...Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the reduction in kidney function over time. Kidneys remove waste and fluids from the blood by way of urine. CKD is measured in stages, the most advanced can cause a buildup of fluids, electrolytes and waste in the body and eventually death. This purpose of this paper is to describe CKD, its presentation, diagnosis and treatment options and discuss what effect patient factors may have. Clinical Presentation In most cases, chronic kidney disease is asymptomatic. When symptoms are present they are generally nonspecific. Detection is usually the result of investigation driven by clinical suspicion. High risk patients are routinely screened for renal failure. Screening is conducted in hospitals, routinely on acutely ill patients, patients with abnormal imaging results such as stones, primary care, patients with co-diseases like hypertension or diabetes and those with family history. By the time CKD shows symptoms the kidney function is already impaired. When symptoms are present they may include: nausea, vomiting, fatigue,...
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...Chronic Kidney Disease Abstract Chronic kidney disease is a progressive disease that destroys the function of the human kidneys. This purpose of this research paper is to present an introductory profile of the disease. The profile includes a description of the disease, leading causes, how it is diagnosed, and its stages. Current statistics of the individuals impacted by the disease and mortality are provided. This paper will also explain the progressive nature of the disease and how the kidneys are damaged. Finally, the treatment goals and actions for the different stages of the disease are laid forth. Chronic Kidney Disease Kidneys are vital organs that regulate the body’s fluid level, filter toxins, control blood pressure, and more. A human cannot live without at least one functioning kidney. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive disease that destroys the operating capacity of the kidneys. CKD impacts millions of Americans and is often undiagnosed until it is in an advanced stage. The human body attempts to compensate for the disease and, in doing so, worsens the condition. CKD is usually caused by another underlying cardiovascular condition. Treatment for CKD seeks to slow the progression of the disease by relieving the underlying condition. Once CKD has reached its final stage, kidney function is insufficient and renal replacement therapy is required. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) was formerly known as chronic renal failure (Haynes & Winearls...
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...Support for Adults Living with Chronic Kidney Disease Best Practice Guideline & AGREE Tool Application Jessica Cruz Nancie Moran Coleen Smart University of Hartford Decision Support for Adults Living with Chronic Kidney Disease Introduction The movement towards evidence-based healthcare has been gaining momentum quickly over the past few years, motivated by clinicians, management and politicians concerned about quality, consistency and costs. Best practice guidelines, or BPG’s, are systematically developed statements to assist practitioners and patients in decisions about appropriate health care for specific circumstances. They describe appropriate care based on the best available scientific evidence. BPG’s are developed and implemented to reduce inappropriate variation in practice; promote efficient use of resources; to act as guideline for quality control, highlight shortcomings of existing literature; suggest appropriate future research; and to provide a focus for continuing education. In 1999, the Registered Nurse Association Organization (RNAO) began its mission of advancing health public policy and promoting the full participation of registered nurses in improving health, and in shaping and delivering health care services. To date, the RNAO has implemented eight Healthy Work Environment Best Practice Guideline’s (BPG’S) and 44 Clinical Practice Guidelines. Each guideline undergoes rigorous, structured research by a panel of experts prior to...
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...Stage Renal Disease Patients Student’s Name University Contents 1.0 Background to the Study.........................................................................................3 2.0 Introduction.............................................................................................................3 3.0 Problem Statement..................................................................................................4 4.0 Data Collection........................................................................................................4 5.0 Data Management and Analysis..............................................................................5 6.0 The Protection of Human Rights.............................................................................6 7.0 Interpretation of Findings........................................................................................7 8.0 Conclusion...............................................................................................................7 References.....................................................................................................................8 Hemodialysis and Its Impact to end Stage Renal Disease Patients 1.0 Background to the Study The final stage of chronic kidney diseases is when the kidneys can longer support their functions; this is the end stage where organs are pronounced to have failed completely (Esra, 2013). The role of kidneys is to remove...
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...Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, self-management, patient education, end-stage renal disease The Effects of Self-Management on the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease Kidney disease is one of the leading causes of death in the United States and was the 8th leading cause in 2010 (Arialdi M. Miniño, 2012). Approximately 20 million U.S. adults who are over 20 years of age have chronic kidney disease (CKD), and most of them are unaware of their condition ("CDC, National chronic kidney disease "). This number continues to grow every year due to an increase in the incidence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and the aging population. CKD can develop into end-stage renal disease (ESRD) rapidly without intervention, and the only treatment currently available is renal replacement therapy or kidney transplant. The cost of treating those in the United States with ESRD in 2009 was approximately $40 billion dollars, and this cost continues to grow each year ("National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC) "). Moreover, patients who develop kidney disease pay an even higher price with their life. Studies have shown that CKD is associated with a higher rate of cardiovascular disease as well as all other related mortalities (Kurth, de Jong, Cook, Buring, & Ridker, 2009). An adult with CKD is 16-40 times more likely to die before reaching ESRD than an adult without the disease ("CDC, National...
