...Psychopathology is the study of abnormality. Abnormality is a psychological behaviour that deviates from the norm or is harmful and distressing to those around them. The psychodynamic approach to psychopathology looks at what drives us to behave in a particular way. Freud believed that a mental disorder is caused by unresolved conflicts of childhood which are unconscious. According to Freud the human mind or psyche consists of the id, ego and superego and conflict between these cause anxiety. The id is the irrational part of our personality which uses the pleasure principle: it seeks to have fun. The ego is the conscious rational part of personality, it uses the reality principle. The superego is the moral sense of right and wrong. Conflict between the id, ego and superego create anxiety. The id demands gratification which causes conflict with the superego’s sense of right and wrong. The ego then must step in between the two to restore them to reality and then proceeds to defend itself against the anxiety caused by using ego defence mechanisms.examples of ego defence mechanisms are: repression, denial, projection etc. These are all part of the unconscious mind, here memories and information that are hard to bring into the conscious mind exist. This has a powerful effect on behaviour which frequently leads to distress because the person does not understand why they are acting a particular way. The unconscious motivations cause mental disorder. In early childhood the ego...
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...& title:SPY 1079 Introduction to Early Childhood Studies | Date29th October 2016 | Assignment title: Diagnostic Essay: Why Study Childhood? | | | Very Good/Excellent | Good/Very good | Satisfactory/good | Basic/Satisfactory | Unsatisfactory | Argument and understanding | | | | | | Referencing and quality of sources | | | | | | Organization and structure | | | | | | Presentation and academic practice | | | | | | Marker’s comments: | Mark (%): | First marker: | | ------------------------------------------------- This Mark is provisional and is subject to final confirmation by Progression and Awards Board. | Second marker: | | Student name: Robyn Fletcher Student Number: 22966188 Why study childhood? This essay will outline the main issues as to why we study childhood. It will be done by using multiple reports, book chapters and other reading materials with relevant facts to support the essay content. Firstly, what is childhood? According to the Unicef website(2015) childhood is defined as 'A precious time in which children should live free from fear, safe from violence and protected from abuse and exploitation. As such, childhood means much more than just the space between birth and the attainment of adulthood.' This is how most societies within today's world see childhood for children, however not all countries agree. Studying childhood has allowed many professionals the knowledge and understanding...
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...A Case Study: Jane Jane was a young girl who is unaware that her father actions where wrong. Jane’s father caused her to believe that what he’s done can be done by any man. Jane’s Case Study has, the four goals of psychology, and modern perspectives of psychology. A Case Study: Jane Describe (tell what occurred): When Jane was just a young girl her father beaten her for being naughty. Later on in life Jane married, in the first 3 years of her marriage her husband was abusing her. Explain (tells why it occurred): Jane didn’t know why she was being beaten when she was younger because her father has failed to explain to her the reason of her being beaten. Jane’s husband first 3 years of abusing Jane was because he felt that she was challenging him. Predict (what condition is the behavior/event likely to occur): The behavior is likely to occur when Jane’s father claims she is being naughty. Jane’s husband only beats her when Jane is challenging him. Change (what change in condition is necessary to prevent unwanted occurrence, or the outcome): Jane learned she has associated her love with fear and no matter how hard she tries she feels she fails. Adulthood she realized her father was wrong so she used guilt and fear to get what she wanted from her father. Jane’s husband feels guilty and begs for forgiveness then takes Jane shopping. A Case Study: Cognitive, (Examines how we process, store, and use information and how this information...
