...Closing case: Planning for the Chevy Volt 1. What does the Chevy Volt case tell you about the nature of strategic decision making at a large complex organization like GM? From the case we can see that strategic decision making at a large complex organization like GM has to be decided by several divisions before they can execute so it takes time and may affect at time the company launch new project to the market it may be changed. Moreover the large organization concerned about their past failure to keep improve the quality of product so they would spend more time and may miss the opportunity for some market situation. 2. Why trends in the external environment favored the pursuit of the Chevy Volt project? Base on the information there are 3 factors effect this project. First is oil price which GM foresees that its price will increase sharply due to demand of developed nations like China and India. Second, global warming concerned so the trend of using oil fuel will be reduced to less carbon monoxide which cause greenhouse effect. 3. What impediments to pursuing this project do you think existed with GM? For GM already invested in huge amount on fuel cells so they need to come up with final product which related with this innovative. This can also agree by decision makers in company since they don’t want to suddenly switch gears but focus on lithium ion batteries instead. However the failure in the past obstructs the project by slow down the process to make sure every...
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...Circuits for the Hobbyist For your electronics hobby entertainment; ENJOY! It is assumed that you have AT LEAST the equivalent of a Basic Electronics certificate for the electronics projects listed on this page. Other projects require more advanced electronics. A lot of these circuits assume the latter so I will no longer answer the tons of emails in regards to that. If you wish to learn more about electronics there is enough of that available on the internet. Circuits' Message Board Ask your questions here. Someone may answer them. ScanMate Your (Radio) scanner Alternating On-Off Control buddy! 6-20-2002 Audio Pre-Amplifier #1 Simplest R/C Circuit Automatic 9-Volt Nicad Battery Charger Simplest RF Transmitter Basic IC MonoStable Multivibrator Simple Transistor Audio PreAmplifier Basic RF Oscillator #1 Single IC Audio Preamplifier Basic LM3909 Led Flasher Solar Cell NiCad Charger 7-24Battery Monitor for 12V Lead-Acid 2002 Battery Tester for 1.5 & 9V Solid State Relay Bench Top Powersupply, 0-30V/0-10A, Part 1 Third Brake Light Pulser Bench Top Powersupply, 0-30V/0-10A, Part 2 Toroids, RF/EMI Cores Bench Top Powersupply, 0-30V/0-10A, Part 3 Touch Activated Alarm System Birdie Doorbell Ringer Two-Tone Trainhorn 'Bug' Detector with Beep Universal Flasher Circuit Car Converter for 12V to 9V Variable Power Supply, 1 - 30V @ 1.5A Car NiCad Charger Wailing Alarm DC Motor Reversing Circuit Water-level Sensing and Control DC Motor Control Circuit Waterpump Safety Guard for Fish-pond...
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...Metering Formula 1. Meter Multiplier Meter Multiplier - the multiplier applied to the register reading to obtain kilowatt-hours. M = Kh X Rr X Rs X CTR X VTR 10,000 Where ; Kh = watt-hour constant of the meter in watt-hour per revolution Rr = register ratio = the number of revolutions of the register worm wheel for a revolution of the first dial pointer (right hand). Rs = gear ratio = the number of revolution of the disk for one revolution of the first point CTR = current transformer ratio VTR = voltage transformer ratio Example #1: A G.E., three phase, three wire, 120 volts, type VM-63-A, Form 5A, Class 20, KWh meter indicates Kh of 2.4 at its nameplate and register ratio of 166-2/3 was installed at 13.2 KV wye grounded system having a current transformer of 25:5 ratio. Determine the following; a). The internal multiplier b). The billing multiplier Solution: a). Internal Multiplier = Kh X Rr X Rs 10,000 For G.E.; Rs =50 for Type V-60, DS-50 and DS-60 Family Rs = 100 for Other family For Sangamo; Rs = 100 for J3 meters Rs = 50 for J4 and Polyphase meters For Westinghouse; Rs = 100 for all types of meter Internal Multiplier = 2.4 X 166-2/3 X 50 10,000 Internal Multiplier = 2 b). Billing Multiplier = Kh X Rr X Rs X CTR X VTR 10,000 Billing Multiplier = 2.4 X 166-2/3 X 50 X 25 X 70 10,000 5 1 Billing Multiplier = 700 2 Example #2: A single phase, 2-wire, bottom connected Harbin meter, type DD101x-6E, 15(100)A, having a 210 rev per KWh and 28 register ratio, determine the...
