...Aerobic respiration involves four steps glycolysis, formation of acetyl coenzyme A, the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain. Two enzymes that indicate the presence of electron transport chains (ETCs) are oxidase and catalase. Oxidase is an enzyme that is found in Cytochrome C of ETC. It is found in bacteria and mitochondria of eukaryotic organisms. Organism that possess ETC with directly move electrons to oxygen, which is the final electron acceptor. Catalase is common enzyme, which is found in living organisms. Catalase is very important enzyme that protects cell from hydrogen peroxide; it is very damaging to the cell. Catalase decomposes hydrogen peroxide, into harmless water and oxygen gas. To avoid death cells produce catalase, this results from faulty ETC. Anaerobic respiration occurs in environments without oxygen gas. Anaerobic respiration only occurs in prokaryotic organisms;...
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...skin flora “as a population of pathogenic and innocuous microorganisms (MOs)normally living on skin, and within mouth, respiratory tract and large intestine” Some species of Micrococcus can be found in soil, dust of air , marine water and on the skin or even in the skin glands. Micrococcus has been found to have occasionally been reported as the cause of pneumonia, and meningitis . Micrococcal species have found to have causes germs to invade the body that are usually germ free or invasive disease usually in patients where the immune system is already comprised the majority of the time this is caused by Micrococcus Luteus(sciencedirect.com). Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive, that belongs to the family Micrococcaceae.It is urease and catalase positive. It gets its name from micro meaning microscopic, coccus meaning spherical shape of the organism and luteus meaning yellow. An obligate aerobe, M. luteus is found in soil, dust, water and air, and as part of the normal flora of the mammalian skin.M. luteus is mostly found in environments where the temperature is around 98.6 °F since this is the temperature at which its usual is known to be at regular body temperature. It also grows in beer as well as its growth in dairy products and can be transmitted consumption of milk (sciencedirect.com). The bacterium also colonizes the human mouth, mucosae, oropharynx and upper respiratory tract. Although once regarded as non-pathogenic, it is now considered an opportunistic pathogen, especially...
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...CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study Design This research is an experimental study which was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of treatment of Cassia alata as antioxidant effects in cardiovascular system of hyperglycemic rats. The antioxidant activity was tested from the leaf of Cassia alata using its aqueous extract. For this study, 30 Wistar rats weighing between 180 to 200g were used. They were housed in standard cages in a room with a 12 hour light/dark cycle and 50 to 60% relative humidity at a temperature of about 30°C. The animals had fed with standard food and water without limit. This study was conducted in two groups of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats in which each group will consist of 15 rats. For the first group of STZ induced diabetic rats had fed with Cassia alata aqueous extract for 20 days meanwhile for the second group of STZ induced diabetic rats had fed with normal saline as a negative control for 20 days. The two groups of STZ induced diabetic had divided into 2 batches. First batch of diabetic rats was consisted of 6 rats for both groups while the second batch was consisted of 9 rats for both groups. All of the rats in two groups had fasted for 12 hour before induced diabetic via STZ injection. After an injection, the rats with level of fasting blood sampling (FBS) above 200 mg/dl will take for further investigation. Henceforth, the treatment was began in which the Cassia alata aqueous extract will administer orally after 48 hour diabetic...
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...motility. Optimal growth temperature was determined by incubating nutrient broths of the organism at 25° C and 37° C, and optimal pH was tested by inoculating broths with pHs of 3, 7, and 10. Fluid thioglycollate medium determined the organism’s oxygen requirements. The metabolic profile was created by inoculating the bacterium into broths containing glucose, lactose, mannitol, and citrate and incubating the tubes at 25° C for 48 hours, then observing it for color change. Oxidative metabolic tests for oxidase and catalase were also performed using an oxidative reagent and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. The Enterotube II System was used to further classify its metabolic profile. The stains revealed that the bacterium was a Gram-negative bacillus. The organism was shown to be non-motile and grows best at a pH of 10 and a temperature of 25° C, making it an alkaliphilic mesophile. The oxidation and fermentation tests showed that the organism is an oxidase-positive, catalase-positive aerobe that does not ferment sugars or metabolize citrate. The Enterotube II test results showed that the bacterium is not an Enterobacterium. In light of these attributes, the organism belongs in...
