...EPIDEMIOLOGY Paper Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V Abstract This paper will provide an overview of the Chickenpox disease process and the effects it has on the population. The paper continues to review how the epidemiological triangle is used and will include the host factors, agent factors (presence or absence), and environmental factors. The writer will try to review the determinants of health and explain how those factors contribute to the development of this disease, and also will see the roles and responsibilities of the community health nurse. In the end the paper discusses the associations, organizations, and national agency that addresses the chicken pox and contributes to resolving or reducing the impact of chickenpox disease. Chickenpox It is studied that 95 % of Americans get chickenpox by adulthood. Chickenpox is highly contagious. According to CDC 4 million people are infected by chickenpox every year. About 120,624 people in the USA were infected in 1995; it decreased to a tremendous 46,016 cases in 1999 in USA [Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 1999] Earlier before the chickenpox vaccine was discovered,each year about 11,000 people needed hospitalization for chickenpox in the U.S, and about 100 to 150 people died each year of chickenpox. With the vaccine, cases of chickenpox have dropped by about 90%. Cause Chickenpox is a transmittable illness induced by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Babies, adults and individual...
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...Communicable Disease Paper Maria G. Sanchez HCS/457 June 29, 2015 Charlotte A. Ferrell Communicable Disease Paper One of the many highly communicable diseases is chickenpox. This communicable disease is caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV) which has a resemblance with the herpes virus. It can be transmitted in two ways, one through direct contact with the fluids from the blisters, mucus, or saliva and second through air where the virus is disseminated by coughing or sneezing. A person who has chickenpox can spread the virus even before he or she has any symptoms. Chickenpox is regarded as highly communicable for individuals who are exposed to the disease for the first time nor have been vaccinated against it. They have an 80% risk of acquiring the disease through close contact of an infected individual. As claimed by the Pub Med Health, “most children with chickenpox exhibit symptoms like fever, headache, stomach ache, sore throat, loss of appetite, or presence of small, fluid-filled, itchy, red spots over the skin.” Chickenpox causes a red, itchy skin rash that usually appears first on the abdomen or back and face, and then spreads to almost everywhere else on the body, including the scalp, mouth, arms, legs, and genitals. At the time when the chickenpox blisters has dried and formed scabs is the point where the individual isn’t contagious. Chickenpox is normally a mild disease. Each and every individual is at risk of being infected by chickenpox – no exception. It is known...
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...Epidemiology of Chickenpox Erica N. Huckaby Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V February 28, 2016 Epidemiology of Chickenpox Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems (Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary, 2012). Epidemiology can be applied to any disease. It has helped to develop the methodology used in research and public health. For the purpose of this paper, we will explore the childhood illness chickenpox, the factors that contribute to it’s development, the epidemiological triangle, and the role of the community health nurse as related to reporting and follow-up of cases. Description of Chickenpox Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious viral illness caused by the herpes virus, HHV3.4 or varicella zoster virus (Lowth, 2013). Chickenpox is mainly considered a childhood illness but can affect anyone at any age. Symptoms In children the illness generally begins with fever and malaise followed by development of papules on the skin. The day following the first fever a rash often appears on the face and scalp. Within the next 24 hours more papules appear as the first ones turn into vesicles. The rash generally will spread to the trunk, abdomen and limbs. Vesicles can be so few that they go unnoticed and leave the virus undiagnosed or they can cover the entire body including the mucous membranes. The course...
