...of the hands and the feet, and usually both sides equally in a symmetrical distribution, though any synovial joint can be affected. In patients with established and aggressive disease, most joints will be affected over time. Joint inflammation is characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain within the joint. In addition to affecting the joints, rheumatoid arthritis may occasionally affect the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, blood, or nerves. * SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS The initial trigger for RA is unknown. There is evidence to suggest abnormalities in components of the immune system that lead to the body developing abnormal immune and inflammatory reactions, particularly in joints. These changes may precede the symptomatic onset of RA by many years. Whatever sets the pathology in motion results in a large increase in blood flow to the joint (giving heat and sometimes redness), proliferation of the synovial membrane with an increase in synovial fluid (swelling), and pain (due to stretching of pain receptors in the soft tissues around, and the bone on either side, of the joint). These features result in rapid loss of muscle around an affected joint, and this, along with pain and swelling lead to loss of joint function. If the inflammation of the synovial membrane cannot be suppressed it will result in increasing damage to the joint, due to the release of protein-degrading enzymes from inflammatory and other cells, and a conversion of...
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...Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology April 28, 2016 Chronic Inflammation and Wound Repair Mark A. Lerman, D.M.D. Associate Professor and Division Director of Oral Pathology Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Inflammation • Introduction • Acute inflammation – Vascular changes – Cellular events – Hereditary defects • Chronic inflammation – Cellular mediators – Granulomatous inflammation • Tissue Repair Inflammation • Chronic inflammation – Cellular mediators – Granulomatous inflammation • Tissue repair – Cell and tissue regeneration – Scar formation – Factors influencing repair Chronic Inflammation • Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks-years) – Continuing inflammation – Tissue injury – Healing Chronic Inflammation • Characterized by – Lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages – Tissue destruction – Repair Chronic Inflammation • Arises in setting of – Persistent infections • Treponema pallidum • Mycobacterium, viruses, and fungi – Immune-mediated disease • Hypersensitivity reactions • Autoimmune diseases – Prolonged exposure to toxins • Silica • Crystal Macrophages Dominant cells of chronic inflammation Tissue cells derived from blood monocytes Fusion of activated macrophages forms multinucleated giant cells Mononuclear phagocyte system (reticuloendothelial system) includes cells scattered in connective tissue, liver (Kupffer cells), spleen and lymph nodes (sinus histiocytes)...
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...2015 According to Magill’s Medical Guide Elephnatiasis (aka filariasis) is a grossly disfiguring disease caused by a round worm parasite; it is the advanced stage of the disease Bancroft’s filarias, contracted through round worms. With this you can experience several symptoms including recurrent fever, inflammation of lymph nodes, and possible gross enlargement of a body part. This disease is caused by infestation of round worm parasites as discussed earlier, but how do you contract these parasites? These parasites are carried by mosquitos and black flies. So a bite from an infected mosquito can cause a person to contract the worm parasite. This usually occurs in tropical regions of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. There are approximately 120 million people worldwide infected, of these 40 million are disfigured or have chronic disease. The adult parasite sets up its establishment inside a lymphatic vessel of the carrying host. This in turn causing abnormalities in the lymphatic integrity system and its functions. People who are infected can develop scar tissue and fibrosis inside and around the affected lymphatic vessel. This leads to permanent characteristic pathology manifested by irreversible lymphedema. To try and prevent yourself from being infected with these parasites utilize a mosquito repellant this will hopefully keep you from receiving a bite from an infected mosquito, especially if you are in a tropical place where this usually occurs. Always read the directions...
