...Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, auto-immune disorder that causes irreversible damage. This type of arthritis causes stiffness, swelling, pain, and joint destruction. Because of the loss of function and deformity that results from this disease, the best treatment potions are early and aggressive. As Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper, and Bucher (2014) explained, “The primary goals in the management of RA are the reduction of inflammation, management of pain, maintenance of joint function, and prevention or minimization of joint deformity”. The proper use of drug therapy can treat all of these goals. Using the nursing process during drug therapy ensures safe, effective treatment. The nursing process offers a systematic approach that aids...
Words: 2023 - Pages: 9
...in a squeeze bottle that was made so that it doesn't take much effort to use. Anyone can easily open the lid and use this wonderful product. Deep Blue Rub is made out of the purest ingredients to be the most beneficial to those who suffer from pain or inflammation in muscles and joints. It is made from the essential oils: Wintergreen, Camphor, Peppermint, Blue Tansy, German Chamomile, Helichrysum, and Osmanthus (a flower located in China). I have used Deep Blue many times before. When I got injured and strained my muscle, I applied it to the area, and immediately felt relief. Not only did Deep Blue take the pain away, but it helped heal my strained muscle faster than it would have on its own. I have also suffered from knee injuries that caused me severe pain, inflammation, and swelling. I used Deep Blue Rub and I was able to do physical therapy without pain. It has helped prevent the knee surgery I might have otherwise needed. “The CPTG essential oils found in Deep Blue Rub have been proven to allow the body to fight infection and repair damaged tissue by preventing the immune system's response to create chronic inflammation” (AromaTools.com). While a certain amount of inflammation helps fight disease and heals injuries, chronic...
Words: 641 - Pages: 3
...Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology April 28, 2016 Chronic Inflammation and Wound Repair Mark A. Lerman, D.M.D. Associate Professor and Division Director of Oral Pathology Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Inflammation • Introduction • Acute inflammation – Vascular changes – Cellular events – Hereditary defects • Chronic inflammation – Cellular mediators – Granulomatous inflammation • Tissue Repair Inflammation • Chronic inflammation – Cellular mediators – Granulomatous inflammation • Tissue repair – Cell and tissue regeneration – Scar formation – Factors influencing repair Chronic Inflammation • Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks-years) – Continuing inflammation – Tissue injury – Healing Chronic Inflammation • Characterized by – Lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages – Tissue destruction – Repair Chronic Inflammation • Arises in setting of – Persistent infections • Treponema pallidum • Mycobacterium, viruses, and fungi – Immune-mediated disease • Hypersensitivity reactions • Autoimmune diseases – Prolonged exposure to toxins • Silica • Crystal Macrophages Dominant cells of chronic inflammation Tissue cells derived from blood monocytes Fusion of activated macrophages forms multinucleated giant cells Mononuclear phagocyte system (reticuloendothelial system) includes cells scattered in connective tissue, liver (Kupffer cells), spleen and lymph nodes (sinus histiocytes)...
Words: 1736 - Pages: 7
...of the hands and the feet, and usually both sides equally in a symmetrical distribution, though any synovial joint can be affected. In patients with established and aggressive disease, most joints will be affected over time. Joint inflammation is characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain within the joint. In addition to affecting the joints, rheumatoid arthritis may occasionally affect the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, blood, or nerves. * SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS The initial trigger for RA is unknown. There is evidence to suggest abnormalities in components of the immune system that lead to the body developing abnormal immune and inflammatory reactions, particularly in joints. These changes may precede the symptomatic onset of RA by many years. Whatever sets the pathology in motion results in a large increase in blood flow to the joint (giving heat and sometimes redness), proliferation of the synovial membrane with an increase in synovial fluid (swelling), and pain (due to stretching of pain receptors in the soft tissues around, and the bone on either side, of the joint). These features result in rapid loss of muscle around an affected joint, and this, along with pain and swelling lead to loss of joint function. If the inflammation of the synovial membrane cannot be suppressed it will result in increasing damage to the joint, due to the release of protein-degrading enzymes from inflammatory and other cells, and a conversion of...
