...------------------------------------------------- History of China From at least 1766BCE to the twentieth century of the Common Era, China was ruled by dynasties. A dynasty is a family that passes control from one generation to the next. A dynasty does not have to last for a long time. One Chinese dynasty lasted more than 800 years while another lasted only fifteen years. The ancient Chinese believed their ancestors in heaven had chosen their leaders. They called this the Mandate of Heaven. The Chinese people often rebelled against a weak leader if they believed he had lost the Mandate of Heaven. There are indications of an earlier Hsia Dynasty, but the Shang were the first dynasty to leave written records. The Shang also developed a lunar calendar consisting of twelve months of 30 days each. The Shang Dynasty ruled China from approximately 1766BCE to about 1040BCE. Shang rulers expanded the borders of their kingdom to include all of the land between Mongolia and the Pacific Ocean. The Shang practiced human sacrifice. If a Shang king died, many of his subjects would join the ruler in his grave. Some people were beheaded first but others were buried alive. When a Shang king died, his next oldest brother replaced him. When there were no brothers, the ruler’s oldest maternal nephew became king. A maternal nephew would be a child of one of the deceased king’s cousins – that is, a son of his mother’s siblings. The Chou were initially nomads who lived west of the Shang...
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...opportunities with US merchants in China In return, the US welcomed Chinese to migrate freely to the US continent The US doesn’t realize the US California as US resident Chinese Migration and movement Motives and Mean Number of Chinese migrants to us 1851-1900: increasing In 19th is cheaper to travel Born and reared under different governments and speaking different tongues we nevertheless meet here in California as brothers. You stand among us in all respects as equals Filial Piety Foot binding is kind of painful dress Transcontinental Railroad: Chinese migratory patterns Produced a network of remittances where by young men sent monies home to their parent Initially encouraged the men to be sojourners, temporary residents rather than settlers Later produced a disproportionate gendered ration, which meant the by 1890, for every 26 Chinese men there was one Chinese women Finally the massive in-migration of Chinese male labor produced the transcontinental railroad route After we got Chinamen to work, we took the more intelligent of the wither laborers and made foremen of them. They got a start by controlling Chinese labor on our railroad. Chinese labor entered the US for 10 years as a result Chinese was treated as alien United States Governance and Law A. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: Scott Act 1888- Chinese exclusion act The formation of China Town- overcrowding. Urbanism Focusing on Chinese laborers and migrants, one person commented: “a china man is...
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... The Chinese Exclusion Act was a law of United States that passed by president President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882. It was established based on the revision of Burlinggame Treaty of 1868 made in 1880 .The Chinese Exclusion Act is the first immigration law of United States for a specific ethnic group. It marks a major turning point of the American foreign policy over immigration. This act prohibited Chinese workers into United States and deprives the American citizenship from Chinese immigrants for ten years .The amendment of 1884 further enhanced the requirements that allow earlier arrival immigrants to leave and return the U.S. Then, the Chinese Exclusion Act was extended by Scott Act that mainly written by William Lawrence Scott of Pennsylvania, prohibiting Chinese from returning again after leaving the United States. In 1892, the Geary Act that written by Thomas J.Geary was passed, which extended the Chinese Exclusion Act for a decade. In 1902, the exclusion act was made permanent. It required Chinese resident to register and obtain a proof of residence. The Chinese Exclusion Act was finally repealed by the Magnuson Act on December 17, 1943. The Magnuson Act set the immigration quota to 105 every year for Chinese immigrants.( “ Exclusion“,Library of Congress.) Background American had a series of changes in the attitude upon Chinese. The Chinese Exclusion Act is one of the most severe restrictions of immigration in American History. The unique historical...
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...Why did Chinese immigrate to the United States? After civil war had settled down, many immigrants came to America to live from many countries such as Germany, Ireland, and England. There are as many as 12 million immigrants at this time. Regarding Chinese immigration, they immigrated to the United States from 1849 to 1882. Between this period, America had California Gold Rush, which is one of the reasons Chinese people immigrated. Because the Chinese Exclusion Act was taken into practice, no more Chinese people could immigrate to the United States after 1882. Chinese immigration is the divergent point for Chinese’ lives who lived in America. The main reason Chinese immigrants came to America after Civil War was for work. As a consequence, most of the Chinese immigrants were single men. Especially in California, Chinese people arrived. There is the promise of gold in California during 1850s. It was called California gold rush. After they gained money in America, they usually went back to their country. Chinese immigrants began doing their own business such as running restaurant and laundries. In addition, they started their agricultural laborers. Even though the hard work such as transcontinental railroad construction that connects the coast to coast did not give them good pay, they just work for money. There were two large rail road companies in the United States at this time: Central Pacific and Union Pacific. They began competing as soon as congress took the Pacific Railroad...
