...The halogen-containing organic compound I decided to research is chloroform. Chloroform is also called trichloromethane, its molecular formula is CHCl3. It is, “a colorless liquid, half again as dense as water and of about the same viscosity, chloroform has a heavy, etherlike odor and a burning sweetness of taste, being about 40 times as sweet as cane sugar” (Chloroform, 2016). In addition, “it is an important solvent for gums, resins, fats, elements such as sulfur and iodine, and a wide variety of organic compounds” (Chloroform, 2016). Chloroform is related to human health because, “it was first used as an anesthetic in 1847 in one of the earliest experiments on surgical anesthesia” (Chloroform, 2016). It is rarely used as an anesthetic anymore...
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...Jenny Soonthornrangsan “San Fernando Valley (Area 1 North Hollywood and Burbank)” Contaminant Site: - Seven square miles of contaminated groundwater beneath North Hollywood - Proposed Date of NPL listing: 10/15/84; Final Date of NPL listing: 06/10/86 Contaminants: - Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) that include Trichloroethylene (TCE) and Perchloroethylene (PCE) [also known as Tetrachloroethylene] a) Trichloroethylene, characterized with a colorless or blue liquid with chloroform-like odor, is mainly used in the production of textiles and removal of grease from metal parts. b) Perchloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene, characterized with a colorless organic liquid with a mild, chloroform-like odor, is mainly used in the textile industry and aerosol dry-cleaning products. PCE is usually discharged from factories and dry cleaners. i....
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...Causal Analysis: Bottled Water Causal Analysis: Bottled Water Ashlie Delaney Galen College of Nursing Bottled water has been around for centuries. While the aqueous solution in the bottle is imperative to your health, there are drawbacks to that liquid gold. And the package it rests in. Let us start of with a little history. One of the oldest discoveries of bottled water dates back to 1450 BC. There were murals painted the walls of ancient pharaohs tombs depicted canteens filled of the liquid. The Roman’s built one of the very first water transporting system. In 1767 water was first bottled in America under curative properties. Mineral water from New York was bottled commercially somewhere in the early 1800’s. In 1820, the popular Sarasota Springs sold their first bottled water. In the early times of commercially bottled water, it was marketed as a luxury drink to the wealthy and famous. It takes around 17 million barrels of oil to produce the plastic water bottles in The United States of America. Like bottled water, fossil fuels are harvested from locations around the world, processed, shipped and the consumed. Bottled water wastes a lot of fossil fuels. The burning of oil and other fossil fuels emits global warming pollution into the atmosphere. The price of bottled water is higher than the price of tap water, but in many instances, the water quality is the same. There is even a chance that an expensive bottle of water is just purified municipal tap water. The theory...
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...Experiment 7: Lipid Extraction I. Abstract Lipids are biomolecules that are used primarily for structural components of the cell, signaling molecules and energy storage purposes. Lipids are naturally occurring esters of long chain fatty acids with both hydrophobic chains, which is insoluble to polar organic solvents and hydrophilic chains which is soluble to polar organic solvents. Because of this conformation, they can assume a wide range of complex structures including fused rings. Lipids can be isolated from cells through different techniques and their presence can be tested through different qualitative tests. The sample choice is egg yolk and was used as a source of lipids in the experiment. Liquid-liquid extraction, separation of the organic and aqueous layer was used to extract the supernatant or extract. Also, thin layer chromatography or TLC was used to separate the different lipid components by using the Rf values computed. The farther the distance traveled by the compound (higher Rf), the more nonpolar the component, while the smaller the distance traveled, the more polar the component (lower Rf). Lecithin and cholesterol was not able to travel the plate. After, the isolated lipid was subjected to qualitative tests such as Acrolein test, test for phosphates, Leibermann-Burchard test and test for unsaturation. Acrolein tests determine the presence of glycerin; the test for phosphate detects phosphate groups in the structure of the lipid, Leibermann-Burchard uses cholesterol...
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...Pepper Seed DNA Extraction Biochem lab: CHE 452L marisol gomez Pepper Seed DNA Extraction Biochem lab: CHE 452L marisol gomez 2015 2015 INTRODUCTION The jalapeno is a member of the capsicum family, along with many other peppers. The usual methods for characterization of different pepper species are based on their morphological and physiological traits, however this many not always be enough. For peppers, their traits are influenced by things like their genotype or their specific environment. Genomic markers can allow for a more direct comparison of closely related individuals (Ansari and Khan, 2012). In our case we focus on DNA extraction. The two basic parts of a DNA extraction procedure include the breaking of the cell walls to expose the DNA and the use of enzymes to remove contaminants. The DNA is analyzed for purity by taking the absorbance. The pure DNA is then visualized by gel electrophoresis. The DNA extraction of plant seeds is difficult because of their cell wall. The method used to break the cell wall includes grinding the seeds with liquid nitrogen. The addition of DNAzol is used to isolate genomic DNA (Chomczynski et al. 1997). Restriction enzymes are necessary to fragment patterns of the DNA and in turn making it easier to analyze the DNA through gel electrophoresis. BACKGROUND The purpose of our experiment is to extract the DNA from pepper seeds to be able to compare and contrast the similarities in their DNA. The extraction of DNA from a plant...
