...the public. The company was started by George Eastman in Rochester, NY, when Eastman was in his mid-twenties. George Eastman grew up poor and was a high school dropout, but that did not stop him from making money and supporting his widowed mother and two sisters by the time he was 14 years old (History of, 2013). When Eastman was 24 years old, he had planned a trip to Santo Domingo, and had an idea to record the trip. Eastman purchased a large, heavy camera that was as big as a microwave (History of, 2013). Eastman never made the trip to Santo Domingo, but he did become obsessed with photography, and how he could make it simpler to understand. Before Eastman Kodak was formed, George Eastman had started a company, making dry photographic plates, which later lead to the idea of a convenient, simple to use camera that would become known as the Kodak. After the Kodak camera was introduced in 1888, the young company quickly grew. Eastman was big on advertising in newspapers, and periodicals, and he even made up his own phrase for the company, “You press the button, we do the rest” (History of, 2013). By 1897, Eastman Kodak was being advertised all over the world and would eventually become a major corporation. In 2012, Eastman Kodak filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy,...
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...Kodak and Fujifilm: Leaders in Film Anita Annunziata Professor Fardanesh Business 302 May 1, 2013 Kodak and Fujifilm are both well-known companies in the households of the United States and across the world. These two companies are each other’s main competition in the film market. They have been competing with each other for years. George Eastman, who was the founder of Kodak, was a lover of the photo taking procedure and wanted to simplify the photography process. Eastman established the Kodak Company in 1880. The Kodak Company was built on four basic principles: mass production at low cost, international distribution, widespread advertising, and customer focus. Years later, he was able to add the following policies: growth and development through continuing research, human resources, and a profit reinvestment program. Mr. Eastman knew that he had to make the photo process easy for amateur photographers. The Kodak camera debuted in 1888. The slogan “you press the button, we do the rest” was born. Kodak made the process of taking and developing pictures easy and accessible to nearly everyone. Kodak has led the way with a abundance of new products and processes that makes photography simpler, more useful and enjoyable. Kodak is not just known to be the film for amateurs, many professionals use Kodak film for commercial, leisure, and entertainment purposes. The Kodak Company is continually researching the needs of the consumer to...
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...What is photography? Photography is the art, science and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film, or electronically by means of an image sensor. Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. The result in an electronic image sensor is an electrical charge at each pixel, which is electronically processed and stored in a digital image file for subsequent display or processing. On 1834, in Campinas, Brazil, Hercules Florence, a French painter and inventor, wrote in his diary the word "photographie" to describe his process. As far as can be ascertained, it was Sir John Herschel in a lecture before the Royal Society of London, on March 14, 1839 who made the word "photography" known to the world. But in an article published on February 25 of the same year in a German newspaper called the Vossische Zeitung, Johann von Maedler, a Berlin astronomer, had used the word photography already. The word photography derives from the Greek φωτός (phōtos), genitive of φῶς (phōs), "light" and γραφή (graphé) "representation by means of lines" or "drawing", together meaning "drawing with light". Invented in the first decades of the 19th century, photography (by way of the camera) seemed able to capture more detail and information than traditional...
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...History of Kodak In 1880 George Eastman began inventing a single shot piece of paper that was covered in a photographic emulsion which was the beginning of Kodak. Three years later in 1883 he was joined by William Walker, working together they created a holder for photo plates two years later. In 1887 Hannibal Goodwin created a transparent nitrocellulose film base. In 1888 Emile Reynaud put perforations into nitrocellulose film. That same year Eastman trademarked the name Kodak and released the Kodak camera which came pre-loaded with a roll of paper film that could take up to 100 pictures and when finished the camera had to be sent back to Eastman to be developed and re-loaded with more film. In 1889, Eastman combined all of those inventions and created the first mass-produced rolls of transparent photographic film. T.he Kodak camera by folding collapsible Kodak cameras with nitrocellulose film, and by 1897 the invention of a folding, pocketable camera came. In 1892 Eastman began working with Thomas Edison to trim the 40mm film stock down to 35mm. Edison then perforated the film with four sprockets holes per frame which was a patented invention but was invalidated later on by the court. It also created the Kinetoscope which was a single person motion picture device which helped create the movie industry and give way to advances to create movies as we see them today. Eastman released a cardboard box camera called the Brownie and was very affordable at one dollar to operate...