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...Introduction Hosting the 2008 Olympic Games is monumental in Chinese history, almost a century ago, Chinese scholars dreamed of the Olympics being staged in China, which marks sovereignty and power of the country in a global view. Therefore, when the long time expectation is about to become real, the primary goal for Chinese government and citizens is to show the best part of China to the world. This paper focuses on what and how the Chinese have done in order to accomplish the mission of hosting a successful game. A number of Olympic architectures are reviewed in terms of their locations, the cultural meanings behind as well as their unique characteristics. At the meantime, in this paper I try to compare Olympic venues with their counterparts built for the Beijing 1990 Asian Games, due to their close relations, which I will further explain in the later session of this paper. I. Location of 2008 Olympics and 1990 Asian Games venues An international comprehensive sports game usually consists of a main stadium, where the opening and closing ceremonies are held, and a village that multi-functions as accommodation, gymnasium, catering, etc. to athletes, trainers and officials, as well as other venues where various sessions of a game are hosted. To Beijing 2008 Olympiad, the location of the above buildings is extremely important, due to the unprecedented opportunity to welcome the greatest sports event in the world. The Chinese folks consider the Olympic Games too significant to randomly...
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...Post-Mao Economy: The Ideas of Chen Yun, Deng Xiaoping, and Zhao Ziyang,” Asian Survey, 26, no. 3 (March 1986), 293-321. Bachman, David. “The Fourteenth Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.” New York: Asia Society, 1992. Bachman, David. “Implementing Chinese Tax Policy.” In Lampton, ed., Policy Implementation in Post-Mao China, pp. 119-153. Backhouse, E. and J.O.P. Bland. Annals & Memoirs of the Court of Peking. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914. Bainian chao (百年潮) (Hundred Year Tide). Monthly. Beijing: Zhongguo zhonggong dangshi xuehui, 1997 -- . Barfield, Thomas J. Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1989. Barman, Geneviève Barman and Nicole Dulioust. “Les années Françaises de Deng Xiaoping,” Vingtième Siècle: Revue d’histoire, no. 20 (October-December 1988), 17-34. Barman, Geneviève and Nicole Dulioust. “The Communists in the Work and Study Movement in France,” Republican China, 13, no. 2 (April 1988), 24-39. Barnett, A. Doak, with a contribution by Ezra Vogel. Cadres, Bureaucracy, and Political Power in Communist China. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967. Barnett, Robert and Shirin Akiner, eds. Resistance and Reform in Tibet. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994. Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. Ten Years of Turbulence: The Chinese Cultural Revolution. New York: Kegan Paul International, 1993. Bartke, Wolfgang...
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...Olympic slogan Slogan of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games - One World, One Dream (One World One Dream), embodies the essence and the universal values of the Olympic spirit - unity, friendship, progress, harmony, participation and dreams, to express the world inspired by the Olympic spirit, pursuit of common aspirations for a better future. Although human beings of a different color, different languages, different races, but we share the charm and joy of the Olympic, the common pursuit of "the ideal of peace, we belong to a world, we have the same hopes and dreams. "One World One Dream" (One World One Dream), a profound reflection of the core concept of the Beijing Olympic Games, reflecting as a "Green Olympics, Scientific Olympics and Humanity Olympics" the core of the three concepts of the human soul, the harmony inherent in the Olympic Games of values. Building a harmonious society and achieving harmonious development is our dream. "Heaven" and "harmony" is the Chinese people since ancient times, man and nature, the ideal of a harmonious relationship between human beings and the pursuit. We believe: peace and progress, harmonious development, harmony, cooperation and win-win and the good life is the common ideal of the world. "One World One Dream" (One World One Dream), the text concise deep, is of China, the world's. Slogan expressed the Beijing people and the Chinese people and peoples of the world there are beautiful homes, share the fruits of civilization, the lofty...
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...Question 1 Why did the Chinese government hire a Western public relations firm to work on the 2008 Beijing Olympics? Public relation is the department or function responsible for evaluating public opinion about, and attitudes toward, the organization and its product or brand. Public relation is one four variables in the promotion mix. The basic tools of public relation include news, newsletters, press conference, and other company facilities. Public relations can be considered in a similar vein as the marketing of a product. Products can only enjoy continued success if its performance is satisfactory, as the image of the product cannot be maintained if product performance is inconsistent. Similarly public relations cannot be more effective than the corporate behavior behind it. Public relations involves more than corporate communications. China had experienced bad publicity ahead of the Olympics where Beijing's image was seriously battered by widely publicized protests especially in London, Paris and San Francisco, disrupting the Beijing Olympic torch relay. Also, Chinese embassies and consulates in several cities were also damaged because of protests by pro-Tibet groups and others capitalizing on the publicity of summer Games. Therefore, China decided that it would be a better idea to hire foreign Public Relation firms to handle the publicity issues of the games. “Several British and US agencies were invited to interviews with Chinese officials to discuss a contract, which...
