...typically address. Mill was essentially social philosopher intent upon improving the role of the individual in society. In place of the pessimism of his father and Ricardo, he advanced a guarded optimism that contemplated the development of a good society. Although he read widely, the major influences on his economic ideas were his early training in the classical economics of Smith, Ricardo, his own father, and Bentham; the socialist writings of Fourier and Saint-Simon; the writings of Comte, sometimes called the father of sociology, who led Mill to view economics as only one aspect of human social activity; and, finally, his friend Harriet Taylor, who later became his wife and who taught Mill to be more receptive to the humanistic socialist ideas of his times. Mill was both a classical liberal and a social reformer. J. S. Mill's position in the development of economic ideas is difficult to specify. He wrote at the end of the classical period, but his open-mindedness, one of his greatest assets, enabled him to modify classical doctrine in several ways. His economics is simultaneously the most mature statement of the classical position and the start of a new period in the development of economic thinking. His Principles of Political Economy, written in less than two years, was first published in 1848 and remained, in its subsequent seven editions, the standard in the field until the end of the century. The short period it took Mill to write the...
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...Sociology Home Page |All Sociology Modules |Sociology Links |Government and Politics Home page |AS Government and Politics |A2 Government and Politics |Government and Politics Links | | Question1 [pic] Is Anarchism merely an extreme version of free market liberalism? Anarchism is a fairly broad ideology and there are important divisions within anarchism as between individualist and social anarchism and also within these categories and it can be shown that whereas most individualist anarchists and in particular anarcho-capitalists have some sympathy with the principles of free market liberalism this would not apply to social anarchists in general and particularly not to anarcho-communists such as Peter Kropotkin. Free market liberal principles have been espoused by both classical liberals and by New Right theorists who have combined support for free market liberalism with support for the strong state. Free market liberals argue that individuals are rational and therefore the best judges of their own interests and that overall economic efficiency can best be achieved by unregulated laissez faire. Liberal support for laissez faire was under-pinned by the economic theories outlined by Adam Smith in his study “The Wealth of Nations”[1776] in which he argued that the competitive capitalist economy based upon private profit and individual self-interest could via the so-called “invisible hand” of the market mechanism secure the best possible living standards for all...
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...Classical Social Thought (SP 212) Semester 1, 2012-13 Lecturer: Tony Varley Room 309, Second Floor, Árus Moyola Office Hours: Monday: 5-6pm; Wednesday: 4-5pm. Email: tony.varley@nuigalway.ie Course Description: The classical sociological tradition has been heavily dominated by the writings of Marx, Weber and Durkheim. Each of these three theorists has carved out a distinctive approach to the study of society and, in the process, has contributed substantially to our understanding of the transition from pre-modern to modern society. There are many who would argue that the ideas of these three classical figures continue to have much to offer to an understanding of contemporary society and politics. There are several possible ways to study the ideas of Marx, Weber and Durkheim. In this course we will attempt to take a thematic and comparative approach by comparing the views of Marx, Weber and Durkheim on a number of central topics. We will look therefore at their ideas concerning the methods appropriate to the study of society, their views on class and the division of labour, on democratic politics and the state and on culture, religion and ideology. Our discussion will begin with a consideration of what a ‘classical’ tradition might look like in the social sciences; and of why Marx, Weber and Durkheim merit inclusion as the most significant members within such a tradition. For a fuller appreciation of the classical tradition in social theory there is no substitute...
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...evolutionary, cyclical, and fundamentalist theories and demonstrates why it is important to looking beyond the popularly accepted knowledge about social development represented by economic and conflict theory. This approach provides a more robust generalization that more adequately describes social advancement, and concludes that classical researchers did not consider leadership as a social segment to be studied, that influences societal and cultural development. Leadership understanding of societal and cultural development is critical for enabling them to lead positive social change. ABSTRACT Depth The Depth section compares modern research in societal and cultural development to the theories of classical researchers in order to further develop the findings of the classical study, and to determine if leadership consideration has been addressed in modern times. The study shows that the theories of classical researchers are sufficiently robust to support a consistent, continued basis for understanding societal and cultural development into modernity. This study broadens the Breadth section presentation, and demonstrates that modern researchers continue the classical paradigm, adding depth and...
