...affected by amnesia. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of memory and brain structures involved with anterograde and retrograde amnesia Amnesia is a condition that involves partial or complete loss of memory. The severity of memory loss is determined by which part of the brain was affected. Major brain structures involved with memory are the hippocampus and the temporal lobes. The hippocampus is a structure within the brain and part of the limbic system. This structure significantly contributes to memory, and may be related to processing information and the formation of recent memories. According to Kim and Fanselow (1992), damage to the hippocampus results in the impairment of recent memories, but not remote A study conducted by Kim and Fanselow (1992) found damage to the hippocampus involves the impairment of recent memories, but not remote memories. Additionally, the temporal lobe is responsible for retrieving and storing memories “ In particular, the time course of medial temporal lobe (MTL) involvement in the storage and retrieval of remote memories has not been resolved. The present study examines performance across a range of...
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...INTRODUCTION The purpose of Case Study: Epilepsy is to provide an understanding of the basic principles involved in the drug treatment of epilepsy, including factors to consider in the initiation and assessment of AED therapy. On 29th January 2014 around 2.15 am, there is a patient admitted in ward 7 (Medical) from A&E Department due to epilepsy. Basically, epilepsy is group of related disorders characterized by a tendency for recurrent seizures. Nurses play an important role in managing patients with Epilepsy. From teaching patients about how to modify their risk factors, administering various medications, and providing pre- and post- care to patients undergoing epileptic action, nurses are in an important position to improve the outcomes of patients experiencing it. PATIENT’S DATA AND HISTORY Patient C is a male and Malay, 21 years of age, with a history of seizures since birth. He is otherwise in good health. His current diagnosis is temporal lobe epilepsy. Patient C experiences focal seizures (“complex partial” and focal seizures that evolve bilaterally). He states the he is aware that a seizure is going to occur because he has a very brief “strange sensation”. This sensation is his aura. After the aura, the patient cannot recall any other events until the postictal period. During the postictal period, patient C is fatigued and confused and often experiences headaches. Witnesses have noticed a typical pattern to patient C’s seizures. First, he becomes very quiet and...
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...Lecture 6 70% = lecture 30% = book Medial temporal lobe/medial temporal cortex Divided into two parts = cortex and subcortex Cortex • Perirhinal cortex o Peri means next to or surrounding o Colatoral sulcus = humans. Rinal sulcus = rats • Enorhinal cortex • Parahippocampal cortex o Para = next to. Thus next to hippocampus Subcortical • Hipocampus • Amygdala In textbooks etc. they sometimes use the more general term vs. specific i.e. say medial temporal cortex when they mean perirhinal cortex. Medial diencephalon • Thalamus • Hypothalamus Sense of smell goes to parahippocampal and enorhinal cortex Wilder Penfield To do experiment = only remove a little bit of a tissue. Permanent window = remove bone forever. Or bone flaps, cut 3 sides and crack a hinge so that they can see under. Tissue is already damaged Bone has an arterial structure in it. Arrest response = stopping response = then you know you want to stay away from this area, i.e. when the patient stops talking etc. Stimulating parts of the brain: 1/3 sensory reports 1/3 dejavu like experiences 1/3 actual memories you can stimulate any part of the cortex and evoke a memory. Also makes a difference of where it was Area especially rich for evoking memories was in the temporal lobe This is also where epileptic fits happened in many people. Where neurons fired rapidly and incoherently. Then eventually starts spreading. Locus/loci spontaneously causing epileptic fits Drugs...
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...As a parent, there is no such thing as a gentle entry into the world of pediatric epilepsy. The day your child has his or her first seizure is frightening, devastating, and intimidating (Freeman, Vining, & Pillas, 1997). The word prognosis becomes a word of fear and unknown of what is to come in your child’s future. There is no single diagnosis but many ranges of epilepsies in childhood (“Epilepsy in Children: What every parent needs to know,” n.d.). Many children with epilepsy might have high success in management and others may face challenges. Therefore, to help these challenges families should become familiarized with diagnosis, treatment, psychosocial issues and community resources. Meanwhile, if the family begins to understand epilepsy...
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...What is a seizure? A seizure is an increase of electrical activity in the brain. A seizure can influence a person’s behavior for a brief period. A seizure can alter what the brain and body does normally. Many people think that seizures are some sort of disease but, it all boils down to changes in chemicals within the nerve cells. During a seizure brain cells get excited or prevent other brain cells from sending their routine messages. In some cases in the presence of a seizure, there could be too much activity or too little activity. Seizures are an indication that a potential disorder is affecting the brain. The reality is some seizures can hardly be noticed, other seizure while other seizures can greatly reduce function. Different lobes of...