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...Corporal Punishment: Is it needed? Research shows that there is an ongoing debate over corporal punishment and non-physical disciplinary measures for children. This debate asks to numerous questions: Do you spare or use the rod? The results can vary for both, sparing the rod can be damaging to establishing order in your child. As well, using the rod can affect the child’s long term mental behaviors, social norm, and the parental relationship. An article by John Fletcher titled, “Positive Parenting, not physical punishment” he addresses some of the concerns regarding corporal punishment. “Is spanking wrong? Clearly, hitting anyone in anger or when losing an argument is bad behaviour. To do this to children sets a bad example and may only teach them that violence is a means to getting their own way” (J.Fletcher 2012) By exploring the need of corporal punishment as it relates to it effect on children’s cognitive behaviors to punishment, alternative punishment methods and non-physical discipline may prove to be the best disciplinary method for children today. According to Miriam Websters Dictionary, corporal punishment as it pertains to children is defined as “punishment administered by an adult (as a parent or a teacher) to the body of a child ranging in severity from a slap to a spanking.” (M. Webster n.d.) Corporal punishment as it relates to children is sometimes administered in a school setting by administrators or teachers, however most corporal punishment is administered...
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...Recovering memories of childhood abuse. In recent years, the explosion of reports of childhood abuse in men and women has raised questions about the nature of memory for traumatic events, the occurrence of amnesia for childhood abuse, and the validity and accuracy of recovered memories. According to researchers most people who were sexually abused as children remember all or part of what happened to them although they may not fully understand or disclose it. However, others argue that repression and dissociation is far from clear, their use has become idiosyncratic, metaphoric, and arbitrary. Many clinicians accept recovered memories of childhood abuse as essentially valid reports of early experiences, and clinical work with recovered memories has proved to be useful in some patients. Recently, however, a number of investigators have questioned the validity of recovered memory of childhood. A heated debate has emerged regarding therapists' role in the retrieval of previously unremembered memories of childhood abuse. However, despite evidence that memory content can be influenced by suggestion, emotional arousal, and personal meaning, the bulk of memory research actually supports the accuracy of memory for the central components of significant events. Research evidence shows that it is not for people who were sexually abused in childhood to experience amnesia and delayed recall for the abuse. And according to this article has shown that over time memory for events can...
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...Pugh (ed.) page 71 The concept of childhood and how it’s changed over the past 30 years Back in the Middle Ages, children were seen simply as miniature adults. According to Philippe Aries (1962), children used to wear the same sort of clothes as their parents; they shared adults work and leisure. Children were not assumed to have needs different from adults, nor were they shielded from many aspects of adult life. Many children died soon after birth and it was seen as God’s will and a blessing. The status of the child and the concept of childhood have changed significantly from these times. Melvyn Bragg in 1999 noticed that the meaning and the story of childhood have been changed monumentally. Children join the workforce later, they are born into smaller families, they tend to spend their parents’ money rather than contributing to family coffers and they are handed over to the school for what used to be called the best years of their lives. 30 years ago, something very important took place for children around the world: the UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child in 1989. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, ratified by the UK government in 1991, states that a child “means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.” (Article 1, Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989). In short, according to the Convention, children should have the right to safety, education, protection and...
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...Child Labor: An Unrecognized Global Issue Abstract There is much knowledge that needs to be gained globally about child labor. Society needs to find ways to increase awareness in this matter. History has shown that child labor was almost necessary for the survival of families through hard economic times. The concept of children rights brought major change to the outlook of child labor. Children have the same large scale rights as adults do. Conventions have been established in place to protect the right of children here in the United States. Although our government has many laws in reference to child labor other nations do not recognize it as problematic and so it continues. In other countries children are being exploited by employers. These children are stripped of their right to have an education, a prosperous childhood, and of other rights. It can affect a child’s health and development. The objective of the following research paper is to raise awareness of the worldwide child labor issue and summarizes what is being done to help battle the issue. Introduction: Any issue that involves the abuse of young children is a sensitive matter. Images exist of children enduring maltreatment and abuse in different work settings. Child labor has been a long existing nationwide issue and although it is seen as a form of child abuse by many there are those that see it as a norm. Cultures in foreign nations believe that by placing a child in money paying work conditions...
