...Evolution in our Public Schools Student Name PHI 103: Informal Logic Instructor: Date Evolution in our Public Schools I. Introduction A. Thesis Statement One of the major concerns in the scientific studies of biology today is about evolution being taught in our public schools. This has been an ongoing concern for the religious sects, teachers, school board members, students, parents, and state officials. It has been the talk of the courts since the Darwin Theory came along. Many issues have risen over the years since evolution was introduced to the world and into the school system. The questions of whether mankind evolved from a monkey or the way of creationism, that man was created by God as stated in the book of Genesis (Bible). Other issues that came up were with the teachers themselves and having to teach evolution in their biology classes, when not fully understanding evolution itself. In this essay we will discuss the arguments of evolution versus creationism that is being taught in our public schools and whether it is acceptable to teach evolution to our school children. II. Body paragraph # 1 – Topic Sentence # 1 The disputes of evolution started back in the late 19th century, some years after Charles Darwin came to the conclusion of linking human ancestry to lower animals by his evolution theory. This evolution of reasoning caused a stir in the public schools when it was put into the biology text books and required to be taught to the students...
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...Introduction: Charles Darwin's revolutionary theory has changed the way we see society, ethics and religion. It has cause multiple problems within religion. What Darwin directly challenged was the view that God had originally created all species of plant and animal life, just as they exist today. The ongoing debate about the most valid perception of the world's origins has troubled both the scientific and religious communities, causing, in many cases, intense conflicts and misconceptions. The goal of the current academic essay is to investigate the compatibility between the scientific theory of evolution and the christian beliefs about the origin of human kind. I will also research the philosophical foundations of Christianity and Darwinism...
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...The major premise of Beach’s article is the need to analyze the reasons for the vitality of a concept that has stood the test of time without objectively testing it. The next objective of the article is to evaluate the concept of intuition as it relates to the science of behavior. Beach concerns himself with the problem that behaviorists often just name or label instincts and he cautions what will happen when this phenomenon assumes that no learning is involved in this process. Beach states that from the beginning, instinct has been defined and discussed in terms of its relation to reason and the human soul. During the fourth century B.C. the Greek philosopher Heraclitus stated that there are two types of creation. Men and gods were the products of rational creation, and irrational beings were in a separate category of living creatures. Heraclitus observed that only gods and men possess souls. This close relation between rational powers and the possession of a soul would be reaffirmed again during the next 2500 years. Heraclitus in all actuality laid the groundwork for the development and concept of instinct. Philosophers of the first century A.D. held that men and gods belong to one community since they are rational beings. All animals were excluded since they are not creatures of reason and their most complex behavior takes place without reflection, as stated by Seneca. Neither Heraclitus nor the Stoics based these conclusions upon objective evidence. They assumed...
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...Predict. What might be an example of a “low” animal? Predict. What might be an example of a “low” animal? The Lowest Animal (1896) Mark Twain What’s Twain’s thesis? (the main argument he is proposing) What’s Twain’s thesis? (the main argument he is proposing) 1 I have been studying the traits and dispositions of the lower animals (so-called), and contrasting them with the traits and dispositions of man. I find the result humiliating to me. For it obliges me to renounce my allegiance to the Darwinian theory of the Ascent of Man from the Lower Animals, since it now seems plain to me that that theory ought to be vacated in favor of a new and truer one, this new and truer one to be named the Descent of Man from the Higher Animals. What does Twain do to establish his credibility (ETHOS APPEAL) with his reader in this paragraph? What does Twain do to establish his credibility (ETHOS APPEAL) with his reader in this paragraph? 2 In proceeding toward this unpleasant conclusion, I have not guessed or speculated or conjectured, but have used what is commonly called the scientific method. That is to say, I have subjected every postulate that presented itself to the crucial test of actual experiment and have adopted it or rejected it according to the result. Thus, I verified and established each step of my course in its turn before advancing to the next. These experiments were made in the London Zoological Gardens and covered many months of painstaking...