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...body CORTICAL HOMUNCULUS (Sensory & Motor) - picture representation of the anatomical divisions of primary motor & primary somatosensory cortex - “distortion” not based on size of body part greater representation = greater sensitivity - areas have to do with motor neurons DORSAL ANTERIOR -------(< ‘ )-------POSTERIOR (ROSTRAL) (CAUDAL) VENTRAL LATERAL -------- < : )8( MEDIAL )~ -------- LATERAL METHODS OF LOCALIZATION - assign specific functions to particular places in the cerebral cortex - LESION STUDIES: any pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of brain tissue - SURGERY: Wada Test (anesthetize one hem), Tumor Removal, Split Brain - INFERENCE STUDIES (talk while balancing broom) - FUNCTIONAL IMAGING - PET (positron emission tomography): track blood flow associated w/ brain activity; used to assess physiology, including glucose & oxygen metabolism, and presence of specific neurotransmitters - SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography): measure blood; takes 2 days to eliminate radioactive tracer - MRI: visual imaging; most detailed brain structures; good spatial resolution & images in short time periods - MEG: 3D magnetic field can be calculated; expensive, not readily available for clinical applications DOUBLE DISSOCIATION - if you damage A, you lose X but not Y - if you damage...
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...* Continuous with the Subarachnoid Space * Contain Choroid Plexes which produce CSF * Important landmarks for location of structures * Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitors * Impanted and help monitor, because if too high pt stop breathing and die. Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres * 5 types of lobes and two of each type. Each hemisphere divided into 5. Correspond to the bones of the skull (close enough) * Frontal Lobes * Parietal Lobes * Occipital Lobes * Temporal Lobes * Insula Lobes * This lobe is hiding behind the temporal lobe. In folded inside, about the size of a walnut. * Outer Cortex is the outer 2-3 mm * Gyrate are the raised bumps are and sulcis are the grooves between * Cortex is all wadded up into smaller volume Frontal Lobe Functions * Personality * Asses in traumatic brain injury, or if you see change in behavior – aggressive etc * Analysis * Executive * Make decisions. * Voluntary Motor * Frontal Eye Fields (Tracking) – eyes are able to follow. * Speech (Broca’s) – EXPRESSIVE! - the delivery system of language. If they cant say it, that’s a frontal lobe problem. Parietal Lobe Functions * Somatosensory * Spatial analysis (Orientation) * Two different perspective and tell whether they’re...
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...retain her LTM like her childhood and family. However, those memories which were the most recent before the accident were likely to be lost due to the effect known as Ribot Law (Parkin, 2000). Amnesia is mostly caused by traumatic head injury during car accidents where the brain is impaired. Lucy suffered anterograde amnesia when she was involved in an accident. In the case study of K.C (Rosenbaum et al., 2005), he had severe memory loss after he was involved in a motorcycle accident. His brain was severely damaged due to large lesions in the hippocampal regions which resulted in an acute loss of memory. There are also medical causes of amnesia. Consumption of benzodiazepines to treat anxiety can cause anterograde amnesia to occur (Mejo, 1992). A possible explanation is that memories are not converted into long term storage and thus are not consolidated by the hippocampus. The hippocampus is an important part of the brain which is involved in memory consolidation. Scoville and Miller (1957) did a case study of a man named H.M who had seizures since young. Scoville removed the part of the temporal lobe where the hippocampus was located during an operation. After the operation, H.M...
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...electroencephalogram (EEG) studies the brain waves. Studying the brain waves can determine many things such as: being awake, sleeping, or even a seizure. The process of the electroencephalogram (EEG) is done by putting electrodes all over the outside of your scalp and collect your brain wave activity. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is done by magnetic fields. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is used to see parts of the brain and which areas are active at different times. The way this test works is you have a machine that comes down around your head. Combined with brain structure and brain function there are two scans called the functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) and the position emission tomography (PET). The functional magnetic resonance imaging...
