...Paper Outline I. Section 1 a. How have social enterprises fared better than their for-profit rivals during the recession? b. What aspects of the way the businesses are run have made them more successful (if using profit as the measurement of success)? c. How have they continued to attract customers to their shops despite falling numbers of patrons during the recession? d. To what measurable extent has the recession impacted their business? e. In a broader sense, are mutuals more competitive in their sector/industry by virtue of containing positive aspects falling into one of the questions above? II. Section 2 III. Section 3 Section 1 How have social enterprises fared better than their for-profit rivals during the recession? The economic recession has had a negative impact on the performance of most businesses in the UK. However, this appears not to be the case with social enterprises. During the recession, most social enterprises seem to be growing and have reaped more benefits as they seek to achieve their goals. Social investment has remained vibrant even in the face of the economic recession. Unlike the for–profit enterprises, social enterprises derive their capital and labour for philanthropic, government and commercial bodies. This means that social enterprises have a great pool, of investors as well as a greater capacity to attract talented and more skilled labour. Legal structures in the UK have been reformed...
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...Principles of Marketing Case Study, Target: From “Expect More” to “Pay Less” Introduction In this case we examine Target, a discount retailer who was always known for their ‘cheap chic’, “Expect More, Pay Less” value proposition. Heavy investment into this value proposition positioned Target in the market in a not too distant second position to WalMart with their slogan “Always Low Prices”. Over time Target’s success led WalMart to mimic certain aspects of Target’s value proposition but shortly thereafter the macroeconomic force of the “Great Recession” fell upon the market and WalMart seemed to reinforce its position of superiority. In response to this Target rolled out a new marketing strategy which involved adjusting the flavour of its value proposition to entice customers who were seen to have defected to their major competitor. In this case study we shall examine Target’s strategy in the face of these challenges and evaluate the effectiveness of it against best marketing practices. What microenvironmental factors have affected Target’s performance over the past few years? Four main microenvironmental factors have affected Target’s performance in a negative way over the past few years. Four main microenvironmental factors have affected Target’s performance in a negative way over the past few years. 1. Competitors: Pre-recession, both Target and its main competitor, WalMart had well developed and communicated value propositions. Target’s being “Expect More, Pay Less”...
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...Chapter 1 What is Macroeconomics? ( Chapter Outline 1. How Macroeconomics Affects Our Everyday Lives (a) The “Big Three” Concepts of Macroeconomics 2. Defining Macroeconomics (a) How Macroeconomics Differs from Microeconomics (b) Economic Theory: A Process of Simplification 3. Actual and Natural Real GDP (a) Unemployment: Actual and Natural (b) Real GDP and the Three Macro Concepts 4. Macroeconomics in the Short Run and Long Run (a) The Short Run: Business Cycles (b) Business Cycle Concepts (c) The Long Run: Economic Growth 5. Case Study: A Century of Business Cycles (a) Real GDP (b) Unemployment 6. Macroeconomics at the Extremes (a) Unemployment in the Great Depression, 1929–40 (b) The German Hyperinflation of 1922–23 (c) Fast and Slow Growth in Asia 7. Taming Business Cycles: Stabilization Policy (a) The Role of Stabilization Policy 8. The “Internationalization” of Macroeconomics IP* Box: How Does U.S. Economic Performance Rank? ( Chapter Overview Chapter 1 begins by introducing a set of three central macroeconomic concepts, called the “Big Three Concepts of Macroeconomics. They are the unemployment rate, the inflation rate, and productivity growth. Introducing the field of macroeconomics to students in this way has an important advantage. It facilitates the early introduction and definition of basic macroeconomic terminology, which gives students a chance to get used to thinking of macroeconomic issues in...