Words: 2531 - Pages: 11
...live in northern climates are more likely to have the disease as well as people in underdeveloped countries as opposed to the more developed ones. Crohn’s is one of the many diseases that fit into the Inflammatory Bowel Disease category. This disease is many times confused with ulcerative colitis. While their symptoms may be very similar, the thing that sets them apart is the part of the gastrointestinal tract that they affect. Crohn’s can affect the large intestine, the end of the small bowel, and the thickness of the bowel wall. Symptoms include persistent diarrhea, rectal bleeding, constipation, and abdominal cramps. If symptoms are not treated the disease can also lead to fatigue and weight loss. Crohn’s is also considered to be a chronic disease meaning that the person can experience periods of remission followed by flare ups. Only in the most severe cases does the disease cause fissures, or tears in the lining of the anus, and fistulas, hollow passages from one part of the intestine to another or in some cases to other organs, to develop. In a normal person’s gastrointestinal tract there are tons of bacteria that help digest the food, but in the case of a person with Crohn’s their immune system attacks these bacteria that are normally left alone. For some reason the immune system mistakes...
Words: 1062 - Pages: 5
...The disease can affect any small joints but it affects mostly the hands and the feet,Although RA can affect tissues and organs in some cases. According to Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust and Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK “Chronic inflammatory changes thicken the synovial membrane. The joint capsule swells, the synovial membrane becomes inflamed, and the cartilage is eaten away. When the cartilage and bone erode, the joint becomes painful because bone rubs against bone. “ The signs and symptoms joint discomfort or extremely tired, waking up in In the morning stiff and in pain, dry mouth, pain upon inspiration, dry mouth. As previously stated there will be joint pain. Genetics do play a part in people getting RA, Doctors have seen families who pass down the autoimmune disorder, where multiple people in one family can have this disorder. Muscle atrophy or deformities are also part of the signs and symptoms as well...
Words: 519 - Pages: 3
...Dermatitis is defined as inflammation of the skin. There are several types of dermatitis. They include atopic, contact, seborrheic, stasis, neurodermatitis, and hand dermatitis. Stasis dermatitis is inflammation of the skin on the lower extremities. It is caused by poor circulation, which is usually in the lower legs. Venous insufficiency is a condition where the veins have trouble sending blood back to the heart, which can lead to stasis dermatitis. The poor circulation is a result of a condition called venous insufficiency. The blood collects in the veins of the lower leg causing leakage of blood cells and fluid into tissues and the skin leading to itching and inflammation. Other causes are varicose veins and congestive heart failure. As people get older, the conditions causing stasis dermatitis develop or progress. Deep vein thrombosis in your leg, Traumatic injury to lower legs, and surgery such as using a leg vein for bypass surgery are causes that are unrelated to age. High blood pressure, kidney failure, obesity, and a blood clot in...
Words: 530 - Pages: 3
...arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints. Rhematiod arthritis can also cause inflammation of the tissue around the joints, as well as other organs in the body. Autoimmune diseases are illnesses which occur when the body tissues are mistakenly attacked by its own immune system. The immune system is a complex organization of cells and antibodies designed normally to "seek and destroy" invaders of the body, particularly infections. Patients with these diseases have antibodies in their blood which target their own body tissues, where they can be associated with inflammation. Because it can affect multiple other organs of the body, rheumatoid arthritis is referred to as a systemic illness and is sometimes called rheumatoid disease. While rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic illness, meaning it can last for years, patients may experience long periods without symptoms. Typically, however, rheumatoid arthritis is a progressive illness that has the potential to cause joint destruction and functional disability. A joint is where two bones meet to allow movement of body parts. Arthritis means join inflammation. The join inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis causes swelling, pain ,stiffness, and redness in the joints. The inflammation of rheumatoid disease can also occur in tissues around the joints, such as the tendons, ligaments, and muscles. In some patienst with rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammation leads to the destruction of the cartilage, bone...
Words: 402 - Pages: 2
...visual because he prefers to read the material independently. He does not absorb verbal information easily. Introduction to the disease process for the Patient Education Plan: The disease process usually begins in the rectosigmoid area and spreads proximally. Pathologic change starts with degeneration of the reticulin fibers beneath the epithelial mucosa. This causes occlusion of the subepithelial capillaries and infiltration of the lamina propria with lymphocytes, leukocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, and plasma. The result eventually is abscess formation, necrosis, and ulceration of the epithelial mucosa. This in turn reduces the colon’s ability to absorb sodium and water. (Ludwig, 2007). Ulcerative colitis is a form of colitis, a chronic disease of the intestine, specifically the large intestine or colon, that includes characteristic ulcers, or open sores, in the colon....
