...Christian and Muslim responses to The Black Death were different in many ways. The Plague or The Black Death was a combination of three plagues, bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. Bubonic was the most common, the symptoms were chills , high fever, delirium, vomiting, and rapid heartbeat. the infected person would then develop buboes, inflamed swellings filled with pus. Pneumonic plague was less common, but was the deadliest, it infected the respiratory system,it would kill most of its victims in hours. Septicemic plague affected the bloodstream, it killed all of its victims. No matter what plague it was, it would result in terrible death. Christianity started with Jesus Christ in the Common Era. Christ was a Jew from Judea, which today is...
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...nicknamed the Black Death, was a disease that caused painful blisters on its victims, along with chills, fever, quick heartbeat and vomiting. It first appeared in Asia in the 1330s, and spread to Europe and northern Africa in the 1340s. Since cultures differ dramatically by location, people who followed Christianity and people who followed Islam had very strong distinction in opinion about the illness. Christians and Muslims had such different responses to the Bubonic plague because of their reactions, placing the blame and acceptance of the tragedy. One reason the responses to the Black Death varied so much was the initial reactions. A quote from a Christian in this time period reads “It was a cruel and horrible thing; and I do not know where to begin to tell the cruelty and the pitiless ways. It seemed that almost everyone became stupefied from seeing the pain. And it is impossible for the human tongue...
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...Many lives were lost during the outbreak of the Bubonic Plague, or the Black Death, in the fourteenth century. During this time, religion had a large influence in human society. Many people in certain religions reacted differently to the plague. A perfect example of this would be the Christians and the Islams. According to the 2010 DBQ Document of World History, one can conclude that the responses of the Christian and Islam were not similar because each religion had different beliefs, believed that the disease came from different origins, sought different practices of preventing the disease, and because the living of each religion responded differently to the plague. Firstly, even though they both basically worshipped the same god, Christianity...
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...or purchase of a home. apartheid. the policy of strict racial segregation and political and economic discrimination against non-whites practiced in the Republic of South Africa, U.S . And also the genocide killings of Muslims in The Srebrenica massacre, also known as the Srebrenica genocide was the genocidal killing, in July 1995, of more than 8,000 Muslim Bosniaks, mainly men and boys, in and around the town of Srebrenica during the Bosnian War. This is also religious segregation and its also currently going on in different countries around the world that leads to fighting and wars. The negative effects of Apartheid, Racial , and religious segregations: 1:The Aparthied ,racial and religious segregation system divides any country along racial lines. 2:The white race are been promoted and seen as superior to the other races of the affected country. 3:Public facilities such as shops, toilets, beaches, parks and resturants were divided according to race. 4:White people utilised the best facilities and then the Indians, other races and black people below the social chain. 5:Apart from just the mass killings that happened during the apartheid regimes, the were many other effects it brought to the community. These effects did not happen only on black people but other non-white races such as the coloureds and the indians. 6:People were separated from their families,those were the fairer coloured people who looked more white than coloured,...
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...The Causes of War Summer Hansborough POL 300 004016 What causes opposition? Imperialism, nationalism, Social Darwinism, and militarism are causes of war, and I narrowed it down to the following; freedom, money, ideologies, race, religion and land. Although these are causes of war, in most cases, the ultimate cause of war is an elitist mentality. One believing their ideologies, race, policies and beliefs are superior to those that do not fit in or follow that particular system. What are the causes of war? An age old question that no one has yet to give a definitive answer. What is war? One definition explains war as an aggressively armed battle between conflicting people. Another definition explains war as fighting between nations, or groups in a nation, using weapons. To sum it all up, war is a condition of active animosity or contention and it is not exclusive to people. There are many kinds of war, such as is the war on drugs, the war on terrorism, political wars, and the war on AIDS. The war on AIDS is interesting, because it’s not a war apposing people, but a virus, a disease. According to the bible, our war is not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, wickedness and power in high places. (bible, 2005) A system, which is designed to bring order and uniformity, is an attribute to the causes of war. A system is vital to administer order to society. In the early days, before America established its own money system, America used...