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...Chinese Culture(中国传统文化) Ghulam Abbas Kan (3115999115) Email id:abbasalmani591@hotmail.com School of Electronic and information Xi’an Jiaotong University. INTRODUCTION: Culture itself is a relatively large concept. Generally speaking, culture is a kind of social phenomenon, and it is the product of people's long-term creation. At the same time, it is a historical accumulation of social history. The general culture is the sum of all the material and spiritual wealth created by human beings. Exactly speaking, culture refers to a country or a nation's history, geographical conditions, traditions, customs, way of life, literature, art, normative behavior, ways of thinking, values, and so on. According to the definition of British anthropologist Edward teller, culture "includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and as a member of the society the ability and habits that complex whole". Its core is as spiritual products of all kinds of knowledge, this matter is spread. Culture is a phenomenon peculiar to human beings. Culture is created by people, being unique.The culture is the product of human social practice. Chinese traditional culture is the civilization evolution and exchange integrated a reflect the national character and style of the national culture is nation in the history of all kinds of thoughts and ideology of the overall characterization, refers to the living in the area of Chinese nation and the ancestors created and inherited from generation to generation...
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...within such as big country. We will focus on the two of the biggest cities, Beijing and Shanghai. Slide 1 J: Guess--which one represents Beijing? Which represents Shanghai? Anyone can tell the difference between the two cities? (Chinese please keep silent.) A: Shanghai is top Chinese COMMERCIAL city with EXTREMELY long history of 700 years. J: Beijing is named as EMPIRE Capital. It has a very SHORT history of 3000 years, there of 860 years is as capital, which the people are proud of. Slide 2 A: Imagine I was a Shanghai lady firstly arrived in Beijing. I got on a Taxi and said: 师傅，麻烦你带我去天安门广场和长城逛逛。 J: 您是说您要去天安门广场和长城是吗？您哪来的呀？ 说话咋南腔北调的？ A: I was so shocked to know the Mandarin in Beijing is different with Shanghai's. Slide 3 J: Imagine I was a Beijing young man got on a bus in Shanghai for the first time of visit. I heard someone talking on the bus like this: A: 侬裤子阿子瓦特啦？裤子么坏裤大系瓦？阿子么瓦阿大系瓦。 J: Oh My god! Did the Shanghai people speak Japanese? A: Even most Shanghai people can speak Mandarin. The local use more Shanghai Dialect, which is totally different with Mandarin or Cantonese. Newcomer would be shocked because they understand "0" of the dialect Slide 4 J: However, after I lived in Shanghai for 10 years and one day I visited my hometown-Beijing, I had dinner with a group of the high school classmates at the restaurant. My classmate kept asking: Do you the current Mayor of Beijing? He's sued in March. Have you heard about the Vice Provincial Governor of...
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...understand the culture of China, people can have a look on its architecture, Feng Shui, cuisine, language, etc. Architecture The history of Chinese architecture has been built over many centuries. Its distinctive and special structural features have significantly influenced on the architectural styles of the East Asia countries such as Korea, Japan and Vietnam. In Chinese architecture, bilateral symmetry and the articulations of buildings are mainly concerned. These features did not only apply for the palaces, but also apply for the humble farmhouses. Apart from the main buildings, the open courtyard and/or the “sky well” can be easily found within the building complexes. Open courtyard and the “sky well” is an empty space surrounded by buildings that connected one building to another one building either directly. Chinese Siheyuan in Beijing is a very good example showing the symmetry, use of open courtyard and “sky well”. Another important feature of Chinese architecture is that Chinese architecture emphasizes on width, in contrast, Western architecture emphasizes on height. The wide halls of Forbidden City and castles in Western countries are very good examples in respect of Chinese and Western architectures. In relation to the structural materials, bricks, stones and wooden timber (frame and roof) are frequently used. Chinese architecture was well developed since ancient times, timber frames are mainly constructed by dowel, it is seldom to use glue or nails...