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...Cultural Studies is a discipline that studies society within a sociological interpretation. In sociology, society is not seen as individuals but as a system of principles, activities and exchanges accepted by human beings. This means that social organizations such as family or community are not people, they are organizations, or patterns, of views and actions by people, which are approved by people. (Long 2007) There are three classical sociological perspectives, one very different from the other in order to understand society: Conflict perspective: Analyses the differences between the oligarchy and the working class, stating that society’s changes and interactions are related to numerous conflicts. (Stephen 2007) Functionalist perspective: Looks at behaviours and find their reasons on exterior factors and not on the individual itself, and argues that several features of social conduct add to the living and expanding of society and its organizations. Symbolic Interaction perspective: Positions that to understand society its necessary to understand the connotation of people’s actions and beliefs. At the moment of discussing society and its organizations, despite the sociological perspective used there are interconnected factors to be considered: Technology, politics, economy, values and beliefs. (Ray 2007) In the critical essay The Crisis of Public Values in the Age of the New Media, Henry A. Giroux’s discourse on the control of large corporations over the economy and...
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...ABSTRACT. The notion social class attains a well-defined theoretical content in the works of the classical political economists, who defined classes on the basis of the specific income form that each category of people (class) obtains. This approach to class constitutes a first form of a "friendly merger" between political economy and sociology. When combined with the classical labor value theory, it has led to a theory of class exploitation of the laboring class by the capitalist class. As economic theory became increasingly apologetic after the "Marginalist Revolution" (setting itself the aim of justifying capitalism), the theory of class has been totally banished from the corpus of "modern (neoclassical) economic science." This paper claims that the scientific elements inherent in classical political economy's class theory were preserved by the Marxist class theory, which further revolutionized the classical approach, creating a new, purely non-economistic and non-mechanistic "relationist" class theory, an d forming thus a vivid economic-sociological approach to social classes. On the basis of the Marxist approach, complex problems concerning the class structure of contemporary societies can be tackled. I Introduction THE THEORY OF CLASSES MAKES UP one of the most controversial chapters of the social sciences, in the sense that it comprises a forefront of confrontation between the different theoretical schools that are formulated within the field. To clarify what is to...
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...STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS COUNSELLING: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY by KATLEGO FANDIE This thesis is submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree Philosophiae Doctor in the FACULTY OF THE HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE BLOEMFONTEIN January 2015 Promoter: Prof. L. Naudé DECLARATION I declare that the thesis hereby submitted by Katlego Fandie for the degree Philosophiae Doctor at the University of the Free State is my own independent work and has not previously been submitted by me at another University/Faculty. I further more cede copyright of the thesis in favour of the University of the Free State. SIGNATURE: _____________________________ DATE:____________________________ i DECLARATION OF SUPERVISOR ii PROOF OF LANGUAGE EDITOR 083 2877088 +27 51 4367975 corrieg@mweb.co.za CORRIE GELDENHUYS POSBUS 28537 DANHOF 9310 3 January 2015 TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN Herewith I, Cornelia Geldenhuys (ID 521114 0083 088) declare that I am a qualified, accredited language practitioner and that I have edited the following PhD thesis by Katlego Fandie: STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS COUNSELLING: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY All changes were indicated by track changes and comments, to be addressed by the researcher. ............................................................ C GELDENHUYS MA (LIN – cum laude), MA (Mus), HED, HDLB, UTLM ACCREDITED MEMBER OF SATI –...
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...from England and introduced sociology where she lived. She claimed that if someone studies a society they must focus on every detail that there is about the topic including political, religious, and social institutions. She wanted sociologist to do more than just observe and that they need to be beneficial to society. W.E.B. Du Bois was the very first African American to earn a doctor degree from Harvard University. He claimed that one's self and identity are influenced by historical experiences and social situations such as slavery that deals with segregation and prejudice. He mostly focused on race relations in the United States because of the color line. W.E.B one member of the National Association...