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...The Conventional Autopsy still has an Important Role in Modern Medicine RACHNA BAJAJ INTRODUCTION Human dissection has historically been carried out in search for humours, worms, miasmas and divine spells to explain what caused illness and death. However, as ‘scientific’ thinking advanced, there was a desire to understand disease based on the empirical evidence obtained from post-mortem examinations.1 This gave birth to one of the most important gold standards of diagnosis, a great tool for medical audit and probably the best teaching method of medicine – the autopsy. The words ‘autopsy’, ‘necropsy’ and ‘post-mortem examination’ are synonymous with each other and refer to the investigation of the human body involving an external examination followed by the dissections of the head, thorax and the abdomen. The word autopsy literally means ‘to see for oneself’. Autopsy rates in the United Kingdom (UK) currently stand at 21.9%, out of which only 0.4% are not requested by a coroner and the most common request for an autopsy occurs in cases of unexpected deaths where the cause is not apparent. Autopsies are also carried out for determination of manner of death, evaluation of ante-mortem and post-mortem diagnosis, epidemiological purposes, survey outbreaks, medical audit, research, teaching, forensic purposes and to enlighten/reassure families or inform then of hereditary diseases. Despite the well-recognised importance of autopsies in twenty-first century medicine...
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...Clinical Laboratory Science 1. What is the scope of practice for the designated health profession? If there are assistants or technicians within the profession, please include their scope of practice as well. * Medical Laboratory professionals, as members of the healthcare team, contribute to the prevention of disease, and the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of pathophysiological conditions in humans. Medical laboratory personnel are responsible for assuring reliable and accurate laboratory test results. 2. In what settings might this professional work? * Clinical laboratory technicians can work in a variety of settings, such as hospitals, for-profit laboratories, clinical, nursing homes, public health facilities, private laboratories, doctors' offices, research, sales and commercial laboratories. 3. If there are areas of specialization for this profession, please list and describe at least 3. Do these specializations require further education or credentialing? Education depends on area of specialization. Clinical Laboratory Scientist programs can range from certificate level to doctoral level. For positions as Blood Bank Technologists, Medical Technologists, Cytotechnologist and Histotechnologists, a bachelor’s degree is the minimum requirement. Some of the areas of specialization in this field include: * Blood Bank Technology Specialist: A Blood Bank Technology Specialist is responsible for performing and supervising routine and specialized...
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...breast showing signs like red scaly patch on skin, inverted nipple which is also a sign of breast cancer and a lump on a breast which is the most common symptom in today’s world. There is also a mammographic picture of a normal breast and a breast with cancer. Wikipedia also has information on the life style, how excessive smoking and consumption of alcohol leads to breast cancer. I did not have the knowledge that being exposed to radiation or doing shift work could also lead to breast cancer until I read this information on Wikipedia. The site also consists of the processes of when cancer is diagnosed, all the procedures that are involved such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation and recovery after treatment. It also explains on the Pathology side of the breast on how specimens are collected from patients like a core biopsy or a fine needle aspiration, how the specimens are tested and how the results are...
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...Patient expectation Patient expectation Treatment plan * Demonstration to patient * Drugs/systematic oral medication * Psychological support * Types of severity * Follow up: blood investigation, psoriasis lesion * Topical creams/emollient * Adverse reactions/side effects Management 1. Topical 2. Systematic 3. Phototherapy a. Narrowband UVB and PUVA b. UVA Treatment plan * Demonstration to patient * Drugs/systematic oral medication * Psychological support * Types of severity * Follow up: blood investigation, psoriasis lesion * Topical creams/emollient * Adverse reactions/side effects Management 4. Topical 5. Systematic 6. Phototherapy c. Narrowband UVB and PUVA d. UVA Diagnosis * Prognosis * Cure rate * Quality of life * Further investigation Differential diagnosis * Good investigation – biopsy Diagnosis * Prognosis * Cure rate * Quality of life * Further investigation Differential diagnosis * Good investigation – biopsy Summary and results * Quality of life * Other scores * Symptomatic relief Summary and results * Quality of life * Other scores * Symptomatic relief Follow up Evaluation at 3 months and 6 months Follow up Evaluation at 3 months and 6 months Consultation * Psychological support * Prognosis * Stress and life style management Consultation * Psychological support * Prognosis * Stress and...