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...armies of Muslim Turks. On November 27 the pope addressed the assembly and asked the warriors of Europe to liberate the Holy Land from the Muslims. The response of the assembly was overwhelmingly favorable. Thus was launched the first and most successful of at least eight crusades against the Muslim caliphates of the Near East. "God wills it!" That was the battle cry of the thousands of Christians who joined crusades to free the Holy Land from the Muslims. From 1096 to 1270 there were eight major crusades and two children's crusades, both in the year 1212. Only the First and Third Crusades were successful. In the long history of the Crusades, thousands of knights, soldiers, merchants, and peasants lost their lives on the march or in battle. 1095: Beginning of the Crusades In 1095 an assembly of churchmen called by Pope Urban II met at Clermont, France. Messengers from the Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus had urged the pope to send help against the armies of Muslim Turks. On November 27 the pope addressed the assembly and asked the warriors of Europe to liberate the Holy Land from the Muslims. The response of the assembly was overwhelmingly favorable. Thus was launched the first and most successful of at least eight crusades against the Muslim caliphates of the Near East. The word "crusade" literally means "going to the Cross." Hence the idea at the time was to urge Christian warriors to go to Palestine and free Jerusalem and other holy places from Muslim domination...
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...Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / U.S. Religious Landscape Survey Chapter 1: Religious Beliefs and Practices T his chapter examines the diverse religious beliefs and practices of American adults. It looks first at the various degrees of importance Americans assign to religion in their lives and explores their views of God, Scripture, miracles and other religious beliefs. It then moves into a discussion of worship and other congregational activities, followed by a look at devotional practices, spiritual experiences and other practices. The chapter concludes by examining beliefs about religion, including how exclusive people are in their claims to salvation, as well as by examining the ways in which members of different religious traditions think about morality. Along the way, four key measures of religious commitment – importance of religion in people’s lives, belief in God, frequency of prayer and frequency of worship service attendance – are singled out for in-depth demographic analysis. These four measures will be used in the next chapter as lenses through which to examine social and political attitudes within the religious traditions. These measures were chosen because they each touch on an important element of religious experience – overall attachment to religion, religious belief, frequency of private devotional activities and engagement in communal religious activities. Just as the first report of the Landscape Survey detailed the remarkable diversity that...
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...Although all people die, everyone's dying process is unique. Many people think of dying as merely a physical process, but dying is an experience of the whole person and is influenced by a combination of physical, psychological, social, cultural, and spiritual factors. There are as many ways to die as there are to live, so in order to better understand how people who are dying experience the process, researchers and clinicians have developed different models or theories that attempt to account for how people cope with dying. THEORIES/MODELS OF DYING Elisabeth Kubler-Ross's Stage Theory of Dying The general public is most likely to be familiar with Kubler-Ross's theory of dying. In 1969, she published a book titled On Death and Dying, which was based on interviews collected from 200 dying patients. In the book, Kubler-Ross discerned five stages that dying people experience. The five stages, which reflect different reactions to dying, are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Denial is the "No, not me!" stage where the person is in shock or denial and cannot believe that they are going to die. Denial is self-protective and gives the person time to adjust psychologically to the news that he or she is going to die. Anger is the "Why me?" stage and may involve, in addition to anger, resentment, rage, and envy at God, doctors, nurses, family members, or anyone who is not dying. Bargaining is the "Yes me, but. . ." stage and often involves bargaining with God...