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...„RECESSION HAS AFFECTED TOURISM INDUSTRY GLOBALLY. WHAT MEASURES CAN BE TAKEN BY UK HOTELS?‟ “CASE STUDY: MARRIOTT GROUP OF HOTEL‟S EFFORT TO ATTRACT MEDICAL TOURISTS” RAMAMOORTHY PANDIAN STUDENT ID: 09004669 DISSERTATION SUPERVISOR THOMAS REEVES SUBMITTED IN PART FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION UNIVERSITY OF WALES INSTITUTE, CARDIFF FEB 2010 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Thomas Reeves for his valuable professional advice and guidance as well as for rendering his kindness, endless patience and continuous encouragement towards my dissertation. I would like to thank interviewees in the Marriott Group of hotels and its branches, without which this study could not have been reached its conclusion. A handful of thanks to all the lecturers of my concern for their teaching, without them, I can‟t learn so much knowledge. This dissertation could not have been completed without continuous support, encouragement, and caring of all my friends and my family members. I would wish them many a thanks too. Finally, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to those who provided me with great support and encouragement during my studies in UK. Thanks again to all of them. 2 ABSTRACT The aim is to find out the most possible means that recession would affect the tourism industry globally and also to pay attention towards the various measures taken over...
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...exogenous changes in wealth upon consumption behavior as the wealth effect (Karl E. Case, John M. Quigley and Robert J. Shiller, 2001). In daily life, the house and stock price represent the major wealth for household, and in my following paper, I will introduce how house and stock price changes will influence the aggregate economic activity. First of all, the theoretical basis for the important macroeconomic implications of house and stock price. The wealth effect can be divided to two categories, one is positive and another is nagetive. If the price of house and stock increase, for example, it exists a positve effect for househld. How this temporary positive effect affect the aggregate supply (work effort) and demand (consumption)? Because Here is the mechanism. Firstly we consider about the work effort. a. In response to the increase of wealth, household can produce more goods or services. And this will reduce household's leisure and increase the work effort relatively. But this effect will be very small relative to its magnitude if the incresement is perceived as temporary. This is an implication of the Permanant Income Hypothesis. b. The intratemporal substitution of work effort. I want to introduce a concept first, this concept is the Marginal Product of Labor (MPL). MPL is the amount of extra output generated by an extra unit of work. (Robert J. Barro, 2001). So we can find that in this case, the MPL will increase as wealth increase. Under this situation, the leisure is...
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...year when she tried to buy an expensive purse at a store and was denied by the teller who stated that the purse was too expensive and that she should choose another less expensive purse. Also, in 1994, the well-known restaurant chain, Denny’s, were sued in race bias suits for 54 million dollars to customers that were discriminated against while dining at their restaurant. Some customers complained that they were made to pay higher prices for food than white customers and in some cases minority customers were treated rudely. The same discrimination can be seen in the workplace today and could be the reason for high unemployment in the US among young minorities. The unemployment rate among young minorities in the US is higher than those of white Americans. As you walk into establishments from as early as the 1960’s to the post Great Recession more white employees than minority employees will be seen in the work force. I believe that the Great Recession has made impact on many workers in the US but studies will show that minorities will suffer two times more than their white counterparts. According to an article, “Black unemployment rate is consistently twice that of whites” written by Drew DeSilver states, “The unemployment rate among blacks is about double that...
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...Professor Robyn Milliken-Setser G425/SYO4180 Section 07 Work and Family. Outline Introduction I. How much families have been impacted by the recession. II. How the family dynamics have changed including sharing of household duties and childcare. III. What effect these changes have made to father-child relationships. A. Positive changes B. Negative changes IV. How Society views working fathers A Inside home B. Outside home V. How have marriages been affected by these changes. A. Man's identity affected by ability to provide for family. B. Many wives have taken over as the main breadwinner because due to the Great Recession. Conclusion In four out of ten American households with children under age 18, mothers are the sole or main breadwinner. The recession has played a significant role in the increase of pushing women into the role of breadwinner. Many men were laid off during the recession because the brunt of their jobs were held in the construction and manufacturing businesses. For husbands and fathers, a significant part of their identity is related to their ability to provide for their family. How has this changed since the Great Recession? How are families adjusting? Sociologist Christine Whelan, asks the following questions in an essay "A Feminist-Friendly Recession" published in the 2009 State of Our Unions report: How is the family life of these unemployed fathers? Are they spending more time with their children...