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...Psych 100, Notes Sept. 6, 2012 History and Perspectives * Definitions of Psychology * The science of mental life (William James, 1890) * “The study of human or animal behaviour” (Webster’s Dictionary 1988) * “The scientific study of behavior and mind” “The scientific study of behaviour and its causes” (Passer & Smith) * Roots of the Word * Psyche – Greek for soul * Logos – Greek for the study of a subject * Related Fields * Philosophy * Rene Decartes (1595-1650) Dualism (interactionism) * Body is physical entity * Mind is nonphysical entity * Mind and body are separate, distinct entities involved in the production of behaviour * Pineal gland (Used for mind and body to communicate) * Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) * Materialism – position that since nothing exists other than matter and energy the concept of soul is meaningless * Form of monism * Empiricism (Position that all human knowledge and thought are derived from sensory experience * Branch of Biology concerned with the scientific study of how living organisms function (Muller, Helmholtz, Fechner) * Birth of Psychology * Wilhelm Wundt * Established first independent psychology lab at university of Leipzig 1879 (birth of psychology) * Established first psychology journal 1881 * Studied consciousness (one’s awareness...
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...in which the patient would be introduced to electrically induced seizures, however, this resulted in permanent deficits and was cruel and ineffective. In the beginning of the 20th century, German psychiatrist Kurt Schneider defined exact symptoms of schizophrenia, and these symptoms were eventually titled “Schneider's first-rank symptoms.” Schneider’s first-rank symptoms include auditory hallucinations, thought broadcasting, insertion, and withdrawal, and passivity experience (in which individuals believe they are under the control of another individual or...
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...Using the Correlational Method to Study the Divided Brain The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between functions of the left and right hemispheres. I will compare the performance of people with intact brains with the performance of so-called split-brain patients. In many ways, the brains of these two groups are very similar. 1a. The brainstem of a normal brain is located within the region that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord. The brainstem in the normal brain is an intermediary relaying messages between various body parts and the brain. It also controls vital functions such as breathing and heart rate. The functions of the brainstem remain the same in both normal...
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...with success for a number of other conditions such as pain control and Alzheimer’s disease. Due to the high incidence of relapse and treatment failure of current therapies, it is vitally important that medical science looks further into the modulation of the other neurotransmitters involved. Aim: To report one case that illustrates a novel presentation of treatment resistant schizophrenia, that through extensive investigation produced a diagnosis of anti-NMDA antibody encephalitis. Clinical details and outcome: The patient had experienced extensive treatment for schizophrenia over at least 5 documented years at a number of institutions & hospitals with varying degrees of success. The patient’s presentation to TPCH resulted in the detection of Anti-NMDA antibodies leading to the diagnosis. Treatments used included immunomodulators and antipsychotics. Conclusions: After a prolonged admission, the patient was discharged back to her family substantially improved and is receiving maintenance immunoglobulin doses every 3 months. The antipsychotic medications have been weaned over a prolonged period to ensure no relapse of symptoms. Abstract Word count: 206 Case report word count: 1601 INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that has a worldwide prevalence of 1% and doesn’t vary significantly between geographical regions1. The disorder is characterised by...
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...inferiority complex Horney—rejected penis envy idea Carl Jung—collective unconscious Assessment Projective tests Rorschach TAT - Thematic Apperception Test Draw-a-person Sentence completion Evaluation: * Repression often not shown (vivid memory often results after trauma) * Terror management theory Social-cognitive Reciprocal determinism—interplay of Personal factors/internal cognition Behavior Environment Personal control (Julian Rotter) External locus of control Internal locus of control *Without internal locus, learned helplessness results Explanatory style (Martin Seligman) Optimistic Unstable, specific, external Pessimistic Stable, global, internal Bandura Personality influenced by observational learning, outside influences (Bobo doll study) Self-efficacy (belief in ability to do things that lead to positive outcomes) Humanism Maslow—self-actualization Hierarchy of needs * Safety—security—love—selfesteem—self-actualization Carl Rogers—person-centered Genuineness Unconditional positive regard Empathy Trait theory Greeks—4 humors (choleric, sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic) Allport (student of Freud) Eysenck—unstable/stable; introverted/extroverted Costa & McCrae (Big 5) OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) Assessment MMPI (used factor analysis, empirically derived) Cattell’s 16PF Person-situation controversy Walter...
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...immediately preceding the present. The amnesia frequently depicted in fiction is a very rare retrograde variety known as dissociative fugue, where one’s identity and all memories prior to the pivotal event are compromised. In contrast, anterograde amnesia does not deprive the sufferer of their identity, their past, or their skills; it merely prevents new memories from forming. As a consequence one’s final memories are frozen in perpetuity, often accompanied by a constant sensation that one has just awoken from an “unconscious” state which filled the intervening time. Henry’s handicap is the unintended result of experimental brain surgery performed in 1953. In his late teens the highly intelligent student began to experience frequent grand mal seizures, characterized by loss of consciousness, muscle spasms, and rigidity. The frequency of...
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