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...PDF]Strategic Planning Template - Socrates socrates.berkeley.edu/~pbd/pdfs/Strategic_Planning.pdf may have previously developed vision and objectives, the planning process provides an opportunity ... defines a target audience and a set of goals and objectives;. • plans and ... Vision is a long range picture of how the “world will be” if you're successful in your work. .... Also, problem statements should be framed as either:. Angle of view - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_view Wikipedia The effective focal length is nearly equal to the stated focal length of the lens (F), except in macro photography where the lens-to-object ... is usually defined to be positive, despite the inverted image. ... of the frame (the film or image sensor). [PDF]Development Cooperation: a French Vision - France ... www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/.../Doc_Cadre_ANG_2011-2_cle09c7ea.... France ambition to define zones that are of common interest to North ... thrust, in line with France's vision of a European. Union set to .... reinforce the legitimacy and effectiveness of official action. ...... involving citizens upstream in the framing of public ... [PDF]Transformational Leadership - Regent University https://www.regent.edu/acad/.../ELJ_V1Is1_Givens.pdf Regent University by RJ Givens - 2008 - Cited by 29 - Related articles vision. The review also explores the following personal outcomes of the ... Koh et al.). Research has also shown that transformational leadership...
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...Photography Photography is undoubtedly one of the most important inventions in history -- it has truly transformed how people conceive of the world. Now we can "see" all sorts of things that are actually many miles -- and years -- away from us. Photography lets us capture moments in time and preserve them for years to come Today, photography is characterized by a rapid growth in the development of technology and ideas. Each year, millions of pictures are taken and an astonishing array of new films, cameras and imaging systems enter the market. One of the great attractions of the photography field is the ease with which basic skills can be learned. The word ‘photography’ comes from the Greek term ‘drawing with light’. Without light there is no photograph. Photography is about seeing, balancing and interpreting the light. Composition of Photography The Camera: The materials that are usually used in creating a camera are metal, glass, plastic, wood, and mirrors. The Film: Collodion: This substance transformed photography. This a viscous mixture of gun cotton that is dissolved in alcohol that then creates a thin film. It is then mixed with silver bromide, silver iodide or silver chloride. This substance reduced exposure time to seconds instead of hours. Film: The first type of camera film was produced when the collodion was combined with celluloid, a flexible plastic. This film started to be sold with “Kodak” in 1889 along with the worlds first box camera. Chemicals...
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...1. Find a way to add at least $200 to every video proposal you write. You can write it in as a couple more hours of editing or add it to your day rate for a shoot. It doesn't really matter how you do it. Just do it! I don't think I've ever lost a project because of a difference of $200. The other thing to consider is that you shouldn't be so transparent in your proposals. I don't show how many hours it's going to take to edit a project anymore. I simply tell them that the edit fee is $X number of dollars. This makes it easy to build some profit in there. Remember, as an owner, you want profits on top off your salary. If you increase your budgets by $200 or more per video, you can add several thousand dollars to your bottom line each year. 2. Renegotiate your fixed contracts such as cell phone, office phone, internet, etc. to reduce the monthly expense as much as possible. Everyone is dying to keep customers these days so use that to your advantage. I ate lunch with a guy today who was able to cut his monthly high speed internet bill by $50 a month just by making a phone call and asking them what the best deal they could give him was. I was able to reduce my phone bill by $200 a month just by asking the question, "What's the best deal you can give me? There are a lot of phone companies asking for my business so I want to know what you can do to convince me to stay with you." That's $2,400 back to the bottom line each year. Remember that I'm giving you ideas on how to boost...
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...As explained in the previous chapter, to create a stereoscopic movie, two cameras are required to capture the film simultaneously with each mimics the human eye. We can achieve this effect by having two cameras film side-by-side. The only dis-advantage of using this method is that we cannot cramped the interaxial distance by placing the camera extremely close side-by-side as most professional films cameras are huge and bulky. The only kind of shoots that are feasible by placing the camera close to each other is for the purpose of taking a medium to long shots. To film a close up shot, a type of custom camera rig is used to narrow the interaxial distance. This rig is called mirror rig or beam splitter. One camera is placed hori-zontally while the other camera is placed vertically. A semi-transparent mirror is placed at a 45 degrees’ angle which reflects the vertical camera while allowing the horizontal camera to shoot straight through shown in Figure 4.The interaxial distance can be very narrow even to zero interaxial depending of the shot hence this makes the mirror rig very suitable for close shooting (10). The downside of having this kind of set up is that not only its bulky, awkwardly shape and unbalance, the mirror in this camera rig is very sensitive to dust and requires constant care and clean. Bad quality mirrors can also cause a problem of colour mismatch between the two cameras. This can be fixed in post-production but should be avoided as it would waste more time,...