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...NATURE OF MAN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE IN 10 MODULES E. Kolawole Ogundowole, Ph.D., D.Sc. Professor & Head of Philosophy Department University of Lagos. Akoka, Lagos. Nigeria Correct Counsels Limited Research. Counselling. Publishing. Book Supply First published 2003 Correct Counsels Ltd. P. O. Box 53 Akoka, Lagos. C E. Kolawole Ogundowole, 2003 ISBN: 978 -37004 - 0 – 5 This book is copyright. All rights reserved under the Copyright La Enquiries should be addressed to the Publishers. Printed in Nigeria by: Mustard Press Enterprises 16, Ogundola Street Sungas-BAriga. PREFACE A few words about the overall objectives of the course is appropriate as a starting point. Historically, philosophy was the first form of theoretical knowledge. As a rational theoretical tool of comprehending the world, philosophy arose in ancient Greece in stiff battle with mythology and religious consciousness. It came out to lay the foundation for the evolvement of scientific consciousness and the emergence and development of the sciences - Mathematics, Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, etc. In an environment rife with various and varying superstitions and myths, the study of the History of Science and Philosophy of Science becomes crucial, lest science itself falls within the ambit of mythology and superstition and becomes another form of myth even in the hands of the tutored. The study of the History of Science...
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...Psychology Perspective Darla Houston AIU Online Abstract In this paper I will be discussing the similarities and differences between the three different Psychology Perspectives or specific theories of early Psychology. One theory used will be Structuralism. Another theory used in this paper will be the Functionalism. And lastly the Evolutionary theory will be used. This paper will explain three to four differences between each of the three theories listed and reviewed facts and see how one of these theories is superior to the others or that all three are comparable or equal. The thesis for this essay is “No matter how careful evolution, structuralism, and functionalism are examined, there is no evidence that these will not change in the future” Psychology Perspectives Structuralism, Functionalism, and Evolutionary theories each have similarities and differences among them. Both Structuralism and functionalism reflect the fact that consciousness is the subject matter, but both differ in how each should be studied. Evolutionary theory has potential to integrate conceptual approaches to study behavioral development for human adaption in both humans and animals which Structuralism and Functionalism stem form. Structuralism has many mental processes that are broken down into basic components. Functionalism forms a reaction to Structuralism which focuses on the purpose of both consciousness and behavior and emphasizes individual differences. Influenced by Darwin’s...
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...Theory of Creation, but a hundreds of years later, a man was born to explain this astonishing diversity of life, which revolutionized the way everyone sees the world—Charles Darwin. On 1931, HMS Beagle, set off to tour around the world, on board was Charles Darwin, in his 5years journey he was amaze by the diversity he was able to witnessed, that in 1 day he was able to collect 69 different kinds of beetles, enough to disturbed the composure of entomologist’s mind. In addition to that, Darwin also noticed the distinction of plants and animals in the Galapagos Islands and Cape Verde Islands. There came the dilemma: “could it be that species were not fixed at all time, could it be in fact slowly change?” Problem of natural history: how could one species turn to one another? Key: only the fittest survive hence, “natural selection”. In a moment of insight he had solved the species question. Darwin illustrate this in his collection of birds which has same characteristic except their beaks of finches, which shows how this birds evolved as their way of adaptation for survival. In his notes Darwin sketched: how single ancestor species might give rise to several different ones and wrote a tentative “I think” (theory). For 22 years he continued accumulating mountain of evidence to defy his theory. June 1858, Darwin received a package from a naturalist- Alfred Russel Wallace, containing an...
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...tries to explain the origin of the universe because studies in astrophysics have clearly shown that indeed the universe had a beginning (Hatcher, 1994). In addition, the Charles Darwin’s theory also tries to explain the origin of man by suggesting that the human race as it exists today originated from a single cell to a complex being (Hatcher, 1994). However, some of these theories contain inconsistencies that may explain the existence of God. To prove the existence of God, one has to look at the observable phenomena such as the complexity of the universe, laws of nature and inconsistencies in proposed theories. The complexity of the universe suggests the presence of a Supreme Being. While the evolution theory tried to explain the origin of man, it failed to provide substantial evidence on the complexity of the human being (Hatcher, 1994). In fact, the theory suggests that a human being evolved from a single cell organism. However, the complexity of the human brain and the nervous system may suggest otherwise due to its structure. The human being is one the most complex being in the universe. This suggests the involvement of the Supreme Being in the creation process rather than a random process that is directed by natural pressures as Darwin’s theory suggests (Hatcher, 1994). These pressures as defined by Darwin cannot be so precise in creating such a complex being. The inconsistency of theories that suggest how the...
