...that I would agree most with the psychodynamic viewpoint as well as the sociocultural viewpoint. I had difficulty in choosing only viewpoint when the causal factors can be extremely vague when it comes to substance abuse. I agree with the psychodynamic viewpoint because people who experience a lack of nurturing during early childhood often carry it with them throughout their adult lives if the issue goes unresolved. Substance abuse is not the only disorder that may be caused by childhood trauma. There are a lot of other disorders that can be linked to early childhood experiences as well, which is why I find myself agreeing with this viewpoint. I also would have to agree with the sociocultural viewpoint because society plays an enormous role when it comes to an individual’s behavior and attitude, a person’s environment can definitely have an impact on their decisions in life. People are constantly striving for the approval of others or trying to fit in with their friends, so the sociocultural viewpoint seems perfectly reasonable. Furthermore, I believe that the behavioral/cognitive and biological viewpoints are also important when it comes to understanding the causes of substance abuse. However, I do not find them as influential as the psychodynamic and sociocultural viewpoints. There seems to be a biological basis for almost any disease or disorder, but I feel that there is still a lot to learn about the biological viewpoint of substance abuse. The behavioral/cognitive...
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...Personal Ethics Statement There are many ethical viewpoints out there out today, an example can be of the viewpoint of on how the elderly and disable should be treated. I have first hand seen the bad treatment on the elderly and the disable. Some people view them as being weak, and almost useless. This is wrong to have this type of view just because they can't get around like they use to, or see things the way the we ( young adults and youth) see things, don't mean they are any different than we are. But it seem that people don't care. For an example, when I am looking for a parking space I tend to park further away so that the elderly and the disable can have a closer park for themselves. This is what I do, do others do this, I don't know. It really don't seems like no one care if the ones who need a close park or need to park in the handicap should park there. In fact, I see people park in the handicap and look like they either don't need a handicap park, or look like they just took they park even though its not their handicap sticker. This is just one example of ethical viewpoint. When I first saw that I had to write about my blind spots I have, I had to sit and think because I didn't know. As I was thinking, I was that my blind spot was somewhat obvious to myself, I don't like asking for help. I would rather fail an assignment them ask for help. I really need to be more open to get help when I need it, then not being able to succeed I what I need help with. I...
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...In times of conflict, gaining an understanding between two parties can still be insufficient to obtain a level of peace, one must also be willing to accept the others viewpoint. Even when the same level of understanding has been accomplished, an individual can still encounter intra-personal conflict as a result. In order to minimise the amount of conflict we encounter, we must first attain a level of understanding of another’s own morals and viewpoints. In times, our own identity can be a productive force that instigates conflict. In Greenville’s novel ‘The lieutenant’ the governor ordered a prisoner to be lashed for the stealing of food in the settlement. Warungin, the native, watched on in interest, yet soon he finds himself standing alone pleading with the governor for the ‘horror of the punishment’ to stop. What is seen as a horrendous brutality in his eyes is considered to be standard practice for the marines of His Majesty’s Service. This level of misunderstanding creates a division between Warungin and The British allowing tension to rise and Inter-personal conflict to occur, because the morals of each party do not agree. This is also demonstrated in the documentary ‘A Kill Team’. Set in the war zone of Afghanistan in a platoon of around 20 U.S soldiers, Sergeant Winfield is confronted with a viewpoint that does not agree with his own standing morals....
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...Little Albert and Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning may be defined as; a kind of associative learning where two stimuli happen in a combined as well as frequent manner because of which, they ultimately become linked with each other. The outcome of this union is that each stimulus sooner or later generates an identical response. In fact, this technique is applied in behavioral training in which Unconditioned Stimulus (US) is paired with and leads towards the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) until the conditioned stimulus unaccompanied is enough to bring out the response (Abell et al., 1999). To understand it clearly, there is need to recall the experiment performed by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner in 1920. Watson suggested that psychological researches should be based merely on apparent behaviors and due to this viewpoint, his research was related with conditioning of fear (learned). He demonstrated above conditioning via usual procedures including association of stimuli, and research subject chosen by him for the purpose was an 11-month old child Albert. Albert was an extremely firm infant who hardly ever exhibited fear of anything involving the white rat present in laboratory, but Watson and Rayner noticed that he was afraid of loud noises (Unconditioned Stimulus). They decided to implement this innate fear response (Unconditioned Response (UR)) shown by Albert as a tool in their study. So; they created piercing sound by striking a big steel pipe with hammer. ...
