...political party is in power? Democratic * Derivation of the form of law: based on the civil law model followed by Europe and Latin America * How would you classify its economic system? Most efficient economic system in Latin America * What are the GNI and the GNI per capita PPP? * GNI: 372.1 billion PPP dollars (2012) * GNI per capita PPP: 21,310 PPP dollars (2012) * Major Natural Resources: copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum, hydropower * What major products are exported and to which countries? * Export- Agricultural, Mining and Industrial goods. (U.S, Japan, China and others) * What are the major imports and from which countries? * Import- Petroleum oils, refined & crude and Cars. (US, China, Argentina…) * Member of what economic integration organizations: Andean Community (CAN), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) * Name of the currency: Chilean Peso * Is it freely exchanged? The Chilean peso is freely exchanged among several countries. It is a good opportunity for U.S companies to export in Chile because it has the best economic stability in Latin American, the country’s Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and Chile’s mining and agricultural...
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...Arianne Cerize A. Aman The Meaning of Development: Brazil and Costa Rica Economic development is the presumed solution to absolute poverty and to many of the world's other most pressing problems. But what is development, and how do we know it when we see it? The term, development, has been used in several ways. Traditionally, it was equated with growth of per capita income. Since the 1970s, other indicators of development have become widely used by development scholars and development agencies such as the World Bank. The meeting of basic needs (or, equivalently, reduction in absolute poverty), the creation of modern employment opportunities, and the achievement of a less unequal distribution of income and farmland have all become important criteria in determining the level of development. Traditional measures of growth, especially in developing countries, may be misleading in that they fail to account for the environmental destruction that often accompanies spurts in temporary and unsustainable economic growth; and economists are devising measures of the national capital stock that includes environmental wealth. The United Nations has placed both educational attainment and health standards on equal footings with per capita income as development criteria, in the widely followed United Nations Development Program human development index (HDI). Some leading development scholars, such as Amartya Sen, Denis Goulet, and Dudley Seers, have gone further. They argue that more intangible...
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...urged during the Marcos regime. Consequently, the initial stages of the implementation process of CARP was met with apparent complications, expectedly so given that such a policy entailed a wide scope, whilst rural landlords provided staunch opposition in seizing their ownership to government. However, as the years passed and administrations would change, the promises of sweeping agrarian reform have remained unfinished, otherwise, significantly watered down. Such arbitration would be considered a detrimental factor to the current pitfalls that have hindered the development of Philippine political economy. In that, this paper questions what led to this failure of comprehensive agrarian reform and in pronouncing these mistakes, did other countries experience who also employed land reforms if they experienced similar dilemmas. We argue that deeply seated class structures have inevitably played a role in this development policy outcome, particularly elite groups and landlords who have established themselves in the political arena. The...
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...Economic and social development of Latin America has something to do with different geographical factors. These include the productivity of lands, health conditions, frequency and intensity of natural disasters, settlement patterns, makeup and spatial distribution of productive activities, colonial experiences. Latin America has considered geography as unchangeable, true it is, but still it does not imply that policies should overlook or better yet ignore this fact. Geographically speaking, the whole Latin America lies in different latitudes of the Earth. Thus, places in this region experiences different climate patterns and seasons. This leads us to our first geographical factor that affects their development, the productivity of land. Latin America is known for agricultural products such as vegetables, root crops, and meat. These yields are needs climate and soil conditions that will satisfy for their growth. Considering the climate and soil conditions in temperate and tropical zones of Latin America, it is highly possible that the productivity of their lands differs, as well. However, those in temperate zones yield more crops than those in the tropical. The difference is the result of inputs used by temperate zones farmers that used technological advancements such as fertilizers, tractors, seeds and labour force that increases the yields whether or not the climate and soil type suit the crop. This difference is brought about by the advances...
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...Nestlé The Nestlé concept of corporate social responsibility as implemented in Latin America The Nestlé concept of corporate social responsibility as implemented in Latin America Nestec_latin_cover_GB.indd 1 9.2.2006 12:04:25 Nestec_latin_cover_GB.indd Sec1:2 9.2.2006 12:04:26 Contents An introductory discussion 2 A framework for Creating Shared Value 5 Nestlé’s philosophy: a long-term perspective 7 Latin America: challenges and opportunities 9 Overview: Nestlé in Latin America 1 1 Agriculture and sourcing 12 Sourcing practices for quality, safety and sustainability Research and development for better yields Knowledge transfer and farm assistance Partnerships for sustainable agriculture 16 17 20 23 Manufacturing and distribution 26 Food safety through improved standards of operations Risk management for food safety — Early Warning System Developing people Labour policies for mutual benefit Creation of development and employment opportunities in the community Improved environmental standards Managing water sustainably 30 31 33 34 Research for consumer benefit Consumer nutrition, health and wellness Knowledge and education for healthy nutrition and lifestyles 52 54 58 Nestlé’s future in Latin America 62 Products and consumers 48 Front, inside and back covers: Farmer Rufino Chindicué (front cover) and son Luis (inside back cover) supply milk to Nestlé. Three decades ...
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...Human development in a basis of brainpower is one of the most fundamental cause not only economic development but also in terms of development in general. Human endures intellect toward productive growth in developed countries which mainly relies on technological innovation. However, as for developing countries, growth and development follows developed countries by forcing the technology mechanism and changing the structure of production towards activities with higher levels of productivity. The evidence show that during 1970s and 1980s there were of structural changes in economic activities where developing countries enters the global markets. In his preface, Giplin (2001; xi) point out that “…important step toward the creation of a truly global economy, since the mid-1980s the world has also witnessed the extraordinary growth of economic regionalism as a countermovement to economic globalization.” Similarly, Magdoff (1992; 50) state that “In fact, capital exports have helped shape the evolving global economy ever since the end of the Second World War”. Moreover, Glyn and Sutcliffe (1992; 79) point out that “…left the world economy leaderless in the 1970s and 1980s with increasingly open economies disciplined by market forces, but without a unique center of gravity.” This implies that global economies forces t To provide a well-structured discussion, this essay will begin by briefly introducing into how neo-liberalism in the mainstream of development thinking greatly achieve...
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...Brussels, 15 December 2009 The EU-Latin America Bananas Agreement Questions and Answers What have the EU and Latin American (LA) countries agreed? The EU will: • cut its MFN import tariff on bananas in eight stages, from the current rate of €176/tonne to €114/tonne in 2017 at the earliest; and • make the biggest cut first, by €28/tonne to €148/per tonne, once all parties sign the deal. In return, Latin American countries will: • not demand further cuts in the framework of the Doha Round of talks on global trade once it resumes; • settle several legal disputes pending against the EU at the WTO, some dating back as far as 1993. 1. EU tariff cuts When all parties sign the agreement, the EU will make the first cut to its banana tariff, to €148 per tonne. This will apply retroactively from the date when all parties initialled the agreement. The tariff will then fall again at the start of each year for seven years, in annual instalments (€143, €136, €132, €127, €122, €117, €114), starting on 1 January, 2011. The EU will freeze its cuts for up to two years if WTO members do not conclude talks on agriculture in the Doha Round by the end of 2013. For more details, see below. 2. Latin American dispute settlement Once the WTO certifies the EU's new tariff schedule, Latin American banana-supplying countries will drop: • all their disputes on bananas with the EU at the WTO; and • any claims they made against the EU after new member countries joined the Union, or when the EU changed its...
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...Although Latin America has faced many social, political, and economic issues within the last three centuries, inequality remains one of the most important, historical, and omnipresent aspects of the region’s culture. As Europeans took over Latin America during the time of colonization, they implemented many elitist social structures that have held strong and are evident today (Harris). Income inequality is the most visible and greatest disparity that the region faces; yet inequality between gender, ethnicities, and education remain strong and significant problems with a necessity for improvement. Inequality of wealth and disparity of power and influence are Latin American’s greatest curses and are at the root of many of the developmental, social, criminal, and political problems that continue to plague the region (De Ferranti). Since inequality has pervaded into every feature of Latin American society, it is important to measure inequality accurately in order to obstruct the causes of the discrimination and prevent new ones from beginning. The Gini Coefficient is an effective way that people indicate the inequality of a country by measuring a frequency distribution of income or wealth. Using the "Gini Index" of inequality in the distribution of income and consumption, the researchers found that Latin America and the Caribbean, from the 1970s through the 1990s, measured nearly 10 points more unequal than Asia, 17.5 points more unequal than the 30 countries in the Organization...
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...Substitution and Industrialization in Latin Amercia: Experiences and Interpretations Author(s): Werner Baer Source: Latin American Research Review, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Spring, 1972), pp. 95-122 Published by: The Latin American Studies Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2502457 Accessed: 26/08/2009 09:21 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=lamer. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. The Latin American Studies Association is collaborating...
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...Global Responsibility Fairtrade standards are designed to support the sustainable development of small producer organizations and agricultural workers in the poorest countries in the world in order to sustain the proper fluctuation in the economy. (Freund) With more companies outsourcing production to third world countries, the issue of ethical treatment of workers and their families, becomes of growing concern. With a diverse western culture and companies spreading to countries such as China and Latin America, companies are faced with issues of upholding the traditions and cultures of other countries while still sustaining their annual revenue. Latin America Latin America, a country known for its potent and fertile soil, is often taken advantage of by larger and more highly-developed countries because of its vast landscape and their lower tax rates. With the growing spotlight on moral and ethical business practices, the issue of fair trading has now come down to company’s marketing ploys. Companies, such as Target and Starbucks, use their fair trade practices to market themselves to more environmentally centered people. The issue of fair trade practices in Latin America stems from the countries past issues with unethical treatment, pay, and conditions for workers. According to the Stanford Social, the history of fair trade goes all the way back to the origins of bartering for goods back in the 16th century used while colonizing countries and trading with the indigenous...
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...Europe and North America from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth and have then spread to other European countries and in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to the South American, Asian, and African continents Modernization theory has been one of the major perspectives in the sociology of national development and underdevelopment since the 1950s.Many thinkers wrote about the modernization theory such as David Harrison,Rostow and Daniel lerner.One of the key thinkers in twentieth century Development Studies was W.W. Rostow, an American economist and government official. Prior to Rostow, approaches to development had been based on the assumption that "modernization" was characterized by the Western world (wealthier, more powerful countries at the time), which were able to advance from the initial stages of underdevelopment. Accordingly, other countries should model themselves after the West, aspiring to a "modern" state of capitalism and a liberal democracy. Using these ideas, Rostow penned his classicStages of Economic Growth in 1960, which presented five steps through which all countries must pass to become developed: 1) traditional society, 2) preconditions to take-off, 3) take-off, 4) drive to maturity, and 5) age of high mass consumption. The model asserted that all countries exist somewhere on this linear spectrum, and climb upward through each stage in the development process: Traditional Society: This stage is characterized by a subsistent, agricultural based economy...
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...Foreign 99 Chapter III Direct investment by China in Latin America and the Caribbean A. Introduction Since 2008, China has become one of the world’s largest sources of direct investment. These flows first reached significant levels in Latin America in 2010, when it is estimated they surpassed US$ 15 billion. Chinese companies have in fact burst on the scene in the region so recently that several of the biggest projects were still being finalized in early 2011, or had only just been put into operation. Most investments have been made in natural resource extraction, but over the medium term this is expected to diversify into other sectors such as manufacturing and infrastructure construction. Paradoxically, there is a lack of data on this extremely important phenomenon, which poses a constant problem for policymakers and analysts studying Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI). Appraisals of the possible opportunities and challenges presented by this increased investment flow therefore tend to lack supporting empirical evidence. The aim of this chapter is to make some progress on this issue, at least as far as investment in the region is concerned. A variety of sources have been consulted, including investment announcements in the media and interviews with Chinese company managers and Latin American and Caribbean government authorities. Despite the evident limitations of this kind of material in terms of data quality and reliability, this course of action does provide...
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...Analysis The country of Honduras is located in Central America with neighboring countries of Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua. This country is located along the Caribbean Sea although does have western port access to the Pacific Ocean through the Gulf of Fonseca, with territorial waters of the gulf divided between Honduras, neighboring El Salvador, and Nicaragua. The country is mostly mountainous which has hindered communication and a sense of nationhood among its people. Development in this country has been extremely slow (National Geographic). The purpose of this analysis is to determine specific areas in need of economic improvement, and to make recommendations towards that overall economic condition of the Honduran economy. Historical Legacy and Context: Economically, Honduras ranks as the second poorest nation in the western hemisphere, second only to the country of Haiti. Other statistics report Honduras is the third poorest nation in all of Latin America, ahead of only Nicaragua and Guyana (Cordero). In analyzing a nation’s economy, it is important to look at history, how the country came into existence. Any country’s philosophy towards its economic development will have been influenced by the basic beliefs that have survived since the nation’s inception, so a general background is a logical starting point (Angresano, J.). The original inhabitants of this nation were the indigenous tribes of Central America, most notably the Mayans and the Lencas. These tribes...
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...GM 6030 A3 Regional Business Environment: Latin America MIDTERM EXAM The success of any business venture in Latin America depends on the ability of the company to find a country that will provide the right amount of incentives and benefits but that will also have a continued political stability and guarantees for property rights and investment security. Our analysis will evaluate the probability that Brazil and Argentina, as the possible site selections for K-FIT, will have this kind of business friendly environment and will enact market oriented reforms. We’ll evaluate the aspects in both countries that make them adequate or not to invest in them. We’ll also provide a recommendation of which country and region within them we see as the best option to set up operations. Argentina Argentina is a democratic republic organized as a Federation of 23 provinces and the Capital City of Buenos Aires. It has a total population of 42.19 million and has an area of approximately 1.07 million sq. miles in the southernmost part of America (Buckman, “The World Today Series 2012 Latin America” p. 35). To understand the current business environment in Argentina and the prospects of market friendly reforms going forward, we have to understand its cultural legacy and the way its society is structured. Since its beginnings as a nation, and even before it got its independence from Spain in 1816, Argentina’s society has been polarized between the “people from the Interior” that lived in the...
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...II. Description of the Subject……………………………………………….. III. Goals and Objectives……………………………………………………….. IV. Historical Background…………………………………………………….. V. Analysis of the subject a. Strengths………………………………………………………………….. b. Weaknesses……………………………………………………………… c. Opportunities………………………………………………………….. d. Threats……………………………………………………………………... VI. Prescription and Recommendations………………………………. VII. Difficulties in Implementation…………………………………………. VIII. Solutions to the Difficulties………………………………………………. IX. Prognosis…………………………………………………………………………… X. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………. XI. References…………………………………………………………………………. I. Introduction The Dominican Republic-Central America free trade agreement between these six countries and the superpower of the United States is the first among these countries. What this free trade agreement does is to create new and strong economic opportunities by opening markets, eliminating tariffs, and reducing barriers to service. The agreement helps to facilitate trade and investment between the participants, as well as promoting and increasing regional integration (Anonymous). DR-CAFTA presents a huge opportunity for Central American countries and the Dominican Republic; as they have the chance to trade with the biggest economy in the world and fortunately boost their economies. II. Description of the Subject DR-CAFTA is a free trade agreement between the United States; five...
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