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...4a. Explain Paley's argument for the existence of God (25) William Paley's argument for the existence of God is an important aspect of the Design argument, which argues that the universe is being directed towards an end purpose due to the a posteriori (subject to experience) evidence of an intelligent designer, who is God. This is because it is perhaps arguably the most famous version, and the theory which modern-day theories for the Design argument are built upon. The first version of the Design argument came from Plato, a Greek philosopher, who developed it to address the universe's apparent order. Plato proposed in his book Timaeus that a “demiurge”, a divine being of supreme wisdom and intelligence, was the creator of the cosmos. In Roman times, this was built upon by Cicero, a Roman jurist, who put forward an early version of what Paley would use for his design argument. In his book On the Nature of Gods, he put forward an analogy of a sundial being designed to tell the time, and that this could be attributed to nature, so therefore like something must of made the sundial, something must of made nature, and this something is an artificer, or God. These key ideas were later developed in the Dominican priest St.Thomas Aquinas' Five ways in his work the Summa Theologica. Each of his ways were in essence proving the existence of God, but the 5th way in particular, which states that common sense tells us the universe acts in such a way so therefore we conclude an intelligent...
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...Introduction The theory of evolution existed way long before Darwin came up with his. From multiple historical recordings, and even in Islamic history, there are Islamic scientists who agree upon this theory- the theory that creation are created in stages, that our current form has been a result of several different levels before settling in currently. However, Darwin proposed a whole different theory. albeit having a close relation to the topic, is slightly off par with the theory itself. In Scientific worldview, we've learnt that when someone points out a question, or finds them, it is called a hypothesis. When it is said to be agreed upon, it is perceived as a theory. When that theory is scientifically proven, by then it becomes a scientific law, but the theory of evolution never went pass that bar. It never made it to that level, because there might never be a scientific way of proving that everything is evolved (unless of course, someone ages for millions of years and lived to tell the story, but that's not the case, and definitely not the point). The point is, the theory of evolution is generally accepted scientifically and religiously, it's the Darwinian theory that is still in the grey area, despite existing for almost two centuries. Modern readers often misunderstand the meaning of the title of Darwin's book. They take the origin of species to mean the origin of life. Then it is pointed out that Darwin 'failed' to throw light on the origin of life. Others seem to...
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...Into the Jungle chapter 1 tells the story of Charles Darwin’s journey as a naturalist aboard the vessel, the Beagle. While on his five year journey Charles Darwin went to places such as Chile, the Galapagos Islands, and Australia where he noticed remarkable things not only about the geography, but also about the animals that inhabited these areas. His most prominent discovery was that of the birds from the Galapagos Islands and Chile. He noticed that the birds from the different islands of the Galapagos seemed to be similar, but had different features, such as different beak shape and length. Upon closer inspection of the specimens, an ornithologist concluded that they were in fact all types of finches. This led Darwin to create the ideas of what we now know as the mechanism of natural selection and the theory of evolution. Darwin was unable to publish his findings in depth for fear of being labeled as a heretic and instead waited for a more opportune time when his findings would be socially accepted. He even left a note to his wife stating that if she were to do anything if he died suddenly, it was to take 400 pounds and publish the rest of his findings. Chapter Questions: 1. The experiences of his youth that helped Darwin prepare for the voyage on the Beagle were not only his curious nature and rebellious spirit, but his connection with his mentor Reverend John Steven Henslow. Henslow further nurtured Darwin’s interest in cataloging and collecting species (the...
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...Darwinism is a theory regarding the evolution of the species. Darwinism does not speak specifically to the beginning of the universe. God's existence either as the starter or the responsible entity for secondary causation does not negate Darwinism. It may just be a methodology for explaining secondary causation that according to current understading is rather haphazard or random. Gregory Mendel was an Augustian Monk and considered the founder of mondern genetic theory, his life alone should be proof that God and Darwin can coexist. Mendel was interested in heredity and did major work in the development of the study of the genetics of plants before the science was even beginning to be developed. Historically issues of faith and science have collided and I would think that both theology and science have its place in the world as the search for knowledge continues. Religious Fundamentalism which requires a literal interpretation of the Bible as a substitute for science is bad theology and bad for science, and mistakenly puts the science and theology at war assuming that there is only one truth and it exists in one place and is not subject to any further interpretation. Simil arly mean spirited materialistic science which negates or belittles theology is similarly wrong headed and denies much of the basis from which it came. Historically I believe that both science and theology have their place in explaining man's and or women's place in the universe and their relation to...