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...: Discuss the Contributions of Max Weber as a Founding Father of Sociology | Max Weber born as Karl Emil Maxmillian Webe (1864 – 1920); a German Sociologist, philosopher and political economist with ideas that influenced; social theory, social research and entire discipline of sociology. Weber as one of the three known founding fathers of Sociology is mostly cited with the other founding fathers; Karl Marx and Emil Durkheim in social field. Weber has been prominent in methodological antipositivism, where he argues the study of social action through interpretation of ideas. In his arguments, Weber sees the urge to look at ideas, especially the meanings put onto things and the role of changes of ideas that contribute to society and social changes. His main concern was to understand the processes of rationalization, secularization and disenchantment that he associated with the rise of capitalism and modernity; which resulted to a new way of thinking about the world. He used the German word “verstehen” to discuss deeper understanding of the meanings people put to things; a word that is still used in today’s sociology to analyze the important elements of culture and society. Weber was best known for his thesis combining economic sociology and the sociology of religion as explained in his book: “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism” which he proposed that ascetic Protestanism was one of the major elective affinities associate with the rise in Western world of...
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...CLASSICAL V. POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY There are two schools of thoughts when dealing with criminology, they are; classical and positivist criminology. The two meaning entirely the opposite, classical criminology is based on committing crimes by “free will” while positivist criminology deals with committing crime due to the impact of one’s’ environment. Cesare Beccaria helped make the present day Judicial System what it is; his thought process was in the beliefs of the classical theory. The Classical criminology theory is established on the thought process that committing a crime is a “choice” that individuals make on their own. It is only human nature to know the difference of right from wrong; the classical view depicts that one “knowingly” decides to do wrong not caring the consequences. This is where Cesare Beccaria comes into play, he decided that “do the crime, pay the time”, he felt that one’s punishment should be as just and fair pertaining to the crime itself; this is why all punishments have certain mandatory sentences imposed on them. Beccaria however, did not believe in capital punishment, he felt has though that it is not man’s job to inflict death upon another. Casare Lombroso is commended on creating this type of criminology notated as positivist; he unlike Beccaria did believe in capital punishment, and disagreed with Beccaria's perceptions on punishments being fit for the type of crime committed, and stated that instead, the punishments should...
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...Part 2 Classical social analysis can best be described as intricate relationships among diverse groups ,focusing on assets, occupations and it explores how individuals observe, act on and discuss their interests. Many sociologists have entertained the idea of this but I feel that there were 2 sociologists that really stood out and actively reflected this in their work Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx. As I stated earlier a key aspect of classical social analysis is how individuals "observe, and act on their interests", Durkheim reflects this in his work on how religion affects a person and their society. Durkheim was not interested in the religious experience of individuals but rather with the communal activity and the communal bonds that came as a result of participation in religious activities . C. Wright Mills stated that a classic social analysis " should entail concern with historical structures" which Durkheim addresses with his analysis of religion and how it affects those that indulge in it. Karl Marx also reflected the same characteristic Mills stated was vital in his work major contribution to sociology "Historical Materialism". Marx believed that it starts from the realization that in order for human beings to survive and continue existence from generation to generation, production relations will be created among people to survive and produce goods essential for man’s livelihood. Marx believed that this leads to division of labor and some people live off the...
