...Tissue (Epithelium): forms interactive surfaces with environment on external and internal body surfaces; functions as barriers. Formed from continuous sheets of tightly packed cells Covers outside of body; or lines organs and body cavities Apical surface: the free surface exposed to air or body fluids Basal surface: cells at base of epithelium are attached to a basement membrane (which is a dense layer of extracellular matrix) Is avascular (no blood vessels); the blood vessels that supply nutrients and remove wastes are in the adjacent connective tissue: diffusion Cell Shapes at APICAL surface Squamous epithelium: flat; look like floor tiles Their thinness allows rapid movement of substances through them by diffusion Cuboidal epithelium: boxlike; looks like dice Produces important secretions Columnar epithelium: tall, pillar-like; some have cilia Protects underlying tissue Functions in absorption of nutrients and secretions (digestive juices) Arrangement of Layers Simple epithelium: 1 layer of cells Stratified epithelium: 2 or more layers Protect underlying tissues where the is abrasion/ wear and tear Stratified squamous (best adapted for abrasion): covers outside of body; forms outermost layer of skin; lines mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus. Pseudostratified epithelium (false multiple layers): 1 layer of a mixture of cell shapes; looks like multiple layers, but it isn’t. Not all cells reach the cell surface; the ones that do are either ciliated...
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...it. Despite being a major contributor to human body functioning giving the heart an extraordinary complexity, if one analyzes different parts of the organ at a time then it gives the organ a more subtle simplicity. The heart has roughly the size of ones fist, giving it a mass between 250 and 350 grams. This organ is situated snugly between the lungs, but it is more orientated to the left lung. “It rests on the superior surface of the diaphragm, the heart lies anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum” (Marieb). Regardless of all the protection the heart receives from the skeleton surrounding it, the organ also has “double-walled sac called the pericardium” (Marieb). The three major functions of the pericardium is to protect the heart, securing itself to neighboring structures, and lastly to prevent to the heart to over accumulate blood. Deeper into the pericardium, there is a double layer, one is the parietal layer which “attaches to the large arteries exiting the heart, and then turns inferiorly and continues over the external heart surface” (Marieb), and the visceral layer which is the primary part of the heart wall. The heart has is composed of three layers: the epicardium; the myocardium; and the endocardium. The epicardium is the visceral layer. The...
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... Shedd Aquarium Abstract Coral samples were obtained from Shedd Aquarium to investigate the symbiotic relationship between the corals and their zooxanthellae under environmental stress. The zooxanthellae DNA were extracted, amplified, and sequenced. The sequences were then analyzed using Sequencher 5.0 and BioEdit where they were aligned individually and then against other sequences found in previous literature research. The aligned sequences were run in Genbank using the BLAST function to identify the zooxanthellae at the subclade level. Further research into current literature was done with the best matched subclades to our sequences to further investigate the thermal resilience of the zooxanthellae. It was found that thylakoid membrane lipid compositions as well as lipid energy reserves are correlated to bleaching susceptibility. Clade D symbionts have higher lipid energy reserves, allotting for more thermal resilience in comparison to clade C as well as increased abundances in D symbiont types among reefs after bleaching events. Bleaching susceptibility was also found to have variation within clades. More research is needed to fully understand the coral-zooxanthellae relationship and acclimatization under stress. Introduction Coral reefs harbor over a fourth of all marine species and therefore are one of the most biologically diverse systems of the oceans (Gills, 2010). The coral community is comprised of a collection of biological communities that all interact...
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...Beetroot IA Aim * To investigate the structure of a cell membrane Introduction The cell membrane is made up of the phospholipid bilayer which is infused with lipids and proteins which keep the membranes structure intact. Acids have properties which allow them to react with the lipids/ proteins- specifically the polypeptide chain; denaturing them which causes the membrane to break. This cause the organelles (such as pigment) in the cells in the membrane are released. Research question * How does the concentration of HCl affect the structure of the cell membrane of beetroot, measured by light transmittance through the HCl/beetroot solution? Hypothesis * As the concentration of HCl increases, so too will the density of light transmittance. This is because the more acidic the HCl pH (concentration) becomes the more damaged the cell membrane will become ultimately releasing more and more pigment. Variables Independent variable * Concentration of HCl * Range= 0.0%, 12.5%, 25.0%, 50.0%, 100.0% * 0.0%= 100% of distilled Water * 100%= 100% of 2.0 molˉ¹ HCI * Error= ±0.1% Dependent Variable * The transmittance of light through solution of beetroot pigment without beetroot in percentages. * Error= ±0.01% Controled/Fixed Variables * a table of the variables that will need to be controlled so as not to influence the results ( make it a fair test). Variable To Be Controlled | How it will be controlled | Concentration...
