...Evaluating the role of ethnic identity in explaining the occurrence of contemporary civil conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa. High hopes for many newly independent states of Africa became diminished as the 1990s saw over a quarter of the continent's states facing armed insurgencies within their borders (Young, 2002: 534). Commentators often point to pathological, deep-seated hatreds in an African tribal mosaic as the bases of such conflict. The fact is, however, that the continent is awash with political grudges, ethnically-framed and otherwise, but civil wars rarely break out. Thus this essay seeks to take a more nuanced approach to understand the analytical challenge posed by such disorder. Starting out by countering the centrality of ethnic identity, it firstly seeks to demonstrate that ethnic identities do not exist primordially, but that they are constructed on weak foundations. Secondly it endeavours to show that where cleavages do exist along lines of cultural difference, simple heterogeneity is insufficient to account for the outbreak of conflict. Next, it moves to underline the fact that more important in explaining civil conflict is whether such conflict is feasible. This is understood both in terms of the perceived capacity of the state and in terms of the viability of insurgency for would-be rebels. A final conclusion will then be expounded that ethnicity is not a central factor, but that it is simply one of a number of strategies under which conflict may be framed...
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...Revolution to Civil War By Maya Bhardwaj Abstract: social movements and regime change across the Middle East and North Africa. While interconnected, uprisings in each nation took different forms and reached out distinctions and interactions between uprisings, revolution, and civil war. standing scholarly debate. The presence or absence of civil war is examined in examinations of civil war: the nature of the governmental regime, territoriality complete understanding of what constitutes civil war and provides a framework 76 Introduction the Middle East, authoritarian regimes thought invulnerable to protest and impossible to oust began to cede to massive protest. Attacks on governmental institutions and elite leaders ensconced from public opinion developed divergently in each nation, employing tailored strategies to mobilize the public and reap key support. This paper focuses on the nature and development of these Arab Spring further use these distinctions to illuminate the conceptual, instrumental, and semantic nature of civil war in general. - exacerbated the grievances felt by rebel forces and smoothed over ethnic, religious, and tribal ten- trastingly, in Syria, instances of mild reform under Bashar al-Assad, popular concerns for security, kept civil war at bay. Conceptual Isolation of Civil War presence or absence of civil war. However, the scholarly distinction between civil war and other insurgency and counter-insurgency, uprisings, genocide or genocidal...
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...| Course SyllabusCollege of HumanitiesHIS/115 Version 3U.S. History to 1865 | Copyright © 2011, 2009, 2008 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides an overview of the social, political, economic, and global events that have shaped the American scene from colonial times through the Civil War period. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Schultz, K. M. (2012). HIST2, Volume 1 (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Contact, Settlement, Slavery | | Details | Due | Points | Objectives | 1.1 Describe the clash of cultures that took place in North America between the Native Americans, colonists, and Black slaves. 1.2 Describe the establishment of early colonies. 1.3 Describe the development of regional differences among the...
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...the high seas, but never over territorial sea of another state -Art.1 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation: “every state has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the space above its territory” -It is a serious breach of international law for a state to order to violate the air space of another state (for e.g. USA military aircraft attacked, forced to land or shot down by Hungary, USSR, Czechoslovakia-a number of incidents) -Does the states have an unlimited right to attack intruding aircraft in all circumstances? -Lissitzyn principle (from 1953)-important (book!) -Some states support Lissitzyn principle and that flexible approach to civil aircraft as well as military craft, but other states including ICAO-International Civil Aviation Organization, believe that civil aircraft must never be attacked in such circumstances -The rule that (it is not indeed a rule) trespassing civil aircraft must never be attacked does not mean that they have a legal right to trespass -Assembly of ICAO in 1984 adopted an amendment to 1944 Chicago Conv. On the Int. Civil Aviation which confirms that “every state, in the exercise of its sovereignty is entitled to require the landing at some designated airport of a civil aircraft flying above its territory without authority.” and that “every state must refrain from resorting to use of weapons against civil aircraft in flight and that, in case of interception, the lives of persons on board and the safety of aircraft must...
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...predecssors. “The Arab Spring” as it was called began in Tunisia and spread across the region (Al Jazeera). The protestors in this revolt wanted a myriad of things. Some wanted democracy, respect for civil rights, and some want Islamization of government and a movement to theocracy. Syria, once a province of the Ottoman Empire, is a small middle-eastern nation between Lebanon and Turkey. In March 2011, pro-Democracy Arab Spring protestors who were marching to decry the arrest and torture of teen graffiti artists were fired upon by police. After the shootings, many more protestors joined the public displays of defiance (BBC ). After nationwide unrest and a refusal by President Assad to abdicate, the protestors began to arm themselves (Semple). The violence in the country escalated so quickly that by June of 2013, 90,000 people had been killed in the fighting and that number moved to 250,000 by August of 2015 (BBC ). Into the fray came the self-stylized Islamic State. This terrorist group which is opposed to Assad is fighting to create a Muslim caliphate throughout Iraq and Syria. In June of 2014, the group claimed that it’s caliphate had been established, which lead to US airstrikes to destroy the group, thus entering another belligerent into the fight (BBC). The Syrian Civil War was killed more than 250,000 people and approximately 11-12 million of the nation’s 22 million people are displaced. Approximately 6.5 million people are displaced inside of the country, with ~4.5...
