...3. a) The research methods that were used to conduct this study were the survey method and the correlational method. The survey was used to gain data for the study. All data was derived from the 2010 Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) which is a yearly, randomized telephone survey of behavioural risk factors among US adults over the age of 18. The representative sample was a total of 255,171 American adults and the study spanned over thirty days which is one month. In addition, the correlational method was used in a distinct sense that it compared the results of the survey by dividing the participants into five groups. The five groups were as follows: individuals who experienced less than six days of insufficient sleep which...
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...Using the Correlational Method to Study Sleep Through the Lifespan The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between REM sleep and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1a. The complete sleep cycle of an individual is composed of two stages: NREM and REM stage. NREM includes the stage 1 to stage 2 of sleep and the REM stage started from stage 3 to 4. The NREM comprises approximately 75% to 80% of the entire sleeping time of the person; the second stage, REM has the longer span which...
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...and their examples involve topics of interest to nurses. Your humble instructor has modified this excerpt slightly to maintain terminology consistent with the social sciences]. 1 The close connection between theory and research was implied in the discussion of their functions. Stated explicitly, the initial impetus for research is the search for theory. Theory development relies on research, and research relies on theory. Brown (1977) characterized the relationship between theory and research as a dialectic, a transaction whereby theory determines what data are to be collected and research findings provide challenges to accepted theories. 2 Research, then, is neither more nor less than the vehicle for theory development. It is the method used to gather the data needed for the theory. This is true whether the purpose of the research is to generate a theory or to test one. When the purpose is theory generation, the phenomenon of interest suggests things to look for. .or example, if a theory of clients perceptions of factors influencing their adherence to a nursing care plan were to be generated, one source of data would be clients perceptions of why they were willing and able to follow the care plan. Conversely, if the purpose is theory testing, the theory dictates the data to be collected. .or example, if a theory proposes that emotional support provided by spouses is the best predictor of clients adherence to nursing care plans, then the data to be collected include...
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...The scientific method is a convenient way of making observations, collecting data, making decisions, and interpreting outcomes. Psychologists from all around the world use the scientific method to help manage their research. Psychologists make use of the scientific method because they need to be able to describe, explain, and predict mental processes or behaviors. Within the scientific method are hypotheses, variables, results, and conclusions. A hypothesis is a prediction that will be tested in an experiment; researchers and psychologists always start off with this. An example of a hypothesis is if a student skips class on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, their grades will drop down. This example can be falsifiable because the student’s skipping...
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...* . Definition of correlation• Correlational research determines to what degree a relationship exists between 2 variables (or more variables). * 3. The nature of correlational research • Associational research: When the relationships among two or more variables are studied without any attempt to influence them. (The same as correlation and causal comparative research). • Experimental research: Differs from correlational research in that there’s manipulation of variables. * 4. The nature of correlational research • Correlational research is also sometimes referred to as a form of descriptive research because it describes an existing relationship between variables. * 5. The nature of correlational research • Positive correlation means that high scores on one variable (X) tend to be associated with high scores on the other variable (Y). • Negative Correlation means that high scores on one variable (X) are associated with low scores on the other variable (Y). * 6. Three Sets of Data ShowingDifferent Directions and Degrees of Correlation (A) (B) (C) r = +1.00 r = -1.00 r=0 X Y X Y X Y 5 5 5 1 2 1 4 4 4 2 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 4 1 5 1 1 1 5 4 2 * 7. A positive correlation y x * 8. A negative correlation y x * 9. No correlationy x * 10. No correlationy x * 11. Purposes of Correlational Research• Correlational studies are carried out to explain important human behavior or to predict likely outcomes. (identify relationships among variables).1. Explanatory...
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...unification of experimental and correlational psychology in which he argued that psychology continues to this day to be limited by the dedication of its investigators to one or the other method of inquiry rather than to scientific psychology as a whole. He discusses the two streams on branches of psychology that have run through the last century. One stream being the experimental and the other correlational psychology. He describes the essential features of each approach to asking questions about human nature and he strongly hints at the benefits to be gained by unification. Put simply, Cronbach sees this as a puppet show where the experimentalist manipulates the puppets to arrive at a successful outcome while the correlationist watches the interaction of the puppets as he would people, to see how environment, social elements and the like affects them. Cronbach is proposing a coming together of these two strands of psychology to compliment each other and arrive at a more complete solution. The experimenter is more concerned with situations that he can closely control i.e. experiments with laboratory animals in a closely confined situation where he can introduce variables and see how his subjects react to stimuli and measure the responses. The correlationist is more interested in looking at the wider picture and observing how subjects interact with each other and with their environment, social surroundings and other subjects etc. Experimental methods are the only ones that can...