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...Session 1.3: The Evolution of Cellular Life Exam review view in a separate window In this session we focus on the natural history of cells and the evolutionary timelines of their appearance. The modern phylogenetic classification of domains is used to categorize the different types of cells: bacteria, archea, and eukarya. The names of periods and organisms and certain dates are often helpful in remembering or understanding events that occur in the natural history of evolution. However, we do not expect you to know the names of all organisms mentioned nor all dates (you may find some of the sound attachments on complicated figures useful for review). Those names and dates mentioned below are the ones to key on. The focus in this session is macroevolution which looks broadly at the time lines and changes over long intervals of time. Remember that small changes over millions of years are the framework for evolving complexity from simplicity. Summary of concepts and idea An initial step in covering this material is an understanding of the different types of cells (prokaryotic, eukaryotic animal and plant), their differences, and their place in the phylogeny of life. 1. Information from pre-class reading, Bioflix animations and briefly summarized in class discusses the fundamental components of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. You need to know the differences and understand the basic functions of the cellular components as cells as they are the fundamental...
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...[Baekhyun] Machi amugeotdo moreuneun airo geureoke Dashi taeeonan sungan gachi [Suho] Jamshi kkumilkkabwa han beon deo nun gamatda tteo boni Yeokshi neomu ganjeolhaetdeon ne ape gidohadeut seo isseo [D.O] yeah, dan han beonman ne yeopeseo Bareul matchwo georeo bogopa han beon, Ttak han beon manyo [All] Neoui sesangeuro [D.O] yeah, yeorin barameul tago, yeah [All] Ne gyeoteuro [Suho] eodieseo wannyago [Baekhyun] Haemarkge mutneun nege bimirira malhaesseo [All] Manyang idaero hamkke georeumyeon [D.O] Eodideun cheongugilteni [Baekhyun] Mikael boda neon naege nunbusin jonjae Gamhi [Baekhyun/Suho] nuga neoreul geoyeokhae naega yongseoreul an hae [D.O] Eden geu gose bareul deurin taechoui geu cheoreom maeil [Suho] Neo hanaman hyanghamyeo maeumeuro mideumyeo [Baekhyun] Aju jageun geoshirado neol himdeulge haji motage Hangsang jikigo shipeo I’m eternally love [All] Neoui suhojaro [Suho] jeo geosen barameul makgo [All] Ne pyeoneuro [Baekhyun] modu da deungeul dollyeodo [Suho] Hime gyeoun eoneu nal ne nunmureul dakka jul [All] Geureon han saram doel su itdamyeon [Baekhyun] Eodideun cheongugilteni [D.O] Neol saranghage dwaebeorin nan ije deo isang Doragal goshi eobseoyo nalgaereul geodwogasyeotjyo (oh no) [Baekhyun] Yeongwonhan sarmeul irheotdaedo haengbokhan iyu [Baekhyun/D.O] Naui yeongwon ijen geudaeinikka [Baekhyun/Suho] eternally love [All] Neoui sesangeuro [Baekhyun] yeorin barameul tago, yeah [All] Ne gyeoteuro [Suho] eodieseo wannyago, from you [D.O]...
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...The Theory of Evolution “It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change.” (Charles Darwin). One of the more controversial pieces ever written was Darwin’s Natural Selection. The controversy is evolution vs. creation. Religion says earth and mankind, and life in general was created by god (as told in the creation story) with a design and purpose. Darwin says life all descends from a common ancestor with modifications over time in an undirected manor. It is not outside the realm of possibility that Darwin may be right considering he was trained as a minister and allowed himself to step outside the general consensus. Much like he did, we may need to accept that there may be some truth to the work he has done over his life I feel that Darwin's work was impactful because it shows us that there are alternative reasoning’s behind how we got here. I agree with Darwin's work and his theory of evolution because it is actually supported by evidence. I don't know about you but I've never been religious. I also think that his theory should be taught because religion has no place in public classrooms. Let parents teach religion, schools teach science, and allow the child to decide what to believe. I believe that evolution is real because it explains why there are so many different types of certain species. Natural selection is the gradual process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population...
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