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...Monrovia Civil War Massina Ballah Strayer University English 090 Professor Delicia Battle August 10, 2012 Monrovia Civil war Many years of war that suffered thousands of people, and many dead. As a result of this, there were no food or medication. Moreover, a war that many thought will never come to an end. Monrovia war, a war that started early Monday morning april 6, 1990. A bright sunny day. Women and children running to save their lives. From a distance, I heard a very big sound of machine guns, bullet flying all over the place. We all ran for safety. As a got dark, it was a terrible night I didn’t know what to do. I felt stomach sick, because of the heavy guns sound. After many hours sitting in the house, I felt that this is the end of our lives. The next day the rebels told us to get out of the house. While working out there, there were many dead bodies in the street. I was afraid, especially my first time looking, and working over dead bodies. We walked for many hours. When it was night time, we slept in a school building. Women were taken from their husband by rebels. I knew that it was not safe for us. No one to protect us. We didn’t have safe drinking water. We drank from the creek, or the riverside. After many day of struggles, we had no food to eat, or medication. My elder brother got ill. We needed medicine. There were no medicine. My brother sickness got worst and he died. I felt so bad. My brother and I were so closed . He was everything...
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...from the 21st century, my first and quick answer will be war Wars have been going on for centuries. War unavoidably.Brings death, destruction and suffering, which both ruin lives and nations. The most unjustifiable consequence of war is the loss of innocent civilians' lives. Civilians, who could have lived to make a huge impact on the world, pose no direct threat to the 'enemy' and might not even share the motives of the side they have been presumed to support. War eradicates hopes and dreams of millions, destroys homelands, frightens and oppresses people. Nothing that, in the end, brings more bad than it does good can be justified. Any kind of war is unjustifiable because it involves only killing. And what kind of victory does one get? Victory over millions of dead human flesh.Victory over the broken hearts of the family and relatives. We must not forget the horrors of the two world wars. In these wars, there was mass-killing and destruction of property. Thousands were made widows and orphans. War brings hatred and spreads falsehood. People become selfish and brutal. Finally I believe Wars are not the solution of the problems. Instead they generate problems and create hatred among nations. War can decide one issue but gives birth too many. Hiroshima and Nagasaki are the greatest horrible faces of the consequence of wars. Even after 60 years people are suffering from the miseries of war. Whatever be the cause of war, it always results in destruction of life and property at...
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...War Has No Boundaries The short story “The Sniper” was written by Liam O’Flaherty. The Sniper was published on January 12, 1923. Liam O’Flaherty was born on August 28, 1898. Liam grew up in a poverty-stricken village on Irishmore Island in County Galway on the western coast of Ireland (Cummings,2007). O’Flaherty joined the British Army during the First World War in 1915. He wrote the sniper on his findings during the Irish Civil War. The main ideas that Liam was trying to represent are war has no boundaries, that war reduces humans into mere objects, and individualism. The Irish Civil War began on June 28, 1922 and ended May 24, 1923. The war claimed more lives than the war of independence did. The conflict broke out between two opposing sides: The Free State, and Republican Opposition. The Anglo-Irish Treaty arose from the Irish War of Independence. The treaty provided for a self-governing Irish state in twenty-six of Ireland’s thirty-two counties. The Free State supported the treaty while the treaty represented the republican side. The split between the two opposing sides was very personal. The leaders on the opposing side were very close friends, and were comrades during the Irish War of Independence. The leader of the republican was...
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...John Adams once said, “Great is the guilt of an unnecessary war.” This means that killing in war is most felt when it could have been avoided. Justification for killing in war is a very debated topic. Some deem it as necessary for freedom, but what is necessary about killing another human being? Liam O’Flaherty was a short story writer from the early to mid-1900s. The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (2015) disclose that his various novels and short stories guided the course for other authors in the literary Irish Renaissance. In his story, “The Sniper,” O’Flaherty stresses the importance of the human feeling soldiers obtain when amidts battle. “The Sniper” takes place in Dublin, Ireland in the middle of a heated Irish civil war between the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Free Staters. An IRA sniper has been...