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...Kodak and Fujifilm Sue Hagler Professor Michael Curran Management Concepts November 6, 2012 Kodak and Fujifilm are well known companies in the households in the United States and across the world. Few people know the actual history of both companies and the competition they have been in over the years. It’s an interesting history on how both companies started and how they have developed and challenged each other over the years. George Eastman, who was the founder of Kodak, started his business career as a 14-year old boy when he had to quit school and work to support his mother and two sisters. Mr. Eastman had a gift for organization and management while his lively and inventive mind made him a successful entrepreneur by his mid-twenties. What sparked the idea of a simple camera was that his coworker suggested he make a record of his vacation to Santo Domingo. As a result, he became absorbed with photography and wanting to simplify the photography process. Eastman started Kodak in 1880 and built it on four basic principles: mass production at low cost, international distribution, extensive advertising, and a focus on the customer. Later on he added the following policies: foster growth and development through continuing research, treat employees in a fair, self-respecting way, and reinvest profits to build and extend the business. Mr. Eastman started the company by manufacturing dry plates for sale to photographers. One mishap almost shut down the company when...
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...KODAK case study Kodak’s Performance Today Kodak is in trouble: for the nine months ended 30 September 2005, Eastman Kodak’s revenues increased by only 3% to US$10.07bn and the net-loss from continuing operations totalled US$1.32bn, versus an income of US$139m.6 Last month, film sales for Kodak fell 37% for rolls and 13% in single-use cameras,7 and despite similar shocks affecting the rest of the industry Kodak’s declines were the steepest – versus Fuji's declines of 28% in roll and 5% in single use cameras and other private label's decline of 12% in role and gain of 5% in single use cameras.8 Share loss at Kodak appears to be driven by price as it grapples to increase revenues from an outdated industry, as Big Yellow's roll price increased 5% compared to declines of 9% and 11% for Fuji and Private Labels. What was done wrong? - Kodak used a razor-blade strategy: it sold cameras at a low cost, and film fuelled Kodak’s growth and profits => The business became heavily dependent on this highly profitable margin from film, and progressively paid less attention to equipment. -Kodak’s tried and tested strategy was evident throughout the business – and even in Dental Products. In a similar theme to T. Levitt’s Marketing Myopia16, Kodak’s lack of strategic creativity led it to misinterpret the very line of work and type of industry that it was operating in which was later devastated with a fundamental shift towards the digital age - Strategic problems were tackled through...
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...Kodak and Fujifilm By BUS 200 – Principles of Management October 29, 2013 Describe the History and core history of each company. Eastman Kodak Company was established by George Eastman in Rochester NY in 1882. In 1883, Eastman announced the invention of photographic film in rolls. The name Kodak was patent in 1888. He picked the unique name because he wanted a name that started and ended with the letter K. He also knew the name was different than any other names he has heard and would be unforgettable. Eastman as an inventor who introduced armature photopraphy placed its first camera on the market in 1888. The camera was pre-filled with 100 exposures, after taking pictures customers would return the whole camera back to the manufactures to get the film developed and the camera reloaded with more film. The company’s slogan was “You press the button, we do the rest.” George Eastman literally invented popular photography with the silver-halide film process. Eastman had a specific set of core values and mission statement for his company. The values he set forth are, respect for the dignity of the individual, integrity, trust, credibility, continuous improvement and personal renewal, recognition and celebration. The mission of Kodak is to “grow more rapidly than our competitors by providing customers with solutions they need to capture, store, process, output and communicate images anywhere, anytime.” The company prided itself on making sure...