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...Forensic Autopsy Name Institution Course Date Deaths resulting from blunt force trauma are the most common cases in forensic autopsy. However, it is imperative to note that some factors contribute to the actual death of the victim, leading to a contradiction of whether the cause of death was sharp force or blunt trauma related. For instance, a patient hospitalised after having had a car accident and died three weeks after hospitalization, having caught pneumonia would likely give the results that the patient died out of pneumonia. However, such is not the case. In the forensic autopsy, the cause of death should be categorised as blunt force trauma, categorically belonging to the cause “accident” (Prahlow, 2010). Therefore, because of the contradictions that occur in such autopsies, it is paramount to take note of the differences exhibited by blunt force trauma wounds and sharp force trauma injuries. Injuries caused by blunt force have the following characteristics. Firstly, blunt force inflicted wounds have abrasions on the skin epithelium. This arises as the result of the sliding force between the surface and the blunt objects, pressure or compression (Prahlow, 2010). Secondly, such injuries might show patterned abrasions, the phenomenon in which the wounds pattern is transferred to the intermediary between the skin and the blunt object, such as clothes. These forms of wounds can be used to identify weapons as the sources of blunt trauma injuries...
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...Autopsy Sabrina Sanchez April 27, 2015 Medicolegal Death Investigation Prof Rhinehart American Intercontinental University Autopsy is an examination of a person’s dead body. The word autopsy comes from the Greek autopsia meaning “the act of seeing for oneself.” The first real examinations for the study of disease was done about 300 BCE by the Alexandian physicians Heophilus and Erasistratus. The first forensics or legal autopsy was requested by a judge in Bologna in 1302. The examination is done to determine the cause of to identify or describe the level of disease that the person may have had, or define whether a specific medical or surgical treatment has been effective. This procedure is done by a trained medical personnel with a purpose of finding the cause of death with an assistance of autopsy technicians and autopsy photographers. The body is looked at from the outside and the inside, all tissue and organs are removed and looked at. Autopsy have legal implications and are performed to define if death was an accident, homicide, suicide, or a natural event. Autopsies are common medical practice but are mostly done when a crime was done. A medical examiner can order an autopsy without the say-so of the family member. Deaths that are investigated by the medical examiner are all suspicious deaths. In other cases consent must be obtained from a family member before an autopsy can be done. The family member also has the right to limit the things done in an autopsy, like not wanting...
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...Cellular Pathophysiology Huntington’s disease causes many changes in the immune system and the inflammatory response. According to Ellrich, Reick, Saft and Linker (2013), “increased inflammation in HD might be the response to neuronal death induced by mhtt toxicity” (para. 10). The immune system initiates the inflammatory response that is seen in Huntington’s disease. The exact impact of the innate and adaptive immune system is unknown in Huntington’s disease (Ellrichmann, Reick, Saft and Linker, 2013). It has been proven that the immune system, inflammatory response and stress provide more harm to the body than good. Eventually those diagnosed with Huntington’s disease end up succumbing to an illness that is contracted from a failing immune system (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant inherited disease that causes cell loss (Revilla, 2014). According to Raymond et al. (2011), cell loss occurs in the striatum, cortex, globus pallidus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and the cerebellum. The exact mechanism of cellular death is still unknown in Huntington’s disease. According to Revilla (2014), “Several mechanisms of neuronal cell death have been proposed for HD, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, impaired energy metabolism, and apoptosis”. Systemic Dysfunction Huntington’s disease not only affects the brain but the entire human body. According to Zielonka et al. (2014), “patients experience a wide array...
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...Wound healing Wound healing is an orchestrated biological process, which is a complex and dynamic biological process that involves cells, mediators, growth factors and cytokines (Yates et al., 2007). Wound healing is initiated by tissue injury and culminating in restoration of tissue integrity. There are five consecutive cascades of events in wound healing process. They are hemostasis, inflammation, migration, proliferation and maturation. The first stage includes hemostasis and inflammation, which occurs soon after the damage of skin. Fibrinogen is one of the major components of the skin connective tissues, leads to the coagulation of exudates, and together with the formation of a fibrin network, produces a clot in the wound which stops. Therefore, both hemostasis and inflammatory stages play an important role in the healing process of a wound. The inflammatory phase occurring simultaneously with the hemostasis phase usually takes more than 24 h. At this stage, blood neutrophils followed by phagocytes enter the wound medium and penetrate inside the dead cells. In the migratory phase, the new and live cells called epithelial move towards skin injury to replace dead cells. The...