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...applications of different concentrations of seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) of Sargassum wightii on growth, biochemical constituents and antioxidant enzymes of Helianthus annuus L. to explore the possibilities of reducing or avoiding chemical fertilizers and to obtain the highest growth and productive parameters. The foliar spray was given twice in 15days interval at two concentrations (2.5%, 5.0%) of SLF. The aqueous extract of Sargassum wightii was found to promote almost all the parameters such as shoot length, root length, leaf length, leaf breadth, fresh weight, dry weight and number of leaves. The biochemical contents such as chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, carbohydrate, total phenols and antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were also found to be higher in the leaves. Among the two concentrations 2.5% was found to produce better results in almost all the parameters. The results revealed that foliar application of seaweed extract could be a promising option for pollution free non toxic growth enhancement of Helianthus annuus L. Key words: Sargassum wightii, growth, biochemical constituents, antioxidant enzymes, Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer. INTRODUCTION Any improvement in agricultural system resulting in higher production should reduce the negative environmental impact on agriculture and enhance...
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...astronauts. A deleterious effect of radiation is the production of reactive oxygen species, which result in damage to biomolecules (e.g., lipid, protein, amino acids, and DNA). Understanding free radical biology is necessary for designing an optimal nutritional countermeasure against space radiation–induced cytotoxicity. Free radicals (e.g., superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals) and other reactive species (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, and hypochlorous acid) are produced in the body, primarily as a result of aerobic metabolism. Antioxidants (e.g., glutathione, arginine, citrulline, taurine, creatine, selenium, zinc, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin A, and tea polyphenols) and antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidases) exert synergistic actions in scavenging free radicals. There has been growing evidence over the past three decades showing that malnutrition (e.g., dietary deficiencies of protein, selenium, and zinc) or excess of certain nutrients (e.g., iron and vitamin C) gives rise to the oxidation of biomolecules and cell injury. A large body of the literature supports the notion that dietary antioxidants are useful radioprotectors and play an important role in preventing many human diseases (e.g., cancer,...
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... Supervised by: Dr Ajit Kumar Sr. Research Officer S.P. Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur Submitted by: Ravi Pareek DECLARATION I hereby declare that the project report entitled “Study of MDA (malondialdehyde) as abiotic stress marker in CSV-17 variety of Sorghum bicolor” is a record of the work compiled by me under the supervision and guidance of Dr. Ajit Kumar, S.P. Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur as a part of my 45 days summer training. Ravi Pareek (B.TECH-BIOTECHNOLOGY) (AUR0821094) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all with due regard to my respective god with whose kindness and blessing we could be able to accomplish the task of training. Mr. Sourabh Pareek, for his kind permission to allow me to undergo my major project at S. P. Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur. I am overwhelmed with rejoice to take this opportunity to evince my profound sense of reverence and gratitude to my esteemed supervisor respective Dr. Ajit Kumar, for giving his regular advice and excellent suggestion which have helped us for completing the study. His regular assistance and guidance really helped me to bring formidable task in successful manner. Sincere thanks to Dr. Sonali Jana and Dr. Neha Upreti for their cooperation. I express heartiest and sincere thanks to S. P. Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur for providing all necessary facilities without which I could not have completed my study. Ravi Pareek (B.Tech- Biotechnology) ABBREVATIONS:CAT – Catalase CSH - Coordinated Sorghum Hybrid CSV...
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...appropriate amount of detergent and urea. Samples of the natural milk with synthetic milk were analyzed for concentration of urea and detergent and their effect is assayed through survey in different population in Uttar Pradesh, India. Children’s had different range of intake of milk. Children of age group 1-5 years consumes about 50-250 mg of milk daily, while of age group 6-18 years of children consumes about 250-1000 ml milk/day and children’s of age group 19-22 consumes milk about 500-1000 ml milk /day. Addition of synthetic milk is on large scale in Meerut district of U.P. and mostly urea in such milk creating huge problem of headache, eyesight and diarrhea in children. Keywords: Milk adulteration; Synthetic milk, detection, urea 1. Research Scholar, Faculty of H.Sc, Sri. A.K.A.P.G. Collage Varanasi. 2. Head, Department of Food & Nutrition, Sri. Agrasen Kanya Autonomous P.G. College. Parmanandpur, Varanasi. 3. School of Biochemical Engineering, Institule of Technology B.H.U. Varanasi. Corresponding Author Email: sheel_bhu@yahoo.co.in 1 Introduction Liquid milk is an essential nutritional food for infants as well as the aged. Adulteration of natural milk with a chemically synthesized milky liquid (synthetic milk) is a matter of serious concern. The dairy industry employs various checks these tests commonly include determination of fat and total solids by chemical or physical analyses; estimation of sediment by forcing milk through filter pads and noting the residue left;...