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...BATTERY SAFETY AND OHMS LAW Battery Safety Basics- Do not overcharge or over-discharge. When the charger indicates that the batteries have been fully charged, you can remove them from the charger. Leaving batteries in a charger all night long or longer can cause them to be overcharged, which can result in battery failure (depending on the charger). Charging your battery over 4.25 volts can shorten its life-cycle and going over 4.5 volts can cause it to burst. Cease using your charger if this ever happens. Our recommendation on a good charger: Nitecore D2 Charger (2 Bay) or Nitecore D4 Charger (4 Bay) Efest LUC (2 Bay) Efest LUC (4 Bay) Efest Soda (2 Bay) Recharge batteries with a resting voltage below 3.6V as soon as possible. Leaving LiIon batteries in a discharged state will incur irreversible damage – creating a loss in capacity and a loss in cycles. Determining the exact voltage can be tricky, unless you have a Tank-O-Meter/Volt Meter. If you are building your own coils a Tank-O-Meter is great device to have because you can use it to test your coils and your batteries. Sure, you can always use a battery tester, but the majority of battery testers are not equipped for the types of batteries that are used in mods, or even test batteries under load condition. Do not short circuit your batteries. Short circuiting can cause a huge surge of current that will potentially burn out your battery, damage your mod, or even your face! Short circuits happen when the voltage...
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...CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study With limited sources of electricity in the Philippines, we discerned that this problem needs attention or better yet solved. At present, Mindanao today has been experiencing power shortage because of lack of hydroelectric energy for the power depends on the availability of Maria Cristina Falls’ water, which is also affected by weather conditions. In view of this, people from the place tend to find an alternative source of energy. We have found out that the fruit, santol (Sandoricum koetjape), contains citric acid that could produce electrical energy. At present, the Cottonfruit (Sandoricum koetjape) is an abundant fruit locally. Statement of the Problem The study aims to produce electrical energy with the use of an ordinary household Cottonfruit (Sandoricum koetjape) by making it as a battery. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions: 1. How much volume of Cottonfruit (Sandoricum koetjape) is needed to light a 5V bulb? 10V? 2. Are there other chemical contents of Cottonfruit (Sandoricum koetjape) that could create electrical energy aside from citric acid? If other citric fruits such as Orange (Citrus aurantium) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), could the product be more effective and conductive? Significance of the Study The study aimed to create electrical energy from Cottonfruit (Sandoricum koetjape) Typically; cottonfruit is a common fruit in the Philippines. The result of the study...
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... Low battery. Exactly the two words I didn't want to see right now. I had literally just talked to my Mom on the phone, actually, I got yelled at. At that time, my phone was on 37 percent, please tell me how in the world my phone drops the battery percentage that fast. Its 3:13 on a Friday, so that means i have a game to “drill team” at. Makes sense right? My mom already yelled at me for all these immaterial reasons she came up with, my phone is about to die and i have a long night ahead of me, it's going to freezing at this game and i don't even know the routine good enough. It's been a rough different start of the day, yes i am saying “start” even though it's now 3:24, because like I mentioned, there's a long night still awaiting me as soon at this bell releases me. My mom had officially ruined my mood for the rest of the day, then my phone is gonna die on the bus, the ride back home is going to be so boring. These were the main thoughts roaming around in my mind. We’ll see how this ride goes all the way to Huntington, you can always sense the tension and attitudes in the air. “Get off the bus y’all!!” screamed the captain. At that very moment, I was ready to sit right back down and go straight back to ole Tatum. I thought to myself, is she really already starting to talk to us like this, the attitudes are depicted off of the officers. Or the line members get attitudes because someone that isn't an officer tries to tell the other line members directions as what...
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...POTATO POWER CAN A POTATO PRODUCE ENOUGH ENERGY TO POWER A CLOCK? TABLE OF CONTENTS RESEARCH…………………………………………………………………………...I PURPOSE…………………………………………………………………….….……II HYPOTHESIS………………………………………………………………….….…III DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………...…IV MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES…………………………………………….......V RESULTS………………………………………………………………………....….VI CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………….….….…VII BIBLIOGRPAHY………………………………………………………….….……VIII RESEARCH • The potato battery is a battery made out of a potato • The potato is unique because it is the only known vegetable that contains both electrons and protons. These two molecules are the second and third largest ingredients in electricity • By adding electricity’s most abundant ingredient-copper-and its fourth and final ingredient-zinc-a fresh batch of electricity can be made and extracted • A potato battery is an electrochemical battery, otherwise known as an electrochemical cell. • An electrochemical cell is a cell in which chemical energy is converted to electric energy by spontaneous electron transfer • The zinc in the nail reacts with the copper wire • The potato acts as a sort of buffer between the zinc ions and the copper ions • The zinc and copper ions would still react if they touched within the potato but they would only generate heat • Since the potatoes keep them apart, the electron transfer has to take place over the copper wires of the circuit...