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...fears of child abuse claims. Are you one of those parents? It is surprising how many of us are. Is there a right or wrong way to discipline children, and who has the say in it? Most experts on child rearing are against spanking in belief that it causes negative long-term effects, but parents who were spanked as a child tend to believe it is the only way to discipline their children when severe behavior problems arise. So do we act on an old-fashioned learned method or concede to following the expert’s advice and find other alternate measures for discipline in hopes that children will behave? Most adults can say they were spanked as a child and they turned out just fine, so what would be wrong with using that same form of discipline on their children? Children need to know the difference between right and wrong. Parents who do spank their children argue that if done properly and only when absolutely necessary, spanking can be an effective disciplinary tool. However, parents who choose not to spank their children, say that hitting a child only teaches them that violence is a way to solve problems that arise. At what age is it appropriate to start disciplining or spanking children? Teaching children discipline should start at an early age and be learned into their youth years. Researchers from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health have discovered from a recent study, that children that are spanked before the age of 2 are more likely to have behavioral problems when they...
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...Discerning the right and wrong when facing dilemmas can be the simplest way of describing the ethics. Ethics begin with the moral reasoning of the individual and as the moral reasoning of the individual can be formed by the individual's cultural, religious, social and educational values and backgrounds. So the ethics can be personal to each individual and it may not be possible to have different individuals share identical ethical values although similarities could be possible. Like many professions, nursing also have the code of ethics to assist the professionals to resolve the dilemmas and discern between the accepted and non accepted practises. The nursing profession, like many other professions, has its own code of ethics to help the nurses to determine the acceptable and non acceptable situations and actions, the rights and responsibilities that are approved by the nursing board and society. (Garrett, Baillie, McGeehan, & Garret, 2010). The protection of individual’s rights is well defined in the code of ethics while it also set forth a standard of care for the patients under the professional care of the nurses. In this essay, the writer is attempting to discuss the impacts of one’s personal, spiritual and cultural aspects on the ethical situations of the professional nursing practice. Personal, cultural, and spiritual principles and outlook of the world and nursing philosophy. Principles or values are policies that the individuals use to judge the right and wrong. The...
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...the world, so it’s extremely imperative for young adults to understand to think responsibly and make mature decisions. Physical development changes within young adulthood bring acne, voice change, hair growth within the pelvic area, enlargement of the internal and external reproductive organs, and breast enlargement. Social development within young adulthood brings personality development which allocates a strong desire for the adolescence to be socially independent by obtaining the following employment, car, housing etc. The principal’s values, morals and respect are needed for young adults to effectively and responsibly evaluate circumstances to determine a plausible decision of what’s right and wrong. Respect is a principal that should have been taught during childhood, however it’s critically that one adult have been instilled with this element because if fosters with how to be considerate and thoughtful towards themselves, others and situations. Discipline is also a critical factor as well this concept aids young adults how to appropriately conduct themselves within hostile circumstances and within society. There are also various theories within the changes of adulthood to name as few psychologists Erikson, Piaget and Kohlberg proposed the following stages for developmental changes within adulthood. Psychologist Erikson proposed a theory within the early 60’s eight definite stage of development. Within each stage Erikson concludes that people will...
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...Lifespan Development and Personality Paper: Middle Childhood Ages Soterica Johnson Psy 103 June 15, 2015 Mary Newhams Lifespan Development and Personality Paper: Middle Childhood Ages The main goal of developmental psychology is to pursue the understandings of and report different aspects of human development. These aspects include development of physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality. Discussing these aspects in different terms can be a tough task. In this paper I chose to write on one age group. To define this age, I will focus on the middle childhood ages 6 to 12. I will address physical, cognitive, social, and moral as well as personality development. Within these factors I am also considering both hereditary and environmental factors. Middle childhood is the period of life between the years of 6 to 12, where children are going to school, beginning to make friends outside of their families, mastering new physical and mental abilities, and also learning to become independent. During these ages physical development is most important. Growth may be slower during these ages, causing wide differences in height and weight in children. Passing through the beginning stages of life children have already began losing teeth. Middle childhood ages is when permanent teeth began to come in and dental visits have become more frequent. Children of this age group have improved motor skills so they began getting involved in more physical activities. Along with the psychical...
