...IS2202 Computer Systems Architecture Lecture review pipeline and memory hierarchy EECS 252 Graduate Computer Architecture Computer Systems Architecture Review of Pipeline and cache memory concepts t Mats Brorsson, professor matsbror@kth.se, tel. 790 4121 Lec 3 – Performance + Pipeline Review Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences El t i l E i i dC t S i University of California, Berkeley http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pattrsn http://www‐inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs252 David Patterson Review from last lecture • Tracking and extrapolating technology part of architect’s responsibility • Expect Bandwidth in disks DRAM network and Expect Bandwidth in disks, DRAM, network, and processors to improve by at least as much as the square of the improvement in Latency • Quantify Cost (vs. Price) – IC ≈ f(Area2) + Learning curve, volume, commodity, margins Outline • • • • • • • • Review MIPS – An ISA for Pipelining 5 stage pipelining 5 t i li i Structural and Data Hazards Forwarding Branch Schemes Exceptions and Interrupts Conclusion • Quantify dynamic and static power Quantify dynamic and static power – Capacitance x Voltage2 x frequency, Energy vs. power • Quantify dependability – Reliability (MTTF vs. FIT), Availability (MTTF/(MTTF+MTTR) 3/28/2008 CS252-s06, Lec 02-intro 3 3/28/2008 CS252-s06, Lec 02-intro 4 1 IS2202 Computer Systems Architecture Lecture review pipeline and memory hierarchy MIPS ‐‐ A "Typical" RISC ISA • • •...
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...health care decisions helps us make choices that are right, good, fair and just for all patients” ("Health Care Ethics: Overview Of The Basics", July 2015.). The organization we are choosing is the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). This organization is a federal agency which supports health promotion, prevention and preparedness activities in the United States with the goal of improving public health. (“Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” 2014). The CDC was established in 1946 to combat a serious malaria outbreak and is controlled by the Department of Health and Human Services. The CDC works with partners at all levels in an attempt to monitor and prevent disease outbreaks and to oversee the implementation of disease prevention strategies. The CDC focuses on five areas which include the following: increasing support to health departments, improving global health, decreasing leading causes of death, strengthening surveillance and epidemiology, and reforming health policies. The CDC educates the public about ways to recognize and avoid contracting common infectious diseases, such as the flu. The CDC also monitors outbreaks of chronic diseases such as Ebola. The CDC keeps a close eye on the diseases that appear throughout the world and educates the public about how to avoid contracting and spreading the disease. If it were not for the CDC, in cooperation with the WHO (World Health...
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...is the diagnosis for an array of continued shortfalls from attention to impulsivity and/or hyperactivity ("What Is ADHD?", "ADHD: An Overview Smart Kids"). ADHD is a mental, developmental, and behavioral disorder that most often occurs in children, however can also occur in adults ("What Is ADHD?"," Glossary of ADHD Terms"). ADHD is a persistent disorder that is attributed to neurobehavioral problems ("Key Findings: Parent-Report of Diagnosis|Features|ADHD|NCBDDD|CDC"). “About 11% of all children and adolescents in America are affected by ADHD” ("ADHD: An Overview Smart Kids"). Not all children with ADHD display the same behaviors. There are three subtypes of ADHD; inattentive type, hyperactive, and impulsive type. “Inattentive does not include hyperactivity. A child may appear “spacey” or “not all there” and often fails to pick up on some part of the information provided whether presented verbally or in writing. Hyperactive includes many of the stereotypical behaviors associated with ADHD such as a constant fidgeting, shifting or moving, difficulty staying seated in class, and the inability to stay focused on one task. Impulsive is characterized by a tendency to act before thinking about the consequences” ("ADHD: An Overview Smart Kids"). There are numerous warning signs which may indicate the possibility that a child has ADHD ("ADHD: An Overview Smart Kids"). Below is a table of difficulties such as paying attention, being easily distracted, being unorganized, not being able...