Words: 1442 - Pages: 6
...Persistent low-grade inflammation has been identified as a significant contributor to the development of several chronic diseases, (Niklas et al, 2005) including heart disease and type II diabetes (Woods et al, 2009). Inflammation is indicated by an increased concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-Reactive protein (CRP) in the bloodstream (Niklas et al, 2005). This elevation may be due to a number of factors, including increased visceral adipose tissue secreting cytokines (Niklas et al, 2005), decreased circulatory levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. (4) This essays aims to show the role that exercise can play in reducing inflammation, and will examine this effect in an obese, type II diabetic population. This reduced inflammation will be looked at in terms of three different mechanisms; the first is a reduction of visceral fat from exercise, leading to a decrease in adipokine secretion, the second is the increased release of anti-inflammatory cytokines from skeletal muscle contraction, and the third is the release of adrenal hormones, leading to a release of anti-inflammatory catecholamines. Inflammation can be acute or chronic and is indicated by a ‘two-to four-fold increase in circulating pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines’ (Woods et al, 2009) and by the presence of proteins such as CRP. The inflammation response can be due to trauma or as a result of factors such as obesity. Obesity can lead...
Words: 2935 - Pages: 12
...Pathology Assignment 1 – Essay. Candidate No 690814 Describe the four signs of inflammation and explain how each develops. What benefit is derived from the development of each sign? Introduction To quote Tortora and Derrickson (2009), “Inflammation is a non-specific, defensive response of the body to tissue damage”. The most common causes of tissue damage are physical and chemical trauma, and infections. And, the classical four external signs of inflammation are described as: redness (erythema or rubor); swelling (oedema); heat (calor); and, pain (dolor). Inflammation is an essential part of the healing process and this essay will describe the inflammation response and development of the signs of inflammation. The process has been divided...
Words: 1507 - Pages: 7
...Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects many joints, including the hands and feet. Over time, the inflammation may cause bone erosion and even joint deformity. Once diagnosed, people may experience stiffness, swelling, and even tenderness. As people age there are many chronic diseases that can be diagnosed. This one in particular is normally due to smoking and even over exercising (Warner). If caught early, Rheumatoid arthritis can be treated. Many people should be aware of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, risk factors, and even the current and future outlook. People should always be aware...
Words: 682 - Pages: 3
...Rheumatoid arthritis is the topic of my informative article, because my grandfather suffered from this disease. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that can cause chronic inflammation of the body’s joints and other symptoms. It is important for the public to know about this disease, how to prevent it, and how it can be treated. Rheumatoid arthritis is defined as an autoimmune disorder. This means that the immune system attacks body tissues, especially the small joints. Chronic inflammation can occur that may lead to deformities and corrosion of the joints, cartridge, and ligaments. Other body tissues and organs such as the eyes and blood vessels can also be affected. Common symptoms include stiffness, joint swelling, soreness, and rheumatoid nodules. This disease commonly leads to disability in its sufferers, and can even lead to heart disease....
Words: 412 - Pages: 2
...1.1 Background information An acute wound is a damage to the skin that can happen due to surgery or trauma. It progresses through the normal healing phase and is expected to take approximately 4 weeks to heal. If an acute wound fails to progress through the normal healing phases and remains stalled in the inflammation phase, resulting in prolonged recovery of the wound. This means an acute wound has developed into a chronic wound. For an acute wound to heal, it is required to have an adequate blood supply, oxygen, nutrients and no infection to the wound. However, if there is a lack of one or more requirements for wound healing, it will hinder the wound healing process that results in chronic wounds. Also, patients with medical conditions...
Words: 297 - Pages: 2
...Pathophysiology of cellulitis in adults. Cellulitis, a bacterial infection of the skin and underlying tissue, is a common presentation to Emergency Departments (ED). The clinical spectrum of presentation can vary from local inflammation to diffuse inflammation involving a whole limb, to more severe, even life threatening presentations of necrotizing fascitis and associated sepsis. The rationale for choosing this condition is to enable me to efficiently differentiate between those cases that require immediate medical or surgical intervention and treatment and those that can be managed effectively as an outpatient, and to gain a keen understanding of the pathogenesis of the condition. The terms cellulitis and erysipelas are often used interchangeably and current usage tends to regard erysipelas as a form of cellulitis rather than a separate entity, making clear distinction difficult (Hay 2004, Kilburn et al 2010). Erysipelas affects the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics, with distinctly raised lesions and clear lines of demarcation between involved and uninvolved tissue. Cellulitis extends more deeply, involving the deeper dermis and subcutaneous fat and lacks the distinctive anatomical features of erysipelas. For the purpose of this essay I will be using the term ‘cellulitis’ to refer to both conditions. This essay will endeavor to discuss the incidence, its clinical presentation, risk factors, differential diagnosis, pathophysiology and classification according...
Words: 3353 - Pages: 14