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...Chad Muhlbauer #462436 Legal @ Social Environment of Business Heidi Noonan-Day Section 03 Casey Anthony Trial For the past three years, people have tuned-in to television, radio, newspapers, and the internet to hear the latest news on the famous Casey Anthony trial. During June and July of 2011, there wasn't a TV station that didn't have coverage on it. It was a case many mothers and fathers could relate to because it dealt with the everlasting love between a parent and their child; or so they thought. In this paper I'm going to talk about why the jury found Casey innocent of first degree murder and what is wrong with the American Justice System that allows guilty people like her walk free. How far does reasonable doubt go? Also, I want to talk about why the case hit so close to home for many people that followed along with the case, and what needs to be done regarding child abuse laws in Florida. First off, let us get the facts of the case straight. Casey Anthony waited 31 days to report her two-year-old daughter Caylee missing, in the summer of 2008. At first she told authorities that her nanny had kidnapped her, then went back on her word and said later in the trial process that she drowned in her parents swimming pool. Casey also lied to police about having a job and made up stories about future plans she had with her daughter. Testimonies and video footage also showed Casey out shopping, drinking, and hanging with friends during the time Caylee was “missing”...
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...radiation elements and substances into the environment. The tsunami devastated Aomori an area located about 30 miles east of City of Tokyo. The devastating and far reaching results of this earthquake and tsunami included: * Approximately 20,000 people were killed * Approximately 750,000 homes were destroyed and vanished * The industrial facilities of this region which were extensive and included production plants for the steel industry, consumer electronics, automotive industrial parks, and petrochemicals plants * And arguably the most long term devastation came from the leakage of nuclear material from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plan The International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) ranked the disaster of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant at a level 7. This was the same rating the agency gave to the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster. The release of the radioactive material, waste products, and chemicals included vast amounts of hydrochloric acid, chromium, and ammonia tanks. Effects on Agriculture and Stock Animals The Japanese Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau released their report that documented manufacturing facilities suffered extreme tsunami damage. There were reports that entire industry sized containers of toxic or hazardous substances or even entire storage facilities were completed washed away and have never been located or recovered thus confirming that they were completely dispersed into the environment. Known carcinogenic materials such as...
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...2.5 Major concerns with paper mill sludge management 2.5.1 Land filling Figure 2.3 represent the disposal problem of land filling with environment. In Paper mill sludge with high organic content in landfill is subjected to aerobic and anaerobic decay. According to Buswell and Mueller (1952), 1 ton of low-ash PMS in landfill theoretically releases into environment approximately 2.69 tons of CO2 and 0.24 ton of CH4 (Likon et al., 2009). Currently, most PMS is dried, spread or deposited onto the landfill (Mabee, 2001). The landfills can be industrial, in that are constructed and operated by the mills, or they can be independently owned, requiringsludgedisposal. theThe mill European Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) and upcoming bio-waste...
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...solvents. The discussion below focuses on CFCs, but is relevant to all ODS. Although CFCs are heavier than air, they are eventually carried into the stratosphere in a process that can take as long as 2 to 5 years. Measurements of CFCs in the stratosphere are made from balloons, aircraft, and satellites. When CFCs and HCFCs reach the stratosphere, the ultraviolet radiation from the sun causes them to break apart and release chlorine atoms which react with ozone, starting chemical cycles of ozone destruction that deplete the ozone layer. One chlorine atom can break apart more than 100,000 ozone molecules. Other chemicals that damage the ozone layer include methyl bromide (used as a pesticide), halons (used in fire extinguishers), and methyl chloroform (used as a solvent in industrial processes for essential applications). As methyl bromide and halons are broken apart, they release bromine atoms, which are 60 times more...
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...Juengst in “Genetic Testing and Screening”, The more you try to understand genes the more complicated it can get (Juengst 5). The author is explaining on how advanced the human body can truly be. Human testing doesn't sound that bad, right? Well what if someone told you that human testing was being demonstrated on men, women and even children, without their consent? Human testing is not only ethical but also vital to the environment and for survival. Human testing is the study of human genetics...
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...have been given to T.B.White Plague got its name from the pale skin of caucaHons. It was a~low death compared to Bubonic Plague and Asiatic Cholera. Lungers, aff~~d the lungs and at consumption, the wasting away of the body, was seen near death with a high consuming fever. "' There were many strange treatments for T.B. In Anci~t' Rome people would eat the flesh of a female donkey in a broth. They would also swallow "ashes of pig dung mixed in raisin wine." In the 1820's victims of T.B. wotid rub sulferic acid on their chests after breathing in warm air. The 1840's had a costly and expensive brown sugar solution as a treatment. In the 1880's a lethal remedy, poi'tonous hallucenogenis was tried. It was ma,de up of alcohol, strychnine, chloroform, morphine, cyanide, and mercury. Another remedy was sucking the milk from the breast of a woman who had just given birth. They also let the blood flow from the arm hoping for a cure. Surg'ery was also a. form of treatment. They would inject to collapse a lung, crush nerves, inject solids, remove ribs and cut out injected tissue or organs. i'10st considered rest at home, to be the best treatment. Sanitoriums were another form of treatment. It was conidered the best chance for recovery. By isolating the infection they could prevent spreading the disease. Some of the symptoms of the infected patients were; red spots on a pillow, coughing, sneezing, pale skin, loss of weight, sweats, red chetlks, sunken eyes, and palms of hands hot and dry...