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...orientation and capital punishment for persons found guilty of murder, have been made unconstitutional. But according to the survey, most South Africans oppose abortion, same-sex adult sexual relationships and support capital punishment. All three issues are, however, hotly contested in civil society. Pro-life activists are objecting strongly to the termination of 300 000 pregnancies since 1996. Divisions exist within the Christian community with respect to consensual sex between adults of the same gender. The re-introduction of the death penalty is policy for several political parties. Public opinion gauged by the HSRC’s 2003 South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS) reflects this contestation. More than half (56%) of South African adults think that abortion is “always wrong” in the event of it being discovered that there is a strong chance of serious defect in the unborn child. Only 21% think that it is “not wrong at all”. It is acknowledged that the way in which a moral-type question is asked and the context in which it is placed, can influence the response. In this case the questions were phrased in the same way as those that have previously been used in European, British and other social attitudes surveys. Although...
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...SIXTY DAYS AFTER CORPORATE LEADERSHIP MODULE-THE ROLE OF RELIGIOUS LEADERSHIP IN CONFLICT PREVENTION AND RESOLUTION INTRODUCTION One day, a gentleman came to my office and in the course of our conversation he sought to convince me to become an Adventist. When I asked if he would like to become a Catholic instead, he immediately responded in the negative without assigning any serious doctrinal reasons. What was even more interesting was that he attended Catholic schools from the basic to the high school level. Next, to elicit his sociological reactions, I asked him to read a book by Bertrand Russell, a British philosopher. The book is titled WHY I AM NOT A CHRISTIAN. Without bothering to read even the first page of the book, he dismissively responded, “I don’t read such books; they are satanic.” I recognized immediately that he was in a state of dissonance, a state of conflict for he was sweating profusely in spite of the chilling temperature in my air-conditioned office: his psychological posture was that as an academic and a budding sociologist, he was supposed to read as widely as possible but reading books that would challenged the basis of his faith was asking for too much. So, the questions are: Why is religion such an emotive and volatile phenomenon? Why do people kill in the name of religion which often carries the message of peace, love and reconciliation? Why do people engage in apparently irrational behaviours in the name of religion? The answer is simple:...
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...African music and dance * In texture, African music consists of a single line of melody without harmony. * As with most African dialects, where pitch is important in conveying meaning, variations of musical effect derive from tonal inflection and timbre. * The essential communal spirit of African culture is reflected in the use of Call-and-response chants similar to those of African poetry. * The most distinctive characteristic of African music is its polyrhythmic structure. * A single piece of music may simultaneously engage five to ten different rhythms, many of which are repeated over and over. * African dance is also communally preformed and shares the distinctively dense polyrhythmic qualities of African music. * A wide variety of percussion instruments, including various types of drums and rattles are used in the performance of African rituals. * Also popular are the balafo (Xylophone), the bolon or kora (harp), and the sansa. * The bolon and the sansa were believed to contain supernatural powers and to be dangerous, and were outlawed by many African tribes. * Africa was the origin of the banjo, which may have been the only musical instrument permitted on slave ships and traveled across the Atlantic in the 16th century. All other instruments were forbidden. * The dynamic convergence of poetry, dance and music generates a singularly dramatic experience in African culture. * The African Mask * African masks and...
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...‘Is there anything that can be done to alleviate racism in our world?’ The issue of racism has for a long time been a severe matter at the forefront of society. Different racial groups have developed biases and prejudices against others and for many decades the consequences of this inexcusable charade of insensitivity have plagued the spheres we live in. Many scholars have questioned and hypothesized various means of eradicating racism in communities and many techniques and strategies have been devised. One such method is multiculturalism. This ideology is a derivative of the contact hypothesis, a concept developed by psychologist Gordon Allport, which theorizes that under appropriate conditions interpersonal contact is one of the most effective ways to reduce prejudice between majority and minority group members. If one has the opportunity to communicate with others, they are able to understand and appreciate different points of views involving their way of life. As a result of new appreciation and understanding, prejudice should diminish. Consequently, some policy makers and sociologists have surmised that by implementing this practice and creating “multicultural” communities, the severity of racism and racial prejudices could lessen or even be eradicated. For the most part, however, it seems that multiculturalism will do little or nothing to alleviate prejudice and discrimination. So we are left with the question: “Is racism permanent?” Are sociologists and policy makers enforcing...