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...someone is brought up in? The nature concept of being a homosexual argues that genes present at the time of birth genetically predispose people to homosexuality, leading to the belief that some are born homosexuals. The nurture concept of homosexuality assumes that social, parental and environmental variables influence a person's homosexuality, leading us to believe that a nurtured gay person is one that becomes a homosexual. Personally I feel that homosexuality stems from the events that take place in a person’s childhood. With that being said, I’m going with the theory of “Nurture”. Nurture being defined as a general tern for all the environmental influence that affect development after an individual is conceived (Berger 2011). I personally have nothing against homosexuals; I love everyone, and I actually have an uncle and a first cousin who are homosexuals. I believe that people aren’t born homosexual; that a person becomes a homosexual due to traumatic sexual childhood events, such as being molested. I also believe that a child can be misled to believe that the sexual behavior of the perpetrator is acceptable. By this I mean an adult that takes sexual advantage of a child and tells the child that it’s okay to do what they are doing; therefore the child conforms to this same sex orientation and becomes a homosexual. I can only speak from what I’ve heard from the two people who I know are homosexuals. My uncle was forced on many occasions to have oral and anal sex with his older...
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...Has Discipline Gone Too Far? What is acceptable and for whom? English 105 Since the beginning of time it has been heavily debated about the use physical discipline in homes and schools around the world. It has been speculated that physical punishment is an extreme and inappropriate. Why punishment on a physical level in the eyes of so many is labeled wrong but in the eyes of others they believe it’s not only right, but effective. Who is right in this matter? Who has the right to tell a parent that they should not be spanking their child? How do we draw a line between what is acceptable and what is unacceptable and should the government step in and make an anti-physical punishment law? About 30 years ago this form of reprimanding a child was a norm. Many child psychologists and other health care professionals have been discussing and debating this very topic for many years now. In fact according to Dr. Gregory K Fritz’s article “Should Spanking a Child Be unlawful,” a survey was conducted 15 years ago of family practitioners and pediatricians and it was found that about two thirds supported mild spanking in some disciplinary situations. However, times have changed and so has the way we discipline our children. As time passes our world changes and adapts. Things are different, technology and the human life is constantly revolving. Therefore the way we raise our children has evolved to. Punishment for a child can be as simple as taking away their...
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...influenced in what their watching, so if they are watching a negative show; it is most likely that they will have an aggressive behaviour. However, many people including children and teens are influenced by television which has many negative effects. Television has negative effects on children because it promotes violence among children, has negative effects on healthy child development, and exposes children to sexual content. Hundreds of studies have shown that how violent shows on television effects children and teens. Kids may become aware to violence and more aggressive, when they watch programs that include violence. Because many violent acts are committed by “good kids”, so that’s why kids tend to follow violent shows. Even though, children are taught by their parents that it is not right to hit, television says that it is okay to hit, kick, and bite if you are the good guy. When a child tries to understand right or wrong, it leads to confusion. This leads to more violence because children do not know what is right or wrong for them, so that’s why their parents should be alert about what their child is watching. Also sometimes the bad characters in a cartoon program are not held responsible or punished, so children don’t know if they are correct. Also some of the young kids are frightened by scary and violent images. Sometimes telling the kids that the images aren’t real they would calm them, because they can’t yet figure out if...
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...years of life. These experiences were more like stepping stones within my life’s journey. There are three experiences in particular that stand out to me more than any other of the thousands of experiences I have had in a whole. These stepping stones range from my childhood, my time served during deployments, and my time of service in the army. One of my very first distinct experiences in writing started in my childhood. Being born and raised in a Hispanic country it was very challenging to learn the English language. My mother pushed me very hard and taught me English through writing. Thinking in Spanish and writing in English not only helped my writing but also helped me adopt my new language. As years went by my writing matured and I became proficient in the English language. My proficiencies in writing English became detrimental in reference to my childhood studies. My studies as a child were not the typical studies of an average student. I was raised in a Christian curriculum home school setting. My parents used to host bible studies in our home and sometimes my dad would make me write the study for the class he was going to give. That time of my life was very challenging but my dad always pointed me in the right direction. Once I became fluent in writing in English, It became my main source of communication when corresponding to my loved ones from Iraq during my deployment. Never thought that writing would be this important in my life until I found that it was my only source...
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