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...protein and that waste exit to the bladder to the urethra. The kidneys participate in different life-sustaining duties of the body including removal of waste and any excess fluid in the body, maintenance of salt and minerals in the blood, blood pressure regulation, producing of erythropoietin through renin by stimulating red blood cells, and can also aid in the production of vitamin D. When the glomerulus is not able to meet the daily demand from the kidneys by the human body as a result of damaged, it can hinder the function causing protein and blood loss in the urine, accumulation of waste product because it can no longer filter, which will then lead to edema in the extremities, fatigue, and elevated blood pressure as a result of inflammation is named glomerulonephritis. Glomerulonephritis disease destroys the kidney and the ability to eliminate waste and extra fluids from the body to be excreted. Globally, it is the second most common disease. The cause of the disease, the pathophysiological aspect of glomerulonephritis including inflammatory response, common clinical presentation and manifestation, therapeutic regimen and treatment...
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...Pathophysiology of cellulitis in adults. Cellulitis, a bacterial infection of the skin and underlying tissue, is a common presentation to Emergency Departments (ED). The clinical spectrum of presentation can vary from local inflammation to diffuse inflammation involving a whole limb, to more severe, even life threatening presentations of necrotizing fascitis and associated sepsis. The rationale for choosing this condition is to enable me to efficiently differentiate between those cases that require immediate medical or surgical intervention and treatment and those that can be managed effectively as an outpatient, and to gain a keen understanding of the pathogenesis of the condition. The terms cellulitis and erysipelas are often used interchangeably and current usage tends to regard erysipelas as a form of cellulitis rather than a separate entity, making clear distinction difficult (Hay 2004, Kilburn et al 2010). Erysipelas affects the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics, with distinctly raised lesions and clear lines of demarcation between involved and uninvolved tissue. Cellulitis extends more deeply, involving the deeper dermis and subcutaneous fat and lacks the distinctive anatomical features of erysipelas. For the purpose of this essay I will be using the term ‘cellulitis’ to refer to both conditions. This essay will endeavor to discuss the incidence, its clinical presentation, risk factors, differential diagnosis, pathophysiology and classification according...
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...Translocation of Particulate Matter In Section 9.3, the authors have observed translocation of particular matter. The important notions they have discussed in connection with particulate matter translocation are epithelial barrier, endothelial barrier, and dendritic cells. In the following paper, these notions will be considered with the purpose of identifying their role in the body response to particulate matter exposures. Epithelial Barrier Epithelial barrier is the unique body mechanism supporting transportation of different chemical substances including nutrients and water into the cells and tissues (Sharma & Tepas, 2010). In addition, it has very important role in prevention of microbial contamination. People with pathologies of epithelial barrier are vulnerable to numerous diseases. Epithelial barrier takes part in translocation of particulate matter in the human body. This translocation occurs when particulate matter deposited in the lungs interacts with epithelial cells (Gurjar, Molina & Ojha, 2010). Translocation of particulate matter through epithelial barrier is performed with the help of inter-epithelial transport leading or dendritic cells. Epithelial barrier is susceptible to the influence of particulate matter. As a result of exposures to particulate matter of various degrees and doses, epithelial barrier in different tissues may lose its functionality partially or completely. Endothelial Barrier Endothelial barrier is the vessel barrier made...
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...Plantar fasciopathy Plantar Fasciitis is a common foot pain condition. Sometimes it is known as heel pain or arch pain. It is a aggravate pain at the bottom of the foot (plantar fascia). Plantar fasciitis is the inflammation of the thick fibrous band of tissues (the plantar fascia)that runs along the bottom of the foot. This tissue connects to the hell to base of the toes. Under normal circumstances,the palntar fascia act as a shock-absorbing “bowstring”within the arch of the foot. If tension on this “bowstring” becomes too great, irritation or inflammation can be occur, causes pain. Possible Causes: Poor biomechanics at the foot, knee or hip causes an abnormal walking pattern and adversely affects the weight distribution on the foot....
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