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...FORD MOTORS * Background Ford motor company is an American multinational automaker; headquarter in Dearborn, Michigan, basically in Detroit. Founded by Henry Ford in the year 1903, company products are automobiles; the commercial ones are fords name and the luxury ones under Lincoln, both brands under the same company. Ford Company have participation in the market share stock of New York, also has contribution over Mazda and Aston Martin, Japan and UK respectively. Being the second largest automaker enterprise in the US and the fifth in the globe, Ford has global revenues of $118.3 billion, by the year 2008. Manufacturing 5.532 million vehicles and manage over 213.000 employees in 90 plants and facilities around the globe. For a certain period Ford manufacture a line of trucks, bus and tractors. The company discontinued from their products within market only focusing in commercial vehicles. Ford manufacturing methods had a huge impact on the culture and the concept of ensemble cars, “Fordism” was the popular name for those techniques, an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences classified by moving assembly lines, was basically the concept of Fordism, know by the year 1914 worldwide. Ford used to be the manager of Mercury luxury brand for the US market, the company discontinued form market in the year 2011. Ford also acquired some subsidiaries over the years, like Jaguar and Land Rover for example, before being sold to Tata motors...
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...Hospitality Individual Report Recession & Healthy Eating Jason Holness Hospitality Services Management Events Management & Human Resources Monday 20th June 2011 [Summary] The great recession and healthy eating are two main concerns within the restaurant sector. Reviewing issues ranging from immigrants being blamed for homegrown residents finding it hard to find suitable work, down to healthy eating issues of obesity epidemics and why organic food is being served. [Introduction] Two major current issues within the restaurant sector / tourism industry are recession and healthy eating. This report will further highlight those issues, go into depth and observe how HRM is trying to tackle the issues also. The recent recession had caused a lot of people to change the way they live and businesses to change the way they operate. Issues more commercially known to the general public were was simply a loss of jobs or businesses going bankrupt. Businesses who were able to survive the recession either grew in demand or downsized operations to cut costs. Moving onto another key issue within the restaurant sector, healthy eating has risen on the agenda as the government tries to reduce and combat obesity. Along side obesity is a list of other health and lifestyle issues, which seem to exist due to unhealthy consumption of food. [Recession] A recent report considers the question: did the presence of immigrant workers in the United States labour market...
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...Chap Chapter 1 1. Define Organizational Behavior. The study of individual behavior and group dynamics in organizations. The study of organizational behavior is primarily concerned with the psychosocial, interpersonal, and behavioral dynamics in organizations. 2. Identify four action steps for responding positively in times of change. (1) Have a positive attitude, (2) ask questions, (3) listen to the answers and (4) be committed to success. 3. Identify the important system components of an organization. The four major internal components are task, people, technology, and structure. 4. Describe the formal and informal elements of an organization. The formal organization is the official, legitimate, and most visible part of the organization, and this is the part that enables people to think of organizations in logical and rational ways. The informal elements of the organization are often points of diagnostic and intervention activities in organizational development, though the formal elements must always be considered because they provide the context for the informal. Part II.--Answer questions at the end of the reading listed below: Issues in Diversity Women Triumph in times of Recession – really? American women are finally in a position to surpass men in the workforce, but it took an economic recession for them to do it. The layoffs and plant closures experienced in the manufacturing and construction industries have hit working men terribly hard. Some estimate that...
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...nation’s citizens? Background America is still recovering from the greatest recession sense the Great Depression and many countries around the world are now struggling with bad economies, unemployment, and massive debt. But why are governments so concerned about the economy? Governments care because it is believed that a better national economy leads to a better quality of life for the nation’s citizens. So, governments spend billions of dollars as an attempt to help the nation’s economy grow, which should lead to a better life for the nation’s citizens. This seems like it has good intentions, but many governments borrow the money they use for this spending and that only creates new problems. In the United States, the total debt is greater than its total economic output, and this debt will only hinder future and long term growth. On top of all that, the idea that a better national economy will make the citizens happier overall contradicts the idea that money doesn’t buy happiness. Does this mean that money actually does buy happiness, or does it mean that the economy doesn’t have anything to do with people’s happiness? Some regions are poorer than the United States and yet are happier, an example is Latin America. Other richer countries, like the United States, Japan, and China have had great economic growth over the past few decades, yet happiness has changed very little and in the case of China it has even declined. So does this mean that the economy doesn’t have ...