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...* . Definition of correlation• Correlational research determines to what degree a relationship exists between 2 variables (or more variables). * 3. The nature of correlational research • Associational research: When the relationships among two or more variables are studied without any attempt to influence them. (The same as correlation and causal comparative research). • Experimental research: Differs from correlational research in that there’s manipulation of variables. * 4. The nature of correlational research • Correlational research is also sometimes referred to as a form of descriptive research because it describes an existing relationship between variables. * 5. The nature of correlational research • Positive correlation means that high scores on one variable (X) tend to be associated with high scores on the other variable (Y). • Negative Correlation means that high scores on one variable (X) are associated with low scores on the other variable (Y). * 6. Three Sets of Data ShowingDifferent Directions and Degrees of Correlation (A) (B) (C) r = +1.00 r = -1.00 r=0 X Y X Y X Y 5 5 5 1 2 1 4 4 4 2 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 4 1 5 1 1 1 5 4 2 * 7. A positive correlation y x * 8. A negative correlation y x * 9. No correlationy x * 10. No correlationy x * 11. Purposes of Correlational Research• Correlational studies are carried out to explain important human behavior or to predict likely outcomes. (identify relationships among variables).1. Explanatory...
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...Riki Shafier Professor Kimberlee Hoftiezer SOS-110 24 January 2016 Music Education: A Personal Journey For the past few years I have been taking different courses, learning many things and preparing myself for the life ahead of me. As a soon-to-be college graduate, the future beckons, bright and inviting. There are endless career opportunities that await those who have put forth the effort to receive an education. The career goals toward which I am currently preparing are to become a highly sought-after piano teacher and piano-teacher trainer with a full roster of students, complete with a waiting list for those who wish to join my studio. I plan to build a fully- developed business model for my piano studio. This plan will include curricula for various ages and skill levels, as well as plans for accommodating specific needs of individual students. The plan will also have processes for the acceptance and rejection of potential students, registration and payment options, and online booking opportunities. This will be optimized through the use of technology. Technology, in all its many forms, has transformed the world we live in, and I anticipate that it will prove to be of great use to me in the development of my career goals. In the short-term, I will be able to train under experienced piano educators and teacher-trainers via Skype lessons and workshops, and use various training software programs to improve my technical and teaching skills. Additionally, I plan to...
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...Psychologists use a number of different scientific methods to conduct research on social psychology topics. These methods allow researchers to test hypotheses and theories and look for relationships between different variables. Both correlational and experimental research designs have its advantages and disadvantages. Another decision in designing research concerns where the study should be conducted: in a field setting or in a laboratory. Correlational Research Social psychologists use correlational research to look for relationships between variables. For example, a social psychology might carry out a correlational study looking at the relationship between workplace violence and aggression. Conducting surveys, directly observing behaviors, or compiling research from earlier studies are some of the methods used to gather data for correlational research. While this type of study can help determine if two variables have a relationship, it does not allow researchers to determine if one variable causes changes in another variable. Experimental Research Experimental research is the key to uncovering causal relationships between variables. In experimental research, the experimenter randomly assigns participants to one of two groups: (1) the control group; and (2) the experimental group. The control group receives no treatment and serves as a baseline. Researchers manipulate the levels of some independent variable in the experimental group and then measure the...
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...Psy206-1004A-101 Aspects of Psychology Unit 1 IP1 Kevin J. Penn September 10, 2010 American InterContinental University Online Abstract The following compares and contrast of Naturalistic Obersavation and Correlational research. Which includes the research techniques reliability and validity strengths and weakness and generalizability. There are many different ways of collecting information and data to compare different types of things that happen from the past, present and to help predict the future. The research methods that I have compared are Naturalistic observation and Correlational research method. Like any thing else that they are more than one way of obtaining something there are differences and similarities that researchers can use to help them obtain their objective. The correlational research method is one in which the facts are utilizes facts to form links with an assortment of dependent variables. In most cases it is the one that is used first to give a basis before experiments can begin. There are three types of correlational research, observational, survey, and archival (Schmidt, 2000). Observational research includes items that can be tangibly recorded, for example, reporting for work and production. Survey research refers to the statistics that can be found by questioning subjects; for example, comparing the associations between couples who live together and divorce rates (Schmidt, 2000). Archival research deals...