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...Chatterjee3†, Vikas Kumar1# 1 Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India 2 Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India 3 Stettiner Str. 1, D-76138 Karlsruhe, Germany Email: #vikas.phe@itbhu.ac.in Received September 30, 2011; revised November 17, 2011; accepted November 28, 2011 ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the anti-stress activity of standardized extract of Fumaria indica (FI) through validated behavioral models of rodents followed by estimation of biochemical changes associated with chronic stress. Methods: Fifty percent ethanolic extract of FI used in this study was standardized on its contents of fumaric acid and its conjugates (0.45% and 0.35% respectively). Stressed Charles Foster rats received unpredictable foot shocks (2 mA, 1 hr, 14 days) through electric grid. FI was given orally as 0.3% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) suspension in 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses. For comparison, Panax ginseng (PG) extract (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as standard adaptogen. Incidence of gastric ulceration, changes in weight of adrenal and spleen, behavioral depression, cognitive dysfunction test and suppression of sexual behavior in male rats were used as validated behavioral models. Plasma corticosterone, brain levels of lipid peroxides (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH), and expression...
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...ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF GARLIC (Allium sativum) LEAVES AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Natural Sciences College of Arts and Sciences San Beda College- Manila In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For BIO31 By: Larraine Love N. Muyalde April 2016 CHAPTER 1 Overview of Research Problem INTRODUCTION Statement of the Problem/Objectives of the Study Garlic (Allium sativum) is widely known for its use as the usual condiment in various recipes.Garlic has many medicinal uses according to various studies. However Garlic leaves aren’t given attention to because there are few studies about it. A small number of people use Garlic leaves as a part of their recipe. However, garlic leaves also contain an amount of what the garlic bulb has. Although most scientific studies have investigated the effects of garlic bulb, the leaves offer a similar profile of benefits and risks. Allicin, the primary active constituent of garlic bulb, appears in lower amounts in the leaves or chives of the plants (Russo,J. 2013). Garlic can rightfully be called one of nature’s wonderful plants with healing power. It can inhibit and kill bacteria, fungi, lower (blood pressure, blood cholesterol and blood sugar), prevent blood clotting, and contains anti-tumor properties. It can also boost the immune system to fight off potential disease...
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...Lab Manual Introductory Biology (Version 1.4) © 2013 eScience Labs, LLC All rights reserved www.esciencelabs.com • 888.375.5487 2 Table of Contents: Introduc on: Lab 1: Lab 2: Lab 3: Lab 4: The Scien fic Method Wri ng a Lab Report Data Measurement Introduc on to the Microscope Biological Processes: Lab 5: Lab 6: Lab 7: Lab 8: Lab 9: The Chemistry of Life Diffusion Osmosis Respira on Enzymes The Cell: Lab 10: Lab 11: Lab 12: Lab 13: Lab 14: Lab 15: Cell Structure & Func on Mitosis Meiosis DNA & RNA Mendelian Gene cs Popula on Gene cs 3 4 Lab Safety Always follow the instruc ons in your laboratory manual and these general rules: eScience Labs, LLC. designs every kit with safety as our top priority. Nonetheless, these are science kits and contain items which must be handled with care. Safety in the laboratory always comes first! Lab Prepara on • • Please thoroughly read the lab exercise before star ng! If you have any doubt as to what you are supposed to be doing and how to do it safely, please STOP and then: Double-check the manual instruc ons. Check www.esciencelabs.com for updates and ps. Contact us for technical support by phone at 1-888-ESL-Kits (1-888-375-5487) or by email at Help@esciencelabs.com. • Read and understand all labels on chemicals. If you have any ques ons or concerns, refer to the Material Safely Data Sheets (MSDS) available at www.esciencelabs.com. The MSDS lists the dangers, storage requirements, exposure treatment...