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...Analysis of a Webpage of the Kidney Failure Internet has grown rapidly into an immense information source. Internet resources can be used as a patient education tool and they offer the opportunities for personal interaction. Instead of following health advice and instructions passively, internet tools allow people to maintain their physical well-being actively by providing updated health information, user friendly activities, and support groups (Rankin et al., 2005). 64% of the 113 million internet users in America have searched for medical information. (as cited in Rankin et al., 2005). Many health professionals concern that the internet resources can be potentially negative by spreading misinformation (as cited in Rankin et al., 2005). However, only scant research supports this concern, and other research shows that the overall accuracy of the health information on internet is good (as cited in Rankin et al., 2005). This paper is to analyze MedlinePlus, one of the patient education websites, using Fry Readability Formula, SAM (Suitability Assessment of Materials), and the guidelines that Rankin, Stallings and London (2005) suggest. MedlinePlus contains countless pages of health information including diseases, interactive health tutorials, games, medical dictionary, and videos. Therefore, analyzing one of the vast amounts of pages will have limitation to generalize the whole website. This analysis can be considered as an example. Because I work in the renal unit, and most...
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...Kidney Failure HCA/240 Instructor: October, 2011 Axia College of University of Phoenix Kidney Failure I was given two scenarios to look at and answer questions about. This paper will show what the scenarios are. It will also include what I feel are the correct answers are by the research that has been done. Scenario A: Acute renal failure A 68 year old female named Ms. Jones underwent open-heart surgery to replace blocked vessels in the heart. The first day of her postoperatively the notes showed that Ms. Jones has had very little production of urine. What is happening to her kidneys and why it is causing the observed symptom? According to the symptom that was noted for Ms. Jones it looks like her kidneys are failing and leading to kidney failure. Kidneys filter the human body’s blood, producing about one milliliter of urine a minute and when the urine changes it is due to shutting down of the kidneys. This could be because the body is in shock due to the surgery that was preformed, and the abnormal amount of urine is also known as oliguria. What other symptoms and signs might occur? There are other systems and signs that might occur due to the kidney failure. One is due to accumulation of compounds containing nitrogen in the blood the smell of ammonia in the mouth. Others can include headaches and gastrointestinal distress. In some cases an elevated level of potassium in the blood known as hyperkalemia. Some other...
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...severity or complexity of the disease process. With a change in healthcare on the horizon an examination into the area and the current school of thought is a must. While renal failure is just one small area of the healthcare sector, it is rapidly growing and affecting more and more every day. According to the data from the CDC more than 4.4 million Americans are diagnosed with some form of kidney disease (CDC). Renal Failure is best defined when the kidneys no longer work properly. Now one might ask, what do the kidneys do? The kidney’s simply remove metabolic waste and water from the human body and maintain homeostasis. Without the kidneys functioning properly the body will no longer make urine and dangerous electrolyte abnormalities can occur. One must realize there are several categories of renal failure. The two main classifications are Acute and Chronic Renal Failure. Acute Renal Failure is best defined as rapid and new onset renal failure sometimes reversible when treated appropriately while Chronic Renal Failure long term and irreversible unless treated via transplant. Now that a basic foundation definition of Renal Failure has been established, one must gain knowledge of what causes Renal Failure. Now that there is a basic understanding to what Renal Failure is the next step is to find out causes of the disease. This is where Acute Renal Failure (ARF) and Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) start to really differ. ARF can be caused by many disease processes or injuries such...
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...main challenges which most countries are facing is the increasing proportion of chronic sick in their population. As one of the solutions, the application of personal wearable devices with corresponding system software are more and more popular in various aspects of healthcare. By utilizing modern techniques such as Body Sensor Network and General Packet Radio Service, the recent body sensor network systems continually collect user’s real-time health information and upload it to the database of healthcare center periodically. The system will track the user’s location accurately and alert the emergency center when detecting abnormal signals. Introduction Due to unhealthy living habits and...
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...For the past five years I have participated in raising awareness and funding to help the organization known as the Lupus Foundation of America who develop research to solve the mysteries of lupus in patients throughout the United States. Lupus is an inflammatory disease which causes the immune system to attack itself. One of the reasons why I have dedicated myself to bringing awareness to this disease is because I was diagnosed with SLE lupus in 2011. Since being diagnosed I’ve had two kidney biopsies which resulted in lupus affecting my kidneys. When I was first diagnosed with lupus I felt frightened, nervous, and overwhelmed and it was not until I began researching more on the chronic disease that I learned about the Lupus Foundations of America and the achievements and advancements they have accomplished to help patients like myself with Lupus....