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...Comparator A comparator is a circuit that accepts two voltages, V1 and V2 and outputs zero volts if V1 > V2 or outputs a positive voltage level if V2 > V1. Comparators can be built from operational amplifiers. In laments term, a comparator is the simplest circuit that moves signals between the analog and digital worlds… Simply put, a comparator compares two analog signals and produces a one bit digital signal. This is the symbol for a comparator * The comparator output satisfies the following rules: * When V+ is larger than V- the output bit is 1. * When V+ is smaller than V- the output bit is 0 A prime example of a simple comparator circuit can be found within a programmable thermostat. With two separate inputs, three outcomes are achievable at any given time. When the base input becomes lower than the variable, a signal will be sent to the thermostat to activate the cooling feature, and that circuitry will allow that function to occur until both the base and variable are once again equal. At that point, the air conditioner would shut off until further instructions were provided. If the variable electrical node provided less electrical power than the constant, a signal would be generated to inform the thermostat to activate the heating element. It would remain on until the variables changed once again. Each of these functions are pre-programmed to react differently as the values change, and the comparator circuit design interprets them by...
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...measurement no current is flowing. It employs a null method of measuring potential difference, so that when a balance is reached and the reading is being taken, no current is drawn from the source to be measured. Figure 1. This is the basic circuit diagram for a potentiometer. Point C is the sliding contact which can be adjusted for zero current deflection through the galvanometer. In this method (refer to Figure 1) a uniform, bare slide wire AB is connected across the power supply. If you were to connect a voltmeter between the + power supply terminal and point A you would measure essentially zero volts. If you were to now connect the voltmeter between the + power supply and point B you would measure a voltage equal to the terminal voltage of the power supply which is approximately 2.5 volts. The potential relative to point A then varies from zero at A to approximately 2.5 volts at B. The cell whose emf is to be determined is then connected so that its emf opposes the potential along the wire. At some point C the potential difference between A and C is exactly equal to the emf of the cell...
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...resistance and voltage. Observe what happens to the current. Note the relationship you observed between each of the following: (direct, inverse, none) a. resistance and current = _indirect_______________________ b. voltage and current = direct__________________________ Go to ⎝Ohm's Law. Click on the green “Run Now” button. The simulation should look like the picture to the right. 2. What is the current through a resistor with the following resistances? Let voltage = 6 V a. R = 100 ohms I = _60__ mA(current) b. R = 300 ohms I = 20____mA(current) 3. Now, determine the current through the wire with the following volts. Let resistance = 500 ohms a. Volts = 3 V I = 6___mA(current) b. Volts = 6V I = 12____mA(current) 4. Think about the formula (V=IR), does this make sense according to this formula? Explain! (Be sure to include the relationship between resistance and current, and the relationship between voltage and current in your answer) Yes, it does make sense according to the formula (V=IR). In question 2 where the voltage was set at 6V, the current was higher when the resistance was 100 ohms than when the resistance was 300 ohms. This is due to the fact that resistance and current have an inverse relationship, when one value goes up the other one goes down. In question 3 where the resistance was set at 500 ohms the current was...
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...3.3 Testbed Setup The BLE system which will be used to evaluate the position approaches will be divided into two parts; these will be hardware components and software components. Within this sections a description of the components and decisions on implementing will be provided for each of the two parts. 3.3.1 Hardware The main components I will need for the evaluation of Bluetooth Low Energy are sensor tags which will be deployed as beacons in the test environment and a mobile device which will be used to gather data to be used for positioning algorithms. Both the BLE beacons and Mobile device are described below. 3.3.1.1 Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons Bluetooth Low Energy Technology has been thoroughly studied through the CC2541 SensorTag Development Kit. A study of the key characteristics of the BLE needed to be carried out prior to starting the project Testbed, because it described how the application would work. The CC2541 SensorTag is one of the first Bluetooth Low Energy development tools which focused on wireless sensor applications, which is mainly aimed at smart phone application developers. The development kit consisted of a BLE sensor tag which broadcasted advertisements, and could also be used for analysis of the environment. This was an interesting feature but what was most important was its ability to provide proximity and indoor positioning for this project. The chip would be concealed within a rubber case, the chip also operated in a single coin cell battery...
