 1 PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS CATEGORY I, PLEURAL EFFUSION RIGHT ON TREATMENT, STATUS POST CHEST TUBE THORACOTOMY INSERTION Nursing Management of a Pulmonary Ward Patient Having Pulmonary Tuberculosis Category I, Pleural Effusion Right on Treatment, Status Post Chest Thoracotomy Tube Insertion S, J, S. Our Lady of Fatima University, Quezon City Nursing Management 2 Nursing Management of a Pulmonary Ward Patient Having Pulmonary Tuberculosis Category I, Pleural Effusion Right on Treatment, Status Post Chest Thoracotomy Tube Insertion Private P, A.B., a 25 year old male, single. He finished second year college (Bachelor of Science in Education). He lives in Barangay Monbon Irosin, Sorsogon City. Five months Prior to Admission, patient began to experience dry cough, general body malaise, back pain, low grade fever in the afternoon, hoarseness of voice and restlessness. At first, patient took solmux and amoxicillin three times a day for three days. The signs and symptoms still persisted. He sought consult to the Commission Army Station Hospital, Lucena City and underwent another chest x-ray and had nebulization to liquefy secretions. He then was advised to go home. His immediate superior (official) advised him to go to the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center due to unavailability of a pulmonologist in the area. He then was transported via ambulance and was seen in Emergency Room and chest x-ray was...
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...Study of the rates of co-infection of HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis in Urbanized regions within Sub-Saharan Africa Sistla Sumanth Introduction: Airborne communication of mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for the evolution of primary tuberculosis (TB) in immunostable and immunocomprimsed patients (Aaron, et al. 2004). In 1993, the center for disease control classification identified that TB was the defining illness in HIV infected patients, as it is typically the first symptom bearing illness to afflict the patient (Aaron, et al. 2004). TB cases have dramatically increased in the global setting in recent, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, illustrating the sensitivity of HIV infected patients to this co-infection. TB results from a pathogenic infection caused primarily by M. tuberculosis, and seldom Mycobacterium bovis; the infiltration of the bacterium into the respiratory tract leads to the infection of the macrophages and cytotoxic cells debilitating intracellular growth (Aaron, et al. 2004). The risk of HIV infected patients to succumb due to the co-infection of tuberculosis and HIV is twice that of patients only infected with HIV (Aaron, et al. 2004). A 1997 estimate suggests that atleast 10.7million people were co-infected with HIV and M. tuberculosis; more than 30% of TB cases in Africa are also infected with HIV (Aaron, et al. 2004) showing the susceptibility of co-infection in immunocompromised patients. Those living in Sub-Saharan Africa...
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...Tuberculosis The Purpose of this report is to understand Epidemiology of Tuberculosis, a communicable infection disease, discuss insight and contribution of Community Public Health Nurses and deliberate role of NCHHSTP play in prevention, treatment and controlling of TB on national basis. TUBERCULOSIS Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious multisystem infectious disease. Ancient Greece consultants classified such sickness as “phthisis or phthisis pulmonails” referring as a wasting away disease. First sign of tuberculosis was found in 8000BC cadavers that’s indicates a long relationship of TB with humans. This infectious bacterium only found in human beings not yet discovered in soil, insects or animals. CAUSES Tuberculosis (TB) generally occurred in a body by a result of rod shaped, slow growing, aerobic bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, discovered by Dr. Robert Koch in 1882 which was also known as “Koch’s bacillus” while other TB causing bacteria are: Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium microti or Mycobacterium canetti, and it mainly hit the function of lungs. Mycobacterium avium complex doesn’t cause Tuberculosis in humans. This disease may circulate in different human tissues/organs by blood or lymphatic alleyways or enters into the person’s lungs through inhaling process in polluted air. SYMPTOMS There are two broad types of tuberculosis: * Latent TB Infection hit the body but bacteria remain inactive mode so usually no prompt...
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...Tuberculosis in Nigeria Augusta Williams University of South Alabama Tuberculosis in Nigeria Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable airborne disease that has no respect of age, gender, color or nationality, and globally, it is a major health problem. This paper will discuss the global importance and economic impact of TB, human and financial resource allocation for TB in Nigeria, health policies and initiatives related to TB in Nigeria, overall progress made and resources not already appropriated that is needed to combat TB in Nigeria. Significance and Economic Impact According to CDC (2013), the United States has made significant progress towards eradicating TB while other countries worldwide are struggling to find an end to the disease. CDC also reported that, 62% of all reported incidents of TB and 82.7% of multidrug-resistant TB events in the United States were found amongst persons that originated from other countries, and over 75% of these people were born in other countries ("Global TB," 2013). About nine million new cases of TB and nearly two million deaths are reported each year globally ("Global TB," 2013). Nigeria is located in West Africa, and it is ranked the tenth among the 22 High Burden Countries and the fourth in Africa with TB ("Stoptb," 2013). According to Stoptb (2013), the exact burden of TB disease in Nigeria in terms of incidence, prevalence, socio-economic indices and mortality is unknown. However, World Health Organization (WHO) in 2011 estimated...
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...People with advanced HIV infection are vulnerable to infections and malignancies that are called 'opportunistic infections' because they take advantage of the opportunity offered by a weakened immune system. A partial list of the world's most common HIV-related opportunistic infections and diseases includes: Bacterial diseases such as tuberculosis, MAC, bacterial pneumonia and septicaemia (blood poisoning) Protozoal diseases such as toxoplasmosis, microsporidiosis, cryptosporidiosis, isopsoriasis and leishmaniasis Fungal diseases such as PCP, candidiasis, cryptococcosis and penicilliosis Viral diseases such as those caused by cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex and herpes zoster virus HIV-associated malignancies such as Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Different conditions typically occur at different stages of HIV infection. In early HIV disease people can develop tuberculosis, malaria, bacterial pneumonia, herpes zoster, staphylococcal skin infections and septicaemia. These are diseases that people with normal immune systems can also get, but with HIV they occur at a much higher rate. It also takes longer for a person with HIV to recover than it takes for someone with a healthy immune system. When the immune system is very weak due to advanced HIV disease or AIDS, opportunistic infections such as PCP, toxoplasmosis and cryptococcosis develop. Some infections can spread to a number of different organs, which is known as 'disseminated' or 'systemic'...
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