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...Epidemiology: Chickenpox The Varicella-Zoster virus causes a very infectious disease called Chickenpox. Chickenpox is usually acquired through the inhalation of airborne respiratory droplets from an infected host. Chickenpox is primarily acquired during childhood , with more than 90% of all reported cases occurring in children under the age of 10. A person with chickenpox can spread the virus without even showing any signs or symptoms. It is usually most easily transmitted two to three days before a rash appears and keeps that high transmission rate until the blisters have crusted over. The following paper provides a detailed description of Chickenpox and the determinants of health contributing to the development of the disease. The epidemiologic triangle is used to explain the relationships among an agent, a host and the environment. The paper also addresses the role of the community health nurse in Chickenpox management and discusses the role of one national organization in the fight against the spread of Chickenpox. Description of Chickenpox Chickenpox is an infection caused by the Varicella-Zoster virus. It is considered contagious and is characterized by a itchy rash and appears like blisters all over the body . It occurs most frequently in children between the ages of five and eight years old and is transmitted so easily that the majority of the population will catch the disease at some point in their childhood. Chickenpox can be transmitted by coming into contact...
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...Great Plague of Surat in 1994. Despite the advance medical knowledge and technology which we have today, we have been however unable to fully eradicate and eliminate these infectious diseases thoroughly. Rather, we are living with these diseases now and are relying on vaccinations and quarantine methods to control the spread of these diseases. An infectious disease in which we are familiar with, yet lack concrete understanding will be the Chickenpox. In this paper, we will be looking at Chickenpox and how it affects the Hispanic Community in United States. First, we will need to define and explain Chickenpox. Chickenpox is a very contagious disease. It is caused by a virus known as varicella-zoster virus. The virus causes itchy rashes and spots over the body which makes the patient very uncomfortable. Many people believe that we cannot avoid this virus and all children are bound to be infected by this disease at some point in their lives. According to research, Chickenpox is most commonly found in children between ages 2 to 8. (Chickenpox) For most people, they only develop the disease once in their entire lifespan because their bodies become immune to the disease after the first outbreak. However, it is still possible for people to get the disease more than once. This usually happens to members of the same family whereby there has...
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...Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V 11/23/13 “In 1895 varicella infection (chickenpox) was not reliably distinguished from smallpox until the end of the 19th century. The first vaccine to reduce the risk of herpes zoster was licensed in May 2006.” (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013) Chickenpox is a highly infectious childhood disease. Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox, and also shingles. When infected with chickenpox the most well-known symptom are the skin lesions present that appear on the torso then spreading to the rest of the body in rapidly, can take a couple of hours. The skin lesions that are present occur in the stages of macule, vesicle, and granular scabs, the size varies from one to four mm. It only takes a few hours for the first step, macule lesions to spread from the torso which is where the most of the fluid filled vesicles are seen, then to the rest of the body such as the mucous membranes, arms, legs, mouth, head, upper respiratory tract, vaginal/penis areas, and even the conjunctivae/ cornea. The vesicle stage of chickenpox happens when the lesions which resemble blisters can appear raised or depressed in appearance, and the third stage occurs when the blisters open, then dry and become scabs. Approximately by the third day of having chickenpox it is common to see all three of the different stages of vesicles at the same time. The skin lesions commonly two hundred to five hundred are referred to as one crop, with chicken pox...
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...Communicable Disease HCS 457 Communicable Disease Chickenpox is one of the many highly communicable diseases. This communicable disease is cause by a virus called varicella-zoster which has a resemblance with the herpes virus. It can be transmitted through close contact with the fluids from the blisters or through air wherein the virus is disseminated by coughing or sneezing. Chickenpox is regarded as highly communicable for individuals who are exposed to the disease for the first time has an 80% risk of acquiring the disease through close contact of an infected individual. As claimed by the Pub Med Health, “most children with chickenpox exhibit symptoms like fever, headache, stomach ache, loss of appetite, or presence of small, fluid-filled, itchy, red spots over the skin.” At the time when the chickenpox blisters has dried and formed scabs is the point where the individual isn’t contagious. Each and every individual is at risk of being infected by chickenpox – no exception. It is known to have life threatening effects. As the Directors of Health Promotion and Education states, “in the United States, 4,000 to 9,000 individuals are hospitalized annually with chickenpox, with approximately a hundred casualties. Those at highest risk for complications are newborns, individuals with compromised immune system, and adults.” As chickenpox is caused by a virus, it has no cure and the virus would remain in our system for a lifetime even after we’ve done exhibiting the signs...