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...BIOSTATISTICS IN NURSING: FINAL PAPER Biostatistics in Nursing: Final Paper Richard Hoinacki Nova Southeastern University NUR 3200 Marcia Derby RN, MSN, Asst Prof. October 15, 2008 Many people develop renal disease and once they become diagnosed with End Stage Renal Disease many have only a few choices when it comes to renal replacement modalities. According to Chapman, M., Fink, N., Finkelstein, F., Marsh, J., Meyer, K., Powe, N., Wu, A. (2004), every year in the United States, nearly 90,000 patients with chronic kidney disease progress to ESRD and begin renal replacement therapy. Most patients optimally would prefer a kidney transplant, but many may not have the ability to find a donor and must get on a transplant list. So while they wait for a suitable kidney donor their only option is dialysis. End Stage Renal Disease patients have two choices of dialysis, either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Chronic dialysis can impose a considerable burden on patients and their families, with regards to health care and their quality of life. Many statistical studies have been done to compare the qualities of life with ESRD patients who are on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. According to Lausevic, M., Nesic, V., Stojanovic, M., Stefanovic, V. (2006), health-related quality of life is a multidimensional concept that includes physical functioning, social functioning, mental health, and general health perceptions. This paper will discuss certain nursing...
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...Running head: EPIDEMIOLOGY PAPER - HEPATITIS B 1 Epidemiology Paper - Hepatitis B Concepts in Community and Public Health NRS-427V-0102 EPIDEMIOLOGY PAPER - HEPATITIS B Epidemiology Paper - Hepatitis B 2 ―Communicable disease‖ means an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host‖ ("CDC," 2010, p. 1). Hepatitis B is one of the communicable diseases which are a contagious liver disease that results from infection with the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). CAUSES ―Exposure may occur: After a needle stick or sharps injury - Hepatitis B is a concern for health care workers and anyone else who comes in contact with human blood If any blood or other body fluid touches your skin, eyes or mouth People who may be at risk of hepatitis B are those who: Unprotected sex with an infected partner – one may become infected having unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner whose blood, saliva, semen or vaginal secretions enter your body. Receive blood transfusions (not common in the United States) Have contact with blood at work (such as health care workers) Have been on long-term kidney dialysis Get a tattoo or acupuncture with unclean needles Share needles during drug use - HBV is easily transmitted through needles and syringes contaminated...
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...The economics of end-stage renal disease Introduction According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2010, 10% of adults in the United States have chronic kidney disease (CKD). That is estimated at about 20 million people. People with CKD may not feel any symptoms in the early stages, so treatment most likely has not been started. When a person often finds out they are in need of treatment, they may already be in kidney failure or end stage renal disease (ESRD). This paper will discuss the reimbursement mechanisms presented in the Sullivan article, the economics of providing ESRD treatment from the organization's point of view, patients options and potential trade-offs related to cost, quality, and access to treatment, and the ethical implications of treatment options based on cost evaluation. Reimbursement Mechanisms The major reimbursement mechanism presented in article End Stage Renal Disease Economics and the Balance of Treatment Modalities is Medicare. The system in place at this time is the fee for service with additional charges for medication and medical testing (Sullivan, 2010). The current reimbursement structure is based on a three times a week structure, because hemodialysis (HD) is the primary treatment for ESRD (Sullivan, 2010). According to Sullivan (2010) "The most ideal treatment for patients with ESRD is transplantation" (p.45). The reimbursement for peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the same as that of HD. With the passing of The Medicare...
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...Diabetes- Potential Effects as a Chronic Process Diabetes-Potential Effects as a Chronic Process Diabetes is a serious problem in the United States. It is a disease where blood glucose levels are above normal. There are two types of diabetes, Type 1 diabetes (juvenile onset diabetes) and Type 2 diabetes (adult onset diabetes). Both types of diabetes exhibit similar symptoms or no symptoms at all. In this paper, we report the incidence of diabetes, typical signs and effect diabetes has on the body, teaching requirements and psycho-social challenges that go along with the disease. Diabetes mellitus affects about 17 million people, 5.9 million are undiagnosed. In the United States, approximately 800,000 new cases of diabetes are diagnosed yearly (Bare, 2006). Among working adults diabetes is the leading cause of non-traumatic amputations, blindness and end-stage renal disease. Diabetes is the third leading cause of death by disease, primarily because of the high rate of cardiovascular disease (Bare, 2006). Hospitalization rates for people with diabetes are 2.4 times greater for adults and 5.3 times greater for children than for the general population. Among adults in the United States, diagnosed cases of diabetes increased 49% from 1990 to 2000, and similar increases are expected to continue (Bare, 2006). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 5% to 10% of people with diabetes have type 1, which the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells...
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...in many countries and many individuals are unfortunate not to receive an organ transplant. It is estimated that on average, over 3,000 new patients are added to the kidney waiting list each month and thirteen people die each day while waiting for a life-saving kidney transplant. Scientists are currently searching for a solution to organ shortage, and one of the solutions they have suggested is called xenotransplantation. The transplantation of living cells, tissue or organs from one species to another is known as xenotransplantation. In the 1900s, many scientists and doctors attempted to transplant an animal’s organs into a human....
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