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...patrol vessels and fishing boats, China has fired off a barrage of historical records to reinforce its claim over a disputed shoal near the Philippines in the South China Sea. While this propaganda broadside makes it clear Beijing will take a tough line with Manila as a standoff over Panatag (Scarborough) Shoal continues into a seventh week, the exact legal justification for China's claim and the full extent of the territory affected remain uncertain, according to experts in maritime law. Like most of its claims to vast expanses of the resource-rich and strategically important South China Sea, Beijing prefers to remain ambiguous about the details, they say. This allows the ruling Communist Party to demonstrate to an increasingly nationalistic domestic audience that it can defend China's right to control a swathe of ocean territory. And, it avoids further inflaming tensions with neighbors who are already apprehensive about China's growing military power and territorial ambition. "This ambiguity serves China's domestic purpose which is to safeguard the government's legitimacy and satisfy domestic public opinion," said Sun Yun, a Washington DC-based China foreign policy expert and a former analyst for the International Crisis Group in Beijing. Potential flashpoint Rival claims to territory in the South China Sea are one of the biggest potential flashpoints in the Asia-Pacific region. China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Taiwan, Malaysia and Brunei all have...
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...World Trade Organization (WTO) in November 2001 marked one of the most important steps of the Chinese government towards deepening the integration of the Chinese economy into the world economy and therewith going more deeply into the globalization. This development, however, does not mean that the issue of globalization is not controversial in China. Indeed, the fifteen years since 1986 in which China actually underwent a tremendous negotiation process with the WTO, as well as with its members, have been accompanied by an intense domestic debate about the sense and the meaning of globalization. Even through today, the Chinese membership in the WTO is certainly not inevitable; the globalization debate in China continues, reflecting the fact that the Chinese feel strongly challenged by globalization and are trying to search for ways to deal effectively with it. This paper regards it as its main task to examine systematically the Chinese reactions to globalization. To achieve this goal, the analysis will focus on three questions. Firstly, it will find out the general understanding of globalization by the Chinese elite. The term “general understanding” means in this sense the understanding which most Chinese scholars and politicians seem to share regardless of whether he or she is “pro-globalization” or “anti-globalization”. Secondly, it will try to identify the main strains of the Chinese debate on globalization. In doing so, the substantial arguments of the different groups will...
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...introduction of Chinese Art dates back as far as 960 AD. Early forms of art in China were made from pottery and jade in the Neolithic period. The gist of Chinese art encompasses fine arts, folk arts, and performance arts. The most common types/forms of arts and entertainment in the Chinese culture and China are as follows: 1. Literature 2. Chinese Folk Art 3. Visual Art 4. Film 5. Chinese Music 6. Performing Arts 7. Gardening 8. Architecture The start era for Chinese literature was the Spring and Autumn period. Chinese culture contains various groups of literature, including: Early Chinese poetry, Han and Northern dynasties poetry, Golden Age of Chinese poetry, Li Bai and Du Fu, Late Tang and Five dynasties, Song, Ming and Qing literature, Western influence: the big three, and Modern. These are all forms of early and late poetry in the Chinese culture. The love poems are among the most appealing in the freshness and purity of the Chinese language. There are several famously recognized poets in the Chinese culture. In modern poetry, Xu Zhimo, a romantic poet who cherished the poetry of the English romantics like Keats and Shelley, was among the first Chinese authors that effectively naturalized western romantic forms into contemporary Chinese poetry. Early Chinese poetry, in the Golden age, contained notable poets like Bai Juyi, Luo Binwang, Jia Dao, Wang Wei, and etc. Another form of entertainment in China that is probably the most common is Chinese music. The origins...
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...Beijing Opera (Youtube Project) This project is centered on Beijing Opera also referred to as Peking Opera or as the Chinese call it Jingju. It’s a form of the traditional Chinese theater that combines dance, mime, acrobatics, music, and vocal performance. Beijing Opera developed in the late eighteenth century and became fully recognized throughout China by the mid-19th century. The form was extremely popular in the Qing Dynasty court and has become one of the cultural treasures of China. Major performances are based in Beijing, Southern Shanghai, Northern Tianjin, and Taiwan. It has also spread to other countries such as the United States and Japan. Political influences have long played a part in the arts of China (World Music, 187). The Taiwanese took on the Opera and made it into their own. Naming it Guoju, which means national, or the in other words the National Opera. This reflects disputes over the true seat of Chinese government. After the Chinese Civil War ended, Beijing opera became the focal point of ethnic identity for the Mainland and Communist party. When the Communist Party of China came to power in the Mainland, the newly formed government moved to bring art into line with Communist ideology. Their goal was to make art and literature a component of the revolution. Dramatic works without Communist themes were considered subversive, and were ultimately banned during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). Before Beijing opera evolved it was considered a religious...
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