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...ABSTRACT Food and feed is possibly the area where processing anchored in biological agents has the deepest roots. Despite this, process improvement or design and implementation of novel approaches has been consistently performed, and more so in recent years, where significant advances in enzyme engineering has fastened the place of such developments. Targeted improvements aim at enzymes with enhanced thermal and operational stability, improved specific activity, modification of pH-activity profiles, and increased product specificity, among others. This has been mostly achieved through protein engineering and enzyme immobilization, along with improvements in screening. The latter has been considerably improved due to the implementation of high-throughput techniques, and due to developments in protein expression and microbial cell culture. Expanding screening to relatively unexplored environments (marine, temperature extreme environments) has also contributed to the identification and development of more efficient biocatalysts. Technological aspects are considered, but economic aspects are also briefly addressed. INTRODUCTION: Food processing through the use of biological agents is historically a well-established approach. The earliest applications go back to 6,000 BC or earlier, with the brewing of beer, bread baking, and cheese and wine making, whereas the first purposeful microbial oxidation dates from 2,000 BC, with vinegar production. Coming to modern days, in the late XIX...
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...Isolation and characterization of bacterial endophytes from indigenous tree legumes (Colophospermum mopane) and screening for their potential to produce plant growth hormones. HIT 400 Project Proposal submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology (Hons) Degree in Biotechnology To Biotechnology Department School of Industrial Sciences and Technology Harare Institute of Technology (HIT) By Edinah Tembo` H1210549T Under the supervision of Mrs P.D Chiunzi 1.0 Introduction The status quo of Zimbabwe’s agriculture seeks to increase productivity along with a long term maintenance of a sustained yield. This aim however, can only be successfully achieved if there is a sufficient supply of plant growth hormones to the plants. Due to the market globalization, the exporting of the agricultural products is rapidly rising hence a need to meet the export demand. Zimbabwe has an abundant variety of indigenous tree legumes, unfortunately scientific taxonomic knowledge of the inhabiting endophytic species is limited and more has to be done to catch up with the rest of the world . The performance of the Zimbabwean economy has always been historically dependent and anchored on the production of the primary sector that is mining and agriculture. Although unpredictable rains continue to adversely affect the sector, the 2000 land reform programme made significant strides in employment creation and improving the livelihoods of the generality...
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...produced by Hands-On Labs, Inc. which holds and reserves all copyrights on the intellectual properties associated with the LabPaq’s unique design, assembly, and learning experiences. The laboratory manual included with a LabPaq is intended for the sole use by that LabPaq’s original purchaser and may not be reused without a LabPaq or by others without the specific written consent of HOL. No portion of any LabPaq manual’s materials may be reproduced, transmitted or distributed to others in any manner, nor may be downloaded to any public or privately shared systems or servers without the express written consent of HOL. No changes may be made in any LabPaq materials without the express written consent of HOL. HOL has invested years of research and development into these materials, reserves all rights related to them, and retains the right to impose substantial penalties for any misuse. Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc. 3880 S. Windermere St. Englewood, CO 80110 Phone: Denver Area: 303-679-6252 Toll-free, Long-distance: 866-206-0773 www.LabPaq.com E-mail: info@LabPaq.com Printed in the United States of America. The experiments in this manual have been and may be conducted in a regular formal laboratory or classroom setting with the users providing their own equipment and supplies. However, this manual was especially written for the benefit of the independent study of students who do not have convenient access...
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...Introduction Ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the Earth’s surface has increased significantly over the last 20 years from increased ozone depletion. UV radiation is a component of sunlight that is divided into three parts: UVA (320-400nm), UV-B (280-320nm) and UVC (less than 280nm) [25]. Wavelength determines the transmission of UV radiation through the Earth’s atmosphere. UVC is completely absorbed by the atmospheric gases; UV-B radiation is absorbed by ozone layer and only a small amount reaches the Earth’s surface while UVA radiation is hardly absorbed. The decreased UV-B-filtering capacity of the ozone layer due to pollutants like chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), methylbromide and halons has increased the amount of solar UV-B radiation that plant life is exposed to [2]. A thorough understanding of the UV-B radiation levels is especially important in agriculture as its effects on crop species is essential to design crops that can produce food and other raw materials for the increasing world population. Increased UV-B exposure has the potential to damage DNA, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disrupt cellular process in many plant species [10]. Specifically, the primary deleterious effects of increased UV-B occur on the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus and the reduction of photosynthetic genes. Damage to the thylakoid membrane and destruction of chlorophyll (Fig. 6) along with the decrease in the amount of photosynthesis are also attributed to over exposure...
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