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...SERIES IZA DP No. 6057 PAPER The Global Economic Crisis: Long-Term Unemployment in the OECD P.N. (Raja) Junankar DISCUSSION October 2011 Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor The Global Economic Crisis: Long-Term Unemployment in the OECD P.N. (Raja) Junankar University of New South Wales, University of Western Sydney and IZA Discussion Paper No. 6057 October 2011 IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-180 E-mail: iza@iza.org Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary...
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...Unemployment in the World Today Today, we face economic struggles that seem to have no end. We face many different problems from our forefathers because things are just different today. Technologies, the way people do even the simplest tasks change everyday and the world has to change along with it. The Unites States has now entered a Recession. “A recession is a general slowdown in economic activity in a country over a sustained period of time, or a business cycle contraction. During recessions, many macroeconomic indicators vary in a similar way. Production as measured by Gross Domestic Product, employment, investment spending, capacity utilization, household incomes and business profits all fall during recessions. (Recession)” Many different people have many different solutions to this recession problem. Some do not even see it as a problem. There are also many different reasons that people believe it happened. The face is that a recession today is not okay. In this essay, I am going to write on unemployment and how it is affecting us today. Unemployment is a huge problem with recessions, people have to work to simply live. However, some unemployment is unavoidable. When people stop working then they get more dependent on the government, and the government really does not need that. Especially when we are so far in debt as we are now. The governments debt of today is $11,047,905,411,741.70 and that is not a good thing for us as Americans or future generations of Americans...
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.... The Great Depression was a period of unprecedented decline in economic activity. It is generally agreed to have occurred between 1929 and 1939. Although parts of the economy had begun to recover by 1936, high unemployment persisted until the Second World War. Background To Great Depression: * The 1920s witnessed an economic boom in the US (typified by Ford Motor cars, which made a car within the grasp of ordinary workers for the first time). Industrial output expanded very rapidly. * Sales were often promoted through buying on credit. However, by early 1929, the steam had gone out of the economy and output was beginning to fall. * The stock market had boomed to record levels. Price to earning ratios were above historical averages. * The US Agricultural sector had been in recession for many more years * The UK economy had been experiencing deflation and high unemployment for much of the 1920s. This was mainly due to the cost of the first world war and attempting to rejoin the Gold standard at a pre world war 1 rate. This meant Sterling was overvalued causing lower exports and slower growth. The US tried to help the UK stay in the gold standard. That meant inflating the US economy, which contributed to the credit boom of the 1920s. Causes of Great Depression Stock Market Crash of October 1929 During September and October a few firms posted disappointing results causing share prices to fall. On October 28th (Black Monday), the decline in prices turned...
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...micro-economic level, decreasing the leverage ratio is known as deleveraging, of a single firm or single economic entity. Moreover, deleveraging on macro-economic level is when there is a reduction in debt levels in private and public sectors. Hence, this leads to a decline in the debt to the GDP ratio in the national account. There are several macro-economic consequences of deleveraging in an economy followed by severe recessions and financial crisis. According to some studies, deleveraging is considered as the main economic trend for the coming years. However, in contradiction to this, a lot of researchers show that this economic term can prove to be unhelpful. The most important step to reduce the assets to equity ratio is to reduce the amount of debt held by a company, government or household. This is the first way of cutting leverage. It is important to understand that assets must be reduced as well if the books need to be balanced; hence, not necessarily do assets support some kind of real economic activity. Once there is a lower leverage, there are great chances of reduced risks. The likelihood of default lowers if the equity buffers are bigger. Moreover, lower borrowing costs are the buffer (The Economist 2012). There are increasing pressures for a period of sustained deleveraging due to the current economic circumstances. Deleveraging is a result of the decline in the assets to equity ratio....
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