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...Theoretical Perspectives of Social Psychology Romerle Johnson ITT Technical Institution Abstract Psychological studies vary in design. In correlational studies a researcher looks for associations among naturally occurring variables, whereas in experimental studies the researcher introduces a change and then monitors its effects. It is important to be able to distinguish between correlational and experimental designs, because only well-controlled experimental designs allow conclusions about cause and effect. This paper will attempt to define the two research methods coinciding with examples and counterpoints toward each design. Theoretical Perspectives of Social Psychology Correlational Versus Experimental Research Correlational research is an important form of educational and psychological research. Some knowledge of correlational methods is important for both the consumption and conduct of research. A correlation is simply defined as a relationship between two variables. The whole purpose of using correlations in research is to figure out which variables are connected. Prime example of the research can be found in most of our childhood experiences, the harmonious sound of the ice cream truck bell. This particular was the universal sound in most American neighborhoods that it was time for a delicious cold treat. Second example of this research comes from academia. The efficient student who studies is more likely to achieve a higher grade on their test...
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...University of Phoenix Material Appendix B Research Methods List the advantages and disadvantages of the following research methods: Case Study Advantages Case studies can provide new ideas and discoveries regarding behavior, allow new techniques to be utilized, new ways in which to apply current techniques, and they offer a means to study issues that occur infrequently, in addition to providing relative theoretical support as evidence to existing theories and individual information (Comer, 2011, p. 20). Disadvantages There could be bias from the researchers conducting the case studies, there could be further explanations than what the researcher and the client are experiencing in the case studies, the same events that occur between different individuals may be important in one case study and not in another, they do not provide general information or causal information, statistical analysis is not possible, and they are not replicable (Comer, 2011, p. 20). Correlational Method: Advantages The correlational method provides general information, statistical analysis and replicability is possible, researchers are able to determine the direction and magnitude of the correlation, and whether or not variables are in any sense related (Comer, 2011, p. 21-22). Disadvantages The correlational method does not provide causal information, therefore, cannot explain the relationship between variables, in addition to not providing individual information...
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...University of Phoenix Material Descriptive Research Methods Worksheet Please list 5 research methods that you have reviewed from the book or video in the chart below. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages a researcher should consider when determining which methods to use. |Research Methods |Advantages |Disadvantages | |1. questionnaires |Ability to contact a large group of people quickly, get the | You do not get the questionnaires back all the time and some of them do not come | | |quantitative method of what you need, everyone is having the |back complete, the questionnaire relies on how the questions are phrased, they are | | |exactly same questions so it increases data, reliable. |shallow and only ask the questions they need to know. | |2. interviews |Able to understand the respondent’s views, gather more valid |Interviews are hard to quantify, can be hard to interpret, and they are more | | |information, and allow more flexibility. |difficult to replicate. | |3. naturalistic observation ...
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...[Countless correlation studies and] Countless experimental studies reveal that people learn and remember material best when they put it in their own words, rehearse it, and then rehearse and review again. Describe and compare correlational studies and experiments. Types of scientific methods used to describe predictions are correlation studies and experiments. A correlation study is used to look for relationships between variables. Types of correlation studies include observation ,surveys, and archival research. For example, in a predictive correlation study, you are looking for the degree of relationship between variables. If you think there is a correlation between class attendance and grades, you can look at the attendance records verses grades. If you notice that as attendance increases grades increase, that would be a positive correlation. If attendance goes up but grades go down, that would be a negative correlation. If there is no relationship between attendance and grades, there would be no correlation. Correctional studies are useful to make predictions as to cause and effect, but does not give any tangible reason for that relationship. An experimental study looks at the effect of one or more variables on another variable. In other words, an experiment can look at the effect of one or more factors, known as independent variables, on another, the dependent variable. The goal of an experiment is to test a hypothesis, a prediction. In order to do this you alter...
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...University of Phoenix Material Week 1 Assignment Worksheet Matching Match the following descriptions to the correct perspective: 1. ___B.___ perspective focuses on how learning experiences affect behavior, and focuses on behavior that is observable. 2. __E___ perspective focuses on the effect of unresolved conflicts from childhood, and how those conflicts unconsciously shape behavior. 3. __D___ perspective focuses on free will, conscious choices, and self-awareness, and views humans as distinct individuals with unique characteristics. 4. ___C__ perspective examines the mental processes used to obtain knowledge, and focuses on how information is processed, stored, retrieved, and manipulated. 5. __A___ perspective focuses on how factors like age, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and income level influence behavior, attitudes, and mental processes. A. Sociocultural B. Behavioral C. Cognitive D. Humanistic E. Psychodynamic Table Provide a description of the function of the structures or hormones listed. |Structure |Hormone(s) released (if applicable) |Description or function | |Frontal lobe |CRH Corticotropin-releasing hormone |Helps with decision making | |Somatosensory cortex |CRH |Sensory receptive area for the sense of touch...
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