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...In the nasal cavity, there are three little bumps. Now those three little lumps are called the superior, middle, and inferior meatuses. If you remember back to API when you studied the skull and you looked inside of the nasal cavity, there were three little bones on the left and right of the perpendicular plate of ethmoid. And those were the superior, middle, and inferior conchae. So those little lumps you're looking at are the conchae that you learned about before, but they're just covered with tissue. So in this instance, we're calling them meatuses. And the job of those meatuses is to almost act as though they're speed bumps. So as soon as you sucked the air in through our nostrils, the air will get caught around the meatuses. It slows the air flow down. And when it slowed the air flow down, it will allow time for the nasal cavity to filter and humidify the incoming air. Because the air in our environment is much drier than the inside of our body. So when we breathe air in, if we didn't humidify a little bit, it would potentially dry out our nasal passages. So as soon as we breathe the air in, the nasal cavity will moisten it up, filter it, and then send it down to the deeper parts of the respiratory tract. So again, those meatuses act as sped bumps. They're going to kick up turbulence in the air to sallow us to filter and humidify better. And we know that the air we take in is humidified because if breathed into your hand. And next we have the hard and soft palate, which...
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...Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering EMM 5977 Independent Study Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Nor Mariah Adam Name Lai Jee Inn Matrik No. GS 42146 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Review on How to Improve the Efficiency of the Rechargeable Batteries-Lithium Batteries Lai Jee Inn GS42146 ABSTRACT Batteries are playing important role in our life especially in this high technology era. Laptop, mobile phone, camera and otherwise are using battery to make it to function. In order to improve the efficiency the batteries, several methods are discussed in this paper. INTRODUCTION In this advanced technology era, batteries have been commonly used by the consumers. We use them in different fields like cars, mobile phone, laptop and other else. (Hiroki Kitamura, 2012).Batteries is divided into two main groups which are primary and secondary batteries. (Clean Up Australia, 2009) Primary batteries are the batteries that normally use in dairy life such as remote control, clock but for this kind of batteries is a non rechargeable battery which means that we only can use it for one time and will be throw away after used. This kind of batteries is actually converting the chemical energy to electrical energy and they are normally known as the alkaline batteries. Secondary batteries are batteries that can be rechargeable and recycle after it cannot be recharge. This batteries mostly use for our mobile phone, laptop and other. Although...
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...clots. The first platelets will bind to the area of the wound and will release a signal that recruits more platelets tot come to the site. This is an example of positive feedback- the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. 3. What does it mean if an organism is an ectotherm? Endotherm? Give an example of each. An ectotherm does not regulate its own temp and depend on the envirmental temp. and endortherm can control its temp. 4. Herbivorous mammals tend to have extremely long digestive systems, especially the intestines; omnivores have intermediate length intestines; and carnivores have extremely short intestines. What might be a logical explanation for this pattern? It takes longer to digest plants because of the cell wall. Thus there needs to be a longer digestive tracks so that herbivores can get all the nutrients that need foe their body. 5. Why do strict vegetarians (vegans) have to be more careful of their choices of food than do vegetarians that also eat cheese, eggs, and dairy products? Thye are not able to get all the essential amino acids they needs from plants so they need to be careful of what they eat so that they can get those minerals...
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...adopted the word “influenza” in the mid-eighteenth century. It is known as the flu. Seasonal influenza is an acute viral infection caused by an influenza virus. What is the influenza virus? Virologists are not certain about the origins of the viruses, though they have three theories: they started as living cells and devolved into simpler organisms, they originated as primitive...
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...Nano technology in the automotive industry:- ABSTRACT What is Nanotechnology? Nanotechnology is the engineering of materials on the scale of 1 nanometer (nm) to 100 nm, a nanometer being 1 billionth of a meter. At this level, the basic physical laws governing macro objects undergo a drastic change. A macro particle is a cluster of atoms arranged together in random order. The formation of the structure is left to nature, and control over the properties of the material is difficult. Nanotechnology, on the other hand, is a bottom-up approach where materials are created by placing individual atoms together. This decreases the randomness in the structural formation, enabling significant control over the properties of the material. Mechanical properties such as strength, ductility, and resilience can all be incorporated into one material. Currently, nanotechnology is functioning as an enabling technology. It is being used to enhance the properties of existing materials. This is largely attributed to the fact that the technology has clearly not been understood and there is still much more to nanotechnology than meets the microscopic eye. It is rare for a single technology to have the power to dramatically influence almost every major industry in the world. Nanotechnology falls into this category and offers fundamentally new capabilities to architect a broad array of novel materials, composites and structures on a molecular scale. This technology has the potential to drastically...