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...When I was six years old, my mom asked me, how about eating a hamburger outside? and I answered “Yes!” and went out with her. But instead I went to a public health center, not fast food restaurant and got vaccinated. It was very painful and I cried. Many people may have an experience like me. However vaccinations help us not to suffer from a certain health problem and lead to an advantageous response to infection. We have had many inoculations decades such as polio, measles, tetanus, diphtheria, etc. As a person of South Korea, I have had many vaccinations. It plays an important role in living healthy. Therefore, I think that all nations should be mandatory vaccinations because it would protect individual and the nation’s health. According to Health Affairs, a journal about healthcare and health policy, a vaccine was attempted for the first time by Edward Jenner who was a doctor from the United Kingdom in 1796. During this time, smallpox spread throughout the UK. Meanwhile Jenner discovered that ranch workers milking cows everyday didn’t catch well the disease. There was a disease, cowpox that is similar to smallpox but a weaker form. When a person contracted cowpox, he or she could endure well than a person who caught smallpox and wasn’t stricken with smallpox anymore. Inspired by this realization Jenner invented the smallpox vaccine after some experiments using cowpox virus. Since then the term ‘vaccine’ began to be used by Louis Pasteur who has been called “microbial father”...
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...diseases may be transmitted via contact from person to person, or caused by bites from insects or animals (Mayo Clinic, 2013). Signs and symptoms may vary but very often include fever and chills (Mayo Clinic, 2013). The communicable disease chosen for this paper is chickenpox or varicella. Varicella is an infection caused by a virus called varicella zoster virus or VZV (CDC, 2012). The mentioned infection also is well known by herpes zoster and dates to the ancient civilizations; it was reported in 1888 that a relation between herpes zoster and chickenpox was suggested (PubMed, 2000). In 1954, Thomas Weller isolated the VZV virus from the fluids contained in the vesicles of both chickenpox and herpes zoster lesions in cell culture (CDC, 2012). In the 1970 a varicella vaccine was developed in Japan (CDC, 2012). The vaccine was licensed to use in the United States of America in 1995, and the vaccine that helps reduce the risk of herpes zoster was licensed in 2006 (CDC, 2012). VZV is a DNA virus and one of the herpes virus group, VZV persists in the body after the first infection, that results of chickenpox, while herpes zoster is the result of recurrent infection (CDC, 2012). What are the signs of varicella and herpes zoster? Chickenpox infection in most cases lasts about five to ten days; rash is the main characteristic of the disease, other symptoms may be noticed one to two days prior to the appearance of the rash, such as fever, headache, loss of appetite, and general...
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...Axia College Material Fundamentals of Writing, Part One What to Do Before You Start Writing Writing—just reading the word might make you cringe. There are many possible reasons of why students do not like to write. Writing instructors usually hear My grammar is horrible, I had a writing teacher who marked up all my papers in red, or I cannot think of anything. Maybe you have similar reasons for not wanting to write; maybe you are excited to write, but do not know where to start. If you break the writing process into segments, it may not overwhelm you. This may ease your anxieties and inspire you to enjoy writing. Before you pick up a pen or start typing, stop and plan. Ask yourself the following questions and come up with answers: 1. What are the instructions? 2. What is my purpose for writing? 3. Who is my audience? 4. How must the overall structure of my writing look? 5. What must my tone be? Understand the Instructions First, read the instructions. Whether it is an assignment from an instructor or a project from a boss, read the instructions so you know what is expected. If you have questions, do not hesitate to ask. The following terms are frequently used in instructions. The definitions will help you understand what to include in your writing. |Term |Definition | | ...