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...Classical Organizational Theory deals with the “systematic processes necessary to make bureaucracy more efficient and effective.” Name three scholars that are credited with the development of classical organization thought that most correctly fit into this definition of Classical Organizational Theory. What were the basic arguments articulated by each in their contributions to the development of Classical Organizational Theory? Classical organizational theory evolved during the first half of this century. Formal organizational study spans the fields of business administration, economics, political science, statistics, sociology, psychology, and public administration. It represents the merger of scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory.Organization theory prescribes how work and workers ought to be organized and attempts to explain the actual consequences of organizational behavior( including an individual's actions) on worked being performed and on the organization itself. Frederick Taylor developed scientific management theory in the early 1900s.Taylor’s theory was designed to assist private sector managers in adapting production practices to the needs of an emerging industrial economy during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Taylor’s theory focused more on the private industry and listed specific steps and procedures for implementation. Weber’s model unlike Taylor’s did not specify actual guidelines for operation.Taylor’s theory rests on four...
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... Introduction of Sociology SOC 111 Question: What is Sociology? Date of Submission: 7th Nov 2012 Mode of Submission: Coordinator Examiner: Mr.Olomi This paper proposes to show up, examine the concept of sociology and also to discuss the objective of sociology and its importance. The term Sociology as quoted by Geoffrey, et al, (1970 p.201) from the new dictionary of sociology state that, ‘sociology is the study of human social life, groups and societies’. It is amazing and compelling enterprise, having as its subject matter our own behavior as social being. The scope of sociology is very wide, ranging from the analysis of passing encounters between individual in the street up to the investigation of world-wide social processes. To support dictionary, sociology is the study of societies in a scientific way. Before the emergence of sociology, there was no systematic and scientific attempt to study human society with all its complexities. Sociology has made it possible to study society in a scientific manner. This scientific knowledge about human society is needed in order to achieve progress in various fields. Father more; Sociology is the study of the social lives of humans, groups and societies. It concerns itself with the social rules and processes that bind and separate people not only as individuals, but as members of associations, groups, and institutions Sociology is interested in our...
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...ARUSHA CAMPUS | DIPLOMA IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT – Y1S1 | INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY | | GRACE RUHINDA HD122-CO11-0247/2013 | 5/28/2014 | ASSIGNMENT 1: Discuss the Contributions of Max Weber as a Founding Father of Sociology | Max Weber born as Karl Emil Maxmillian Webe (1864 – 1920); a German Sociologist, philosopher and political economist with ideas that influenced; social theory, social research and entire discipline of sociology. Weber as one of the three known founding fathers of Sociology is mostly cited with the other founding fathers; Karl Marx and Emil Durkheim in social field. Weber has been prominent in methodological antipositivism, where he argues the study of social action through interpretation of ideas. In his arguments, Weber sees the urge to look at ideas, especially the meanings put onto things and the role of changes of ideas that contribute to society and social changes. His main concern was to understand the processes of rationalization, secularization and disenchantment that he associated with the rise of capitalism and modernity; which resulted to a new way of thinking about the world. He used the German word “verstehen” to discuss deeper understanding of the meanings people put to things; a word that is still used in today’s sociology to analyze the important elements of culture and society. Weber was best known for his thesis combining economic sociology and the sociology of religion as explained in his book: “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit...
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...1. How does the meaning of "culture" differ in sociology from it's common everyday meaning? Refined music, art, and literature is referred to as culture in everyday life. People who are well versed in hese topics, are considered to be cultured. However, in sociology, the meaning of culture is more than the object or behavior. Sociologically, the term culture is the sum of inherited customs, beliefs, values and knowledge. 2. Distinguish among each of the following pairs of concepts, informal vs formal, norms vs folkways, and norms vs sanctions. Sociologists classify norms as either formal or informal. A formal norm has been written down and spcifies strict punishment. Mores have a greater significance for the welfare of society, and violations can result in severe punishments, where as folkways are looked at as contempt and are merely frowned on by society. Norms are rules that people follow without thnking about them; sanctions are rewards and penalties that help enforce society's value system. 3. How did Charles Horton Cooley approach the socialization process? In 1902, Charles Horton Cooley coined the phrase " the looking glass self". The term refers to his belief that people shape their identity based on how others percieve them. Basing themselves on the perception of others cofirms their opinion of themselves. The three main components of the looking glass self are, we imagine how we appear to others, we imagine how that appearance is judged and we develop our self through...
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