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...sales, and was planning to slash 2,200 jobs, or 3% of its work force, especially in the photo-finishing business. Carp had received a master’s in business from MIT. He had begun his career at Kodak in 1970 as a statistical analyst. Since then, he had held a variety of positions at Kodak. In 1997, he became president and COO, and was appointed CEO on January 1, 2000. He believed Kodak’s current struggle was one of the toughest it had faced. How could he use digital imaging to revitalize Kodak? Kodak, 1880-1983: A brief history In 1880, George Eastman invented and patented a dry-plate formula and a machine for preparing large numbers of plates. He also founded the Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, New York. In 1884, he replaced glass photographic plates with a roll of film, believing in “the future of the film business.”2 Although Kodak originally faced severe challenges, it quickly became a household name. Eastman believed success came from a user-friendly product that “was as convenient as the pencil.”3 Kodak...
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...Diversification Strategies When companies begin they develop a business plan that details what they intend to specialize in. For some, once they have reached a goal in one market they make decisions to venture out into other markets. In the world of business, that venturing out is called diversifying the company. According to Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary, to diversify is “to increase the variety of the products of; or to engage in varied operations.” (Merriam-Webster, 2012) In a business, when you produce a variety of goods or invest in different markets it is a strategy that provides a back-up in the event that one good or investment goes south. Diversification strategies can be either beneficial or harmful to a company. Comcast Corporation and Eastman Kodak Company are two companies that made the decision to diversify themselves, but it led to different outcomes. Comcast Corporation was originally founded in the early 1960s under the name, American Cable Systems, Inc. Initially, the company only served Tupelo, Mississippi. The company was also one of only a few community antenna television (CATV) services in the nation. The “CATV business was predicated on the fact that rural areas were underserved by commercial television stations which catered to large metropolitan areas.” (Comcast Corporation, 1999) The CATVs used huge antennas that pulled in distant signals to display the shows on television. If a household did not have one of those antennas they had...
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...Film Form and Analysis Cinematography Cinematography describes the process by which a film strip is exposed to light to create an image. It encompasses many factors: the camera’s distance from the action, camera angle and direction, type of lens, camera movement, and lighting, among others. The art of cinematography also includes mise-en-scène—the arrangement of objects and movements in the frame. Shot Types The amount of visual information included in the image depends on the distance of the camera from the action and on the focal length of the camera lens. Throughout the history of cinema, filmmakers have favored certain combinations of camera distance and focal length, or shot types. * Extreme long shot: Captures a scene in its entirety; used for establishing location in exterior shots. Used frequently in epic genres such as westerns and war films, it reduces human beings to mere dots on the screen. * Long shot: Accommodates at least the entire bodies of figures (if that is all the shot includes, it is called a full shot). Captures movement, background, and broad gestures and expressions. * Medium shot: Contains a figure from the waist or knees up. It is a functional shot, favored in classical Hollywood editing, often used for scenes with dialogue. * Close-up: Includes very little if any background, concentrating on an object or, if an extreme close-up, a fragment of an object, such as the human face. Close-ups often accord great significance and symbolic...
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...Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., was established in 1934, based on a government plan to establish a domestic photographic film manufacturing industry. The new company inherited the film operations of Dainippon Celluloid Company Limited. In 1946 Natural Color Photography Co., Ltd. (name changed to Fuji Color Photo Co., Ltd., in June 1953 and subsequently transformed into Fujicolor Service Co., Ltd.), established. In February of 1962, Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd., established as joint venture with U.K.-based Rank Xerox Limited (currently Xerox Limited). Starting in October 1963 Fujinomiya Factory established. In 1965, the name of Fuji Color Photo Co., Ltd., changed to Fujicolor Service Co., Ltd., and marketing operations of Fuji Color Photo Co., Ltd., split o to establish Fujicolor Trading Co., Ltd. And finally in December 1965, Fuji Photo Film U.S.A., Inc. (currently FUJIFILM U.S.A., Inc.) established in New York State to comprehensively manage business in North America In 1879, London was the center of the photographic and business world. George Eastman went there to obtain a patent on his plate-coating machine. An American patent was granted the following year. In 1880, he began the commercial manufacture of dry plates. Success of this venture so impressed businessman Henry A. Strong, that he invested some money in the infant concern. On January 1, 1881, Eastman and Strong formed a partnership called the Eastman Dry Plate Company. Late that year, Eastman resigned from his position at the...
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