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...community which is affected. Education and healthcare prevention will prove evident in the control of the spread of the chickenpox disease. Chickenpox is an airborne disease which is spread by coughing and sneezing of an infected person or direct contact with skin lesions. The initial symptoms of chickenpox are a fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, headache and a sore throat. A red skin rash appears a few days after the initial symptoms and forms small, itchy blisters. “After a chickenpox red spot appears, it usually takes about 1 or 2 days for the spot to go through all its stages, this includes blistering, bursting, drying and crusting over. New red spots will appear every day for up to 5 to 7 days” (Chickenpox (Varicella)-Topic Overview, n.d.). The rash initially appears on the face, back and chest to quickly cover the body including mucous membranes such as the mouth, genital area or in the ears. These symptoms will begin ten to twenty-one days after exposure to a contagious person. The virus can be spread by a person who is infected with chickenpox before symptoms even appear and until all blisters have crusted over. Chickenpox is a common childhood disease, “more than 90% of cases occur in children younger than 10 years old” (Chickenpox: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology, 2015). However, anyone who has never been vaccinated or has never received the chickenpox before including older children and adults can be susceptible to contracting the chickenpox...
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...HIV Cause, Treatment, Mortality, Morbidity, Incidence, and Prevalence HIV Causes and Mode of Transmission Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an acquired disease that infects white blood cells in humans, specifically Killer T cells, which destroys the chances of fighting off common colds and common infections in individuals. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been known to have first erupted from chimpanzees and monkeys in Africa. When hunting for food, humans would come in contact with infected blood, which is believed to be the leading cause of the communicable disease. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can be transmitted through sexually active individuals, blood transfusions, sharing of needles, through pregnancy, or breastfeeding. Infections may be transmitted through semen, infected blood, or vaginal secretions, which also has a possibility to become Acquire Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in some individuals (Mayo Clinic, 2014). HIV Symptoms and Treatment Patients who are infected with Human Immunodeficiency Transmission (HIV), may not experience symptoms for up to ten years. With susceptibility to the disease, individuals are able to spread the disease without realizing they have acquired the illness. Symptoms developed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) include: Diarrhea, fatigue, fever, vaginal yeast infections, headaches, mouth sores, muscle stiffness, rashes, sore throats, and swollen lymph glands (New York Times, 2014). In order to test for patients...
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...of The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is to protect the health of America and to “promote the quality of life through the prevention and control of the disease, injury, and disability (CDC, 2013).” The CDC has a concern about a growing disease that is normally found in children to young adults called Attention- Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, also known as ADHD. This Rhetorical Analysis will be focused on ADHD. The CDC’s Website is trying to inform current or future patients, parents and care givers, and teachers on how to handle this illness. The CDC offers patients many different ways to find out information that is current about ADHD. As a patient or a future patient, the CDC informs the reader that the way how doctors accurately diagnosis patients by using the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth edition (DSM-5) (CDC, 2013). The website also provides a checklist to answer if the patient believes that he/she has the symptoms of ADHD that could be filled out prior to the patient seeing the doctor to help the physician diagnosis the patient. The CDC informs the patient on possible treatments that the patient would undergo to try to better control the illness of ADHD such as medication treatments and behavioral therapy. As a patient, the CDC tries to make the patient not feel alone by providing stories from other people. Besides just stories from other people, the CDC also includes links to other websites that can help...
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...USAID Project CYCLE OVERVIEW SUMMARY This paper provides an overview of the Program Cycle to all USAID staff and their development partners. The overview demonstrates how the components of the Program Cycle support each other and relate to annual processes and documents. We now live in a more dynamic world, however, with new development partners, more coordination among various US Government actors, shorter execution cycles, new policies and fiscal realities, and greater appreciation for the complexity and contingency of development. The Program Cycle acknowledges that development is not static and is rarely linear, and therefore stresses the need to assess and reassess through regular monitoring, evaluation, and learning. The Program Cycle encourages planning and project management innovations to reduce the unit cost of delivery and increase the cost-effectiveness and lasting impact of development cooperation. In short, we are not going back to the future, but moving forward based on historical best practices. PROGRAM CYCLE COMPONENTS: 1. Agency Policies and Strategies. 2. Country Development strategies 3. Project Design and Implementation 4. Monitoring 5. Evaluation 6. Learning and Adapting 7. Budget Resources Agency Policies and Strategies: The Program Cycle is informed by a series of U.S. Government and USAID policies and strategies that define the goals and purpose of this approach, and that ultimately strive to make...