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...The IC 555 has 8 pins and the function of each pin is as follows[4]: Pin-1: The ground terminal pin. All voltages are measured in respect to the ground terminal.[3] Pin-2: The trigger pin. This pin is used to feed the trigger input only when the IC 555 is set up as a monstable multivibrator. It is responsible for the transition of the flip-flop from set to reset. The amplitude of the external pulse applied to this pin determines the output of the timer. A negative pulse which has a DC level greater than Vcc/3 is applied at this terminal, as the trigger pulse passes through the Vcc/3, the output of the lower comparator becomes high and the complimentary of Q becomes zero. The IC 55 output therefore gets a high voltage and is then in the astable mode. Pin-3: The output Terminal. This produces the output of the timer. The load can be connected in two ways to the pin. One way is for the connection to take place between the output pin and the ground pin which is called the normally on load or between the output pin and the supply pin called the normally off the load. Pin-4: The reset terminal. A negative pulse is applied to this pin in order to reset the IC. Pin-5: The control voltage terminal: This pin controls the threshold and trigger levels. The external voltage which is applied to this pin is used to modulate the output waveform. The amount of voltage which is applied to this terminal decides when the comparator is to be switched. It is connected to a 0.01 micro Farad resistor...
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...Fig. 15 shows the average energy statistic result of the sample image. The average energy of one pixel is 584.27pJ without the proposed prediction algorithm, and is 463.13pJ with that, decreased by 26.13%. With the algorithm, the energy is consumed by seven operations/blocks: DAC switching, DAC reset, the analog part of the prediction judgement, the digital part of the prediction judgement, SAR control logic, comparator and memory. Without the algorithm, the energy is consumed by seven operations/blocks: DAC switching, DAC reset, SAR control logic, comparator and memory. It can be seen that without memory, every part consume less power. Moreover, in the prototype chip, all the circuits are powered by 3.3V supply, so the digital components used a large portion of energy in both the two cases. If fabricated by an advanced technology, these parts can be much more squeezed.” Answer: comparing to the conventional A/D conversion, the energy consumption of the digital circuit and comparator can be less. Although the prediction judgement would introduce more logic operation and trigger the comparator, if the prediction succeeds, the SAR control logic and the comparison for the predicted MSBs would be saved. If the bit number is big, the saved energy can be larger than that introduced by the prediction judgement operation. And the new inserted Fig. 15 (refer to the answer of Question 2) shows the measurement result, the energy consumption of the comparator and SAR logic is decreased...
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...Resume When loading, is about one-third of the energy lost and is converted into heat. You can change the number of times you can load calculate as follows. Loading times = battery capacity power bank / battery capacity smartphone x 0.65 You need the capacity to calculate simple with the following formula. Battery capacity power bank = number of times the battery x battery capacity smartphone / 0.65 smartphone usage The number of times you need to charge your smartphone each day depends greatly on how you use your smartphone. With average use, this is a once a day. Do you use your smartphone intensively, such as a festival where we make a lot of pictures and videos, it can take up to two or three times a day. The battery capacity of smartphones running by brand and model range stretching from 1500 mAh to over 3,500 mAh. Consult the manual or search it on the Internet. Conclusion Power Bank are available with different battery capacities. Which capacity is best for you depends on several factors. The number of days you want to charge your smartphone without seeing an outlet. How intensively you use your smartphone The battery capacity of your smartphone. The higher the battery capacity of a bank the more expensive they generally are. The quality of housing as the connectors and electronics influence the price. Would you like your smartphone now and then to recharge because it is low, then a low capacity and an inexpensive model sufficient. Do you want a festival can make...
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...V. SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS The output reference voltage drift of the proposed cross-coupled gain stage bandgap reference circuit as a function of temperature is as shown in Fig. 7.The output voltage is almost constant at 1.12V. From the simulation, the TC obtained for this circuit is 11.1ppm/°C. The VMAX is 1.1223V and VMIN is 1.12019V. For further minimizing the temperature coefficient value , piecewise curvature corrected current generator is added to the cross-coupled gain stage BGR. Fig.8. is the output voltage drift plot of the piecewise curvature corrected BGR as a function of temperature. The output voltage is almost constant at 1.09V From the simulation, the TC obtained for this circuit is 5.9ppm/°C. The VMAX is 1.098515V and VMIN is 1.07369V. The power supply rejection ratio obtained by this circuit is around -28 dB. The negative indicates that it is attenuation. So even if there is a voltage variation in the input power supply, it does not change the output reference voltage drastically. The Fig.10. proves that the proposed BGR can work at 1.6-V to 2.3-V supply voltage. The resistor value here was chosen accordingly to suit the 1.8-V supply voltage. It can be noted that the proposed BGR can function well at wide temperature range, without trimming the resistor value following supply voltage variation. Fig. 7: Output voltage drift plot of the cross coupled gain-stage BGR as a function of temperature. Fig. 8: Output voltage drift plot of the piecewise curvature...
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