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...action of external conditions, and by variations which seem to us in our ignorance to arise spontaneously. His explanation radically affected the views of the scientific community about the origin and evolution of life on the planet. The hypothesis, in its simplified form, states that all existing plant and animal species are descended from earlier and, generally speaking, more primitive forms. The direct effects of the environment cause species to develop through the inheritance of minute differences in individual structures. As the centuries pass, the more adaptable, stronger species live on, while a weaker, less flexible species die out: the “survival of the fittest.” Furthermore, a species may also be changed by cumulative working of sexual selection, which Darwin regarded as the “most powerful means of changing the races of man.” At the beginning of the nineteenth century, medical practices were making a slow transaction away from the indiscriminate use of leeches and bleeding. In the 1840s, physicians began to use ether and chloroform to reduce pain during operations. The Scottish surgeon Joseph Lister developed new antiseptic practices that made major advances against the spread of infection. Probably the most important single advance came with the substantiation of the germ theory of disease by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. Modern chemistry gained its foundations during the nineteenth century, founded on the atomic theory advanced by an English...
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...“Anti-fungal of Marigold (Calendula officinalis) flower extract” I. INTRODUCTION Background of the Study From hundreds of centuries ago, in ancient times, and from times when the human being was active as today on the scene of life and fighting for life, along with his struggles to provide food and clothing, he was thinking about his health, finding ways to live healthy and relieving physical ailments and illness which was later called the medicine and of course the herbal medicine which is now applicable for us. Flowers always make people better, happier, and more helpful; they are sunshine, food and medicine for the soul. A popular garden plant, Marigold has been valued for many centuries for its' exceptional healing powers and is particularly remarkable in the treatment of wounds. When used for medicinal purposes, it is commonly referred to as 'Calendula'. (Sunset Western Garden Book) The “marigold” (Calendula officinalis) also called “ruddles”, common marigold, garden marigold, English marigold, or Scottish marigold is a plant in the genus Calendula of the family Asteraceae. It is probably native to southern Europe, though its long history of cultivation makes its precise origin unknown, and it may possibly be of garden origin. It is also widely naturalized further north in Europe (north to southern England) and elsewhere in warm temperate regions of the world. “Marigold” is well known as a wound-healing, antiseptic and stimulating remedy, but in fact modern herbalists...
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...Ozone Layer Depletion: Introduction Are we damaging our protective blanket? Sunlight contains some ultraviolet light, and when we expose ourselves to too much of it, we get a sunburn. Over time, too much exposure to ultraviolet light can lead to cataracts and skin cancer. The earth has a layer in the upper atmosphere, consisting mostly of ozone gas, that filters out most of the ultraviolet in the sun's radiation. Recently there has been scientific evidence that we have been releasing gases that damage this layer. Our country and others have reacted by invoking legislation that should eliminate these contaminants from the atmosphere. What does the Ozone Layer do? * Ozone absorbs 99% of the harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Without the Ozone Layer * Most of the harmful UV radiation will penetrate the atmosphere. The Ozone Layer The ozone layer is a layer in Earth's atmosphere which contains relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3). This layer absorbs 97-99% of the sun's high frequency ultraviolet light, which is potentially damaging to life on earth. Over 90% of ozone in earth's atmosphere is present here "Relatively high" means a few parts per million—much higher than the concentrations in the lower atmosphere but still small compared to the main components of the atmosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion...
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...1.0 Introduction The project seeks to extract phytochemicals from Crombetum molle and evaluate their antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus specie. Indigenous plants possess the ability to produce phytochemicals which they use to protect themselves against insect infection and environmental harsh conditions. Currently, the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance is the greatest challenge on the treatment of bacterial infection in Zimbabwe (Weinstein R.A, 1998). In Zimbabwe vanocomycim, meropenem, imipenem are antibiotics which are being used against methicillin resistant S.aureus specie and are considered very expensive because they are not manufactured in Zimbabwe. Combretum molle is an indigenous plant which produces phytochemicals which possess the ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria and have several biological activities like antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial activities. These phytochemicals can be used in rotation with the conventional drugs since they possess a different structure which is new to the bacteria. Using phytochemicals as antibacterial agents from Combretum molle plant can be of great advantage since it is readily available in Zimbabwe thereby cutting cost of importing and they do not cause undesirable toxic effects because they are natural. 1.1 Problem statement Currently, the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance is the greatest challenge on the treatment of bacterial infection in...
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