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...Overview – the incidence of diabetes in the United States The number of people diagnosed with diabetes in the United States has continued to grow over the years. “ Diabetes is a chronic and disabling disease that affects nearly 27 million adults in America (Center For Disease Control, 2011). Almost everyone knows someone who has diabetes, and according to the CDC the increase in the amount of people diagnosed with diabetes can be contributed to several factors such as: aging population, increasing rates of obesity, a larger share of at risk minority populations, and a longer lifespan among people with diabetes (CDC, 2011).the largest cause of kidney failure in developed countries is contributed to diabetes, it is also responsible for huge dialysis costs (CDC, 2011). “Each year 3.8 million deaths are attributable to diabetes. An even greater number die from cardiovascular disease made worse by diabetes-related lipid disorders and hypertension” (CDC, 2011).Recent numbers published by the CDC, estimates that the number of newly diabetes cases will grow every year to about 15 per 1,000 people by 2050 (CDC, 2011). http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2011.pdf Psychosocial challenges that patient’s encounter Diabetes management can be difficult and extremely frustrating for the patient. Psychosocial challenges can impede diabetes management and the quality of the patient’s life. Many patients suffer from major depression and depressive symptoms when they are diagnosed...
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...Discussion of Communicable Disease: Seasonal Influenza Marcie E. Boone, RN Grand Canyon University- NRS- 427V September 2, 2014 Discussion of Communicable Disease: Seasonal Influenza Each year the general public is urged to take action to avoid getting the Seasonal Flu virus by, encourage the pubic to obtain the vaccine before January. It is also; widely made known to the general public the impact of the Flu virus and that it can lead death for some each. However, each year many choose to ignore the advice that is given. But, why is it so vital that we get our Flu vaccine. In this paper we will discuss that very question. We will discuss why the Seasonal Flu is considered a communicable disease, explain the demographics of interest, describe the determinants of health and how these factors contribute to the development of the virus, discuss the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to communicable diseases, explain the role of the community health nurse, identify national agency that addresses the communicable disease and describe how the organization contributes to resolving or reducing the impact of the virus. Description of Communicable Disease According to Global Health Communicable diseases are defined as diseases that are spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person. In addition, they are considered infectious and contagious. (Global Health, 2014). The Seasonal influenza will be referred to from this point on as the “Flu”. The Flu is...
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...How Tuberculosis Affects the World Concepts in Community and Public Health October 17, 2014 How Tuberculosis Affects the World Tuberculosis (TB) was misconstrued as a disease of the past. However, it remains to be a significant threat to public health. In 2012, one-third of the population worldwide is affected by TB. About 9-million were diagnosed with TB and with nearly 1.5-million mortality each year (American Lung Association [ALA], 2013). 95-percent of fatality occurs on low- and mid-income countries. It affects young adults, although all ages are at risk. It is the third leading fatality to women 15- to 44-years-old.TB follows human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) as leading cause of death for a single infectious bacteria. It is the cause of death to 20-percent of people with HIV/AIDS. More than 20-percent of TB disease is connected to smoking (World Health Organization, 2014). TB is caused by Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis bacteria which usually attacks the lungs. Although, it can strike any parts of the body such as the brain, kidney, and spine. TB disease can be fatal if not treated. M. tuberculosis is a slow-growing bacteria that proliferates in the body organs with enough supply of blood and oxygen, this explains why it is predominant in the lungs. TB is categorized to being latent or inactive disease if a person is inflicted with the bacteria but is asymptomatic, and at this time is not contagious. A person with active...