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...War is the one situation that has no room for mistakes. The slightest mistake can cost a person his life when in the line of war. War can change people who may have never wanted to harm a person into someone who is willing to live at all cost, even if it means killing. The short story “The Sniper” written by Liam O’Flaherty incorporates the realities of war all the way down to its finest details. It also shows its extremities and how an option of simply whether to light a cigarette or not can be the decision whether someone lives or dies. People are fighting in these wars and may not know what they are fighting for or why they are fighting. Cummings (2007) found, “Liam O’Flaherty was born on August 28, 1896, in Inishmore, Ireland.”...
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...“Conflict is often indiscriminate”. I think that the statement means that sometimes wars and other various types of conflict occur regardless of who you are and just at random. My gut reaction regarding the statement is that conflict can be very indiscriminate equally to how conflict can be discriminative. For example, 9/11 was indiscriminate as the attack targeted multiple groups of people and was an attack just to psychologically damage the confidence of US Homeland Security and the US government; as well as other countries around the globe which saw the news broadcasts and thought that their country was going to be attacked next. However, conflicts like the Stonewall Riots, were discriminative, violent conflicts that attacked innocent people...
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...Throughout the world conflict persists. This is evident in Nicaragua where the country is facing a land disputes, “a territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more territorial entities” which has divided into what can be described as a small civil war of ethnicity with the prize being valuable land along the coast of the country (7,. The two ethnic groups who are responsible for the conflicts are the miskitos of the southern region of Nicaragua, and the mestizos of the northern region of nicaragua. There fighting for land hs spread throughout the Caribbean coast, where most of the indigenous miskito citizens live on and or in close proximity to the area.(6) Both sides of the conflict the mestizos and the miskitos have had casualties since the start of the disputes....
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...The effect of a civil war has a variety of emotions on the soldiers involved. In the short story “The Sniper”, written by Liam O’Flaherty, takes place during the Irish Civil War. The Irish Civil War took place during 1921 and lasted until 1922. The treaty of Anglo-Irish Treaty was the foremost cause that led to the civil war. The treaty provided the Irish Free-State with a tremendous amount of independence and separated the power the IRA had in war. The protagonist’s, an unknown IRA sniper, mission is to take out an enemy Free-State sniper. Throughout the story he is face with war like challenges that he has to embark on. The short story “The Sniper” is about an experienced sniper and the lasting effects that the civil war is having...
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...Over the last 60 years across the world through both violent and non-violent regime changes long lasting insurgencies can be found tearing at the fabric of civilized society. From Boko Haram in Africa, ISIS in Syria and Iraq, and the FARC in Colombia, insurgencies are wide spread and consistently causing harm to civilian populaces and undermining the sovereignty of legitimate governments. A prime example of a long lasting insurgency and the topic of discussion is the National Liberation Army of Colombia or the ELN (Ejercito Liberation National). Established formally on July 4 1964 in Colombia, the ELN arose after the La Violencia period whereby an alliance formed between radical Catholic clergy and liberal college students. The two groups found a common ground stemming from the radical revolution movement in Cuba that went on throughout the 1950’s and 1960’s. The main goal of the ELN was to establish a more Marxist approach to government within Colombia (National Liberation Army (Colombia), 2012). Throughout the years the ELN has established it’s self as a formidable guerilla force throughout the country. Using methods such as extortion, kidnapping and murder they held a strong hand against the Colombian Army and Police for more than 50 years. Although they have operated throughout the country, the majority of all operations have been in the North Eastern area of the country, near the Venezuelan boarder where they use the porous area to move in between the two countries...
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...impressions It is always a good idea to register your response to a film right after viewing as you are still emotionally involved in the story. Use some of these points to help you. 1. Did you like or dislike the film? Why? (either answer is valid – but it is always interesting to explore the reasons). I did like the film because of the beautiful barren imagery, ingenious use of symbolism and Del Toro’s unique way of bringing out societal issues in a highly suggestive manner. I also enjoyed the role of the ghost to push the story line forwards with each apparition. 2. What, do you believe is the main theme of the film? The Spanish Civil War, more specifically how Franco’s army and the right-winged parties consolidated while the left-winged opposition fragmented and was, eventually, forced out. Also there is a general message about war and how such terrifying events can rob children of their childhoods. 3. Were you frightened during the story? Of what? Which characters were more frightening – Santi? Jacinto? Did this response change as the film progressed? If so, how? At first the movie seems like any other typical ghost/horror story, where one grows weary of the ghost’s presence primarily due to fear of the unknown. However, as the storyline develops, one becomes uncomfortably accustomed to the ghost’s appearance. Furthermore, after learning the circumstances behind Santi’s death and Jacinto’s involvement in the murder, one becomes morally sympathetic of Santi’s...
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