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...Learning Experience Paper Tiffany N. Moore Psy/103 February 22, 2016 Joseph Foster Learning Experience Paper How can anyone be afraid of an insect that is smaller than them? My fear of spiders started when I was seven years old. Every year during summer break I would go out to the country to visit my godparents on their farm. I was always told not to play outdoors in my bare feet because of the insects, snakes, and small rodents. Being an adventurous child I did the total opposite of what I was being told. While playing in the barn one summer day I decided to take my shoes off, which led to me getting bit by a spider, becoming terribly ill, and having to spend several days in the hospital. Every day since that incident occurred I have had a deadly fear of spiders. A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder where you have an excessive fear of a certain object or situation, says Raphael Rose, PhD, associate director of the Anxiety Disorders Research Center and associate clinical professor at the University of California-Los Angeles' Department of Psychology and Psychiatry and Bio-behavioral Sciences. An estimated 19.2 million American adults’ deal with specific phobias, the National Institute of Mental Health reports. And specific phobias are twice as common in women as in men, NIMH says. Phobias usually develop during childhood or, if not then, by early adulthood, Rose says. Common specific phobias, according to NIMH, include closed-in spaces, heights, highway driving...
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...attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs For that purpose, of getting a complete comprehension of the process of learning, in the view of the psychology field, it is really powerful for a person to first comprehend the specific role that takes part in by the behavior, of a person and also when understanding, the unusual parts of learning as well as the relationship between the two; learning and cognition (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2005). Definition of learning and the role behavior play in learning Learning is influential form of conduct and alters information that come to light and many procedure are developed, but can be used for motor expertness, to cognitive skills, such as education, and to viewpoints and benefits, such as preconception. As result verification is mentally disturbed indication and structures of cognitive disorders are also acquire conduct Behavior plays a major role in consideration to learning and people comprehend more concerning it, but to be able to understand the whole extent of the discussed matter, it is very important that one must recognize between learning and the possibilities into conduct. Functioning contains the actual verification of learning as behavior, but learning in itself only has to result in the possibilities for future behavior. So in conclusion, learning is behavior prospects that play the role of a mediator element...
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...Individual Learning Paper PSY 103 April 28, 2008 As ever changing individuals, there are many learning experiences that one encounters every day of one’s life. These event s can be good or bad. But the ultimate goal is to learn from them. I will discuss from a psychological viewpoint, my personal learning experience with the mistake of giving a minor permission to drink wine while at home without clear and implemented guidelines. I was about 15 years old when my father gave me permission to drink wine freely in the home. He assumed that he was teaching me the properly way to consume and enjoy the taste of various wines. My father’s rationing was that if I learned from an adult instead of another minor this would keep me from abusing alcohol. Unfortunately that was not the case. Being inexperienced to the risk of over drinking, I experienced firsthand what being drunk felt like. I had in the past few months enjoyed the flavor of very chilled wine. My father would place a bottle in the freezer along with our glasses for about 10 to 20 minutes or so. After the wine and glasses were chilled, my father and I would partake in the enjoyment. One particular Friday evening my father did his usual routine with the wine and glasses, except that he unintentionally left the wine bottle in the freezer. I went back to get myself another glass full, only to notice that the wine had froze...
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...Psychology Assignment 4 Task 44: Define the principles of Classical conditioning. The study undertaken by Ivan Pavlov is still today the most well known example of classical conditioning. After studying the digestive system of dogs in 1927, Ivan noticed that his dogs would salivate at the sight of the lab assistant bringing them food. Through the process of classical conditioning, soon the sight of the lab assistant alone was enough for the dogs to salivate. Pavlov believed that the dogs had learnt to expect food from the assistant by association; he then investigated his theory further by beginning to experiment with a neutral stimulus, in this case the sound of a bell. Pavlov sounded a bell as food was placed in front of the dogs, it did not take long for the dogs to produce saliva at the mere sound of the bell. The process of Classical Conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning as it is also known as works as follows: Stage 1 – Food in this experiment is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). The UCS equals salivation which is the unconditioned response (UCR). Salivation is an involuntary automatic response to a certain stimulus. This is a reflex controlled by the lower part of the brain; no learning is required to produce this response. At this stage before learning has taken place, the sound of a bell will cause no response or an irrelevant response from the dogs. Stage 2 – Acquisition is the initial stage of learning, after repeatedly pairing food with the sound of...
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...SubjectCode-B105 Organizational Behaviour Part A:- Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is not comes under Maslow‟s