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...epidemiologic triangle and how it relates to chickenpox. It explains the role of the community health nurse regarding their case findings, reporting, data collecting, data analysis and the follow-up related to chickenpox. It identifies on great national agency that addresses the virus and describes contributes to resolving and reducing the impact of the disease. Varicella was confused with smallpox until the late eighteenth century. Rudolf Steiner was scientist who discovered that varicella virus was caused by an infectious agent in 1875. Steiner removed fluid from the blisters of chickenpox and put it on the skin of volunteers that were healthy. It resulted in the volunteers to contract the virus (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2012). The symptoms of the virus develop about 15 days after being exposed to an infected person. Symptoms are fever, headache, cough, sore throat, and a decreased appetite. The rash goes through stages. It appears as a red spots on the face and torso and then spreads to the extremities, 1 to 2 days after the symptoms start. Then blisters form till they burst, dry and then crust over. Up to 7 days, there will be new spots daily. The process of the disease from symptoms...
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...(CDC, November 3, 2015) According to the CDC, “Ebola was known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, which is a deadly disease that is caused by infections from other Ebola virus species.” Ebola is not just a disease in humans, animals also carry it. Like monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees. (CDC, November 3, 2015) According to researchers, “They believe that the virus is animal- borne, and bats are the likely reservoir.” Ebola is transmitted by direct contact, like through the eyes, mouth, or nose. Or, also by blood, or body fluids. (CDC, November 3, 2015) According to the CDC, “The 2014 Ebola epidemic is the largest in history.” There were more than 360 Liberians who became infected with the virus. (World Health Organization, December...
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...not due to overeating. The article reports, “a study from Stanford University reported in The American Journal of Medicine suggests the rise in obesity in the US is likely due to increased sedentary lifestyles across the nation, and not eating too many calories” (Paddock, 2014, para 1). Although this health issue has received a lot of attention in the last couple of decades, the rate of obesity still continues to be high. According to the CDC, in 2011–2012, the prevalence of obesity in the U.S. has continued to increase significantly in the past 20 years; 36% of adults and 17% of children and teenagers are currently overweight. Another 17% of children and teenagers are obese (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2010). The terms ‘overweight’ and ‘obese’ are determined by ‘body mass index’ or BMI. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a number determined from a person's weight and height. For an adult, a BMI from 18.5-24.9 is considered normal, a BMI between 25-29.9 is considered overweight, and a BMI greater than 30 is considered obese (CDC, 2011). This paper discusses the Medical News Today article, the topic of obesity, and how it is related to Healthy People 2020. While I agree with the Medical News Article that a lack of exercise is a cause of obesity, I disagree that it is the sole cause. Increasing obesity in the U.S. is not in agreement with the objectives of the nationwide program ‘Healthy People 2020.’ This health prevention program was implemented by the federal government...
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...doctors, hospitals, dental care, mental health care, counseling services/centers, hospitals, school education, programs for elderly, community involvement The Association of Religion Data Archives. (2010). County membership report. Dane County, Wisconsin. Retrieved from: http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/c/55/rcms2010_55025_county_name_2010.asp Sperling’s Best Places. (2016). Madison, Wisconsin. Retrieved from http://www.bestplaces.net/religion/city/wisconsin/madison Health Perception / Management Predominant health problems of Dane County, WI = Obesity, DM 2, HTN Leading cause of death in Dane County, WI (The Health of Dane County 2013 Health Status Overview Report, 2013) Cancer (678) Heart Disease (611) Alzheimer’s Disease (159) According to CDC, leading causes of death (CDC, 2013) Heart Disease (611,105) Cancer (584,881) Chronic lower respiratory diseases (130,557) Approximately 73% of Dane County children are up-to-date on...
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...Under the tab” Opioid Overdose”, the CDC mentions how the United States is under an Opioid overdose epidemic. They mention, in 2015 more than 33,000 people were killed from Opioids, including prescription opioids, and heroin. This is the most death ever recorded. The CDC states, “nearly half of all opioid overdose deaths involve a prescription opioid”. To better protect the public’s health and hamper opioid overdose deaths, the CDC is first improving data. Meaning, they are enhancing “ data quality and timeliness to better track trends, identify communities at risk and evaluate prevention strategies” (CDC). Next, they are strengthening state efforts, which includes enhancing productive interventions. Finally, the CDC is equipping health care...
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