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...Epidemiology Paper- Chicken Pox Grand Canyon University Community/Public Health Nursing NRS-427V August 8, 2015 Chicken Pox or Varicella is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the Varicella-Zoster virus that causes a blister like itchy rash all over the body. The rash is the disclosing indication of chicken pox (Mayo Clinic 2015). While signs and symptoms of chicken pox will usually appear one to two days prior to the rash, the rash itself will last from five to ten days. The symptoms that appear before the rash are headache, fever, general malaise, cough and loss of appetite. There are three phases of rash once it appears; Phase 1 red or pink papules all over the body for several days; Phase 2 The papules turn into vesicles or fluid filled blisters for the period of one day, the vesicles then break and leak; Phase 3 the vesicles scab and become crusted over then take a few more days to heal. There is the possibility to have all three phases of the disease (papules, vesicles and scabs) appearing at one time, as the papules in the beginning, tend to appear for several days. If one is infected with chicken pox, the virus can be spread for 48 hours prior to breaking out in the papules. The patient will then stay contagious until all of the vesicles have scabbed over (Mayo Clinic 2015). The disease itself is mild for most people, but a vaccination is available and a very effective and safe way to prevent chicken pox and its complications. Varicella spreads very...
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...Title: Infectious Disease paper on HIV/AIDS By: Susan Rhine Date: June 17, 2012 Class: Health and Diseases Teacher: Alexis Deavenport Infectious diseases are rampant throughout the world and only seem to be getting worse. Some of these diseases are treatable, but some are still untreatable even with many years of research. Some of these diseases include: Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, Influenza, Chickenpox, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus(MRSA), Clostridium difficle, Hepatitis B, and Rotavirus. Any of these diseases if contracted, can cause death. The one disease that I would like to discuss today is HIV/AIDS. This is one of the most deadly diseases in the world today. If a person has HIV does not necessarily mean that the person will also have the AIDS virus; it just means that they have the virus that causes AIDS. However; if a person has AIDS, then they will also have HIV because it is the virus that causes AIDS to be brought on. Unfortunately, the spread of AIDS has been great since the year 1981, with over 980,000 cases reported in the United States alone. It is important to know that HIV and AIDS are not the same disease. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and is a virus that can be caught on contact. HIV can eventually turn into the AIDS virus even though it takes time varying in length from a couple months to years. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. When the HIV virus ends up attacking a person’s immune system...
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...According to the article “The Benefits of Vaccination Outweigh the Risks” from opposing viewpoints in context, “It is true that natural infection almost always causes better immunity than vaccines” however “The price paid for immunity after natural infection might be pneumonia from chickenpox, mental retardation from Haemophilus Influenzae type b, pneumonia from pneumococcus, birth defects from rubella, liver cancer from hepitits B virus, or death from measles” (5). As can be seen, natural immunity can work although it is extremely risky and you can even die from it. Important to realize, some vaccines actually have a better immune response than natural infection such as the Human papillomavirus vaccine, Tetanus vaccine, Haemophilus influenza type b, and Pnewmococcal vaccine (5). With mandatory vaccines, you will not have the heavy risks associated with natural immunity and as mentioned above, some vaccinations will be even more effective. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, makes an important point...
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...| Syllabus College of Natural Sciences HCA/240 Version 4 Health and Diseases | Copyright © 2011, 2009, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course introduces the student to the basic principles of illness and disease commonly seen in the health care environment. Topics may include infectious and noninfectious diseases, environmental health, and the promotion of good health practices. In addition, students will be introduced to common disease and medical procedure terminology. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Zelman, M., Tompary, E., Raymond, J., Holdaway, P., & Mulvihill, M. (2010). Human diseases: A systemic approach (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Introduction to Human Health and Disease | | Details | Due | Points | ...
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...first actual efforts to research what will eventually be known as cerebral palsy. He was disabled as a child, after he suffered from polio, and received spastic diplegia which was complicated by severe talipes . Little spent most of his medical career researching various disabling conditions, which when linked together became identified as a form of cerebral palsy . Even though it was seen since the 1800s, cerebral palsy has been observed since antiquity as a group of neuromuscular disabilities. Many ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, have described cerebral palsy, but did not know how to treat it or even what causes it. In the 19th Century is when medical...
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