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...NINTH EDITION Burton’s MICROBIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Acquisitions Editor: David B. Troy Product Manager: John Larkin Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees...
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...How to go to your page This eBook set contains two volumes. The main content pages are contiguously numbered: use the Table of Contents to find those page numbers. The front matter pages and indices are labeled with the Volume number and page separated by a colon. For example, to go to page vi of Volume 1, type Vol1:vi in the “page #” box at the top of the screen and click “Go”. To go to page vi of Volume 2, type Vol2:vi in the "page #" box… and so forth. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems This page intentionally left blank Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems VOLUME 1 Julie McDowell, Editor Copyright 2010 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of human body systems / Julie McDowell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–39175–0 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology—Encyclopedias. I. Title. QP11.M33 2011 612.003—dc22 2010021682 ISBN: 978–0–313–39175–0 EISBN: 978–0–313–39176–7 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC...
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...6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Muscles in action. Sprinters, like all athletes, depend on cellular respiration to power their muscles. CHAPTER CONTENTS Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 92 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 94 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 101 CHAPTER THREAD Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn? EVOLUTION CONNECTION Life before and after Oxygen 91 102 103 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters Track-and-field athletes usually have a favorite event in which they excel. Some runners specialize in sprints of 100 or 200 meters. Others excel at longer races of 1,500, 5,000, or even 10,000 m. It is unusual to find a runner who competes equally well in both 100-m and 10,000-m races; most runners are more comfortable running races of particular lengths. It turns out that there is a biological basis for such preferences. The muscles that move our legs contain two main types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch muscle fibers can contract many times over a longer period but don’t generate a lot of quick power for the body. They perform better in endurance exercises requiring slow, steady muscle activity, such as marathons. Fast-twitch muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully than slow-twitch fibers but also...
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...pressure constant which is .08311 liter bars/moles kelvin, and T was the temperature which was 294 Kelvin in the room. Because the pressure potential of the solution is zero, our solute potential is equal to the water potential. The water potential of the solution at equilibrium will be equal to the water potential of the potato cells. This value is useful because it allows us to predict the direction of the flow of...
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...percent of the body's calcium is in the skeleton.4 Bone is constantly being remodeled, with old bone being resorbed and new bone forming.4,5 The rate of annual calcium turnover is 100% in infants and 18% in adults. The cycle of bone resorption and consequent formation is approximately 100 days.4 Process of Bone Remodeling Bone remodeling is a complex, highly orchestrated process involving the balance of many factors. The cycle of bone remodeling occurs in stages, beginning with the formation of osteoclasts, bone resorption (by osteoclasts), a reversal period, bone matrix formation (by osteoblasts), and, finally, mineralization of the matrix.5 The osteoclast, a derivative of a monocyte/macrophage precursor, is a polykaryon (multinucleated cell) that degrades bone. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation, and the two interact to regulate the proliferation and activity of one another.6 A simplified explanation...
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...What is Microbiology? Microbiology is the study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. Originally, emphasis was placed on harmful micro organisms which cause disease or spoilage of beverages and food, but it is now recognized that many microbes have essential roles in our ecosystem or can be used to accomplish beneficial tasks. Human history is full of examples of major devastations caused by bacteria and viruses. Some of these historically important diseases still occur, such tuberculosis and yellow fever. Microorganisms are evolving to cause new infectious disease problems such as Lyme disease and AIDS, which capture public attention. Control and eradication of infectious diseases remain important goals of many microbiologists. The recognition that microorganisms were responsible for what was earlier thought to be "spontaneous generation" opened the door to industrial (pharmaceutical, chemical, energy) and food microbiology, technologies which contribute substantially to today's way of life. Microorganisms in soil and water are essential in the transformation of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and iron to products needed by plants and animals. In various ways, microbes participate in environmental cycling and degradation and global change. In the last few decades, microorganisms have been recognized as ideal model systems for the study of basic biological processes. More recently, microbiologists have brought an exciting dimension to the study of biology...
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