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...dominated by two powerful empires: Byzantine and Islamic caliphate. By 1400, this structure was in disarray: • Byzantine was in decline, pressed by invading Ottoman Turks. Constantinople fell to Turks in 1453, ending empire. • By 1200s, the Muslims had fallen to Mongols. Arabs never able to unite the entire region again. Decline of Islamic caliphate: decline of caliphate and its economy was gradual and incomplete – not at all like the dramatic fall of Rome • authority of caliphate declined, landlords seized power, peasants became serfs on large estates • agricultural productively declined, tax revenues declined • Arab and Middle Eastern traders lose ground: European merchants began to exercise control of their turf and challenge the Arabs in other parts of the Mediterranean. Still, Arab and Persian commerce remained active in Indian Ocean. • The emerging Ottoman Turks expanded into southeastern Europe, and the power (both politically and militarily) was frightening to other people in other areas, such as western Europe. A Power Vacuum in International Leadership • Turkish rulers unable to reestablish Islamic position in international trade. Turks scornful of Arabs (though both were Muslim), did not promote trade, especially maritime trade, as vigorously as in past. • Turkic expansion was important well into 17th century, but real focus was on conquest and administration • Mongols developed first alternative international framework...
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... 1 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS Main Topics The Black Death The Effects of the Black Death The Rise of Constitutional Monarchy The Hundred Years’ War The Decline of the Church The Renaissance Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Italian Renaissance Humanism Machiavelli and Power Politics Leonardo Da Vinci Global Travel and Trade The African Cultural Heritage West African Kingdoms The Europeans in Africa Native American Cultures Maya Civilization The Empires of the Incas and the Aztecs The Spanish in the Americas and the Aftermath of Their Conquest The Impact of Technology Christian Humanism and the Northern Renaissance Luther and the Protestant Reformation The Spread of Protestantism The Catholic Reformation 2 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS The French Revolution Napoleon Bonaparte The Industrial Revolution Advancing Industrialism Colonialism China and the West Social and Economic Realities Nineteenth-Century Social Theory: conservatism, liberalism & socialism The Radical View of Marx and Engels Picasso and the Birth of Cubism Futurism, Fauvism and Non Objective Art The Birth of Motion Pictures Freud and the Psyche Total War and Totalitarianism The First World War The Russian Revolution Nazi Totalitarianism The Second World War Identity and Liberation: Gandhi, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X 3 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS The Black Death The most devastating natural catastrophe of the early...
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...Utopian Reader – include a little bit on it – 22 volumes in all. Christianity – Augustine – classicly trained greek scholar. City in north Africa. Story like apostle Paul – orginially a person who persecuted Christians – north African wealth family from – found enlightenment in Christianity. Once he joined became one of the early scholars trained in greek – regulized Christian theology. Influence on western world – top four or five who influenced. Confessions and City of God his writings…look up! What’s the purpose of improving human society – complex – why do it? Can human society be made better? Why bother, what is the point, justification? Takes effort, misery involved, change, unknowns, takes energy, takes risks. HAPPINESS – justification for improving society. What do you have to have to be happy? What is happiness – PHI 101 – happiness according to whom? Lack of misery; literally the elimination of misery. Secondly, food – gives pleasure – Happiness is lack of human misery and maximizing /pleasure and happiness. Bliss 24/7 – hedonism Epicureanism – eliminating misery and maximizing happiness. The justification of utopianism = why did plato want the republic? Justisifcation for improving human society among the Greeks? Poor always poor, always unhappy, death claims everyone - it is rational to maximize pleasure and eliminate misery. Do eternally accouding to plato. Opinions – 1. Relativism is a retreat in the 20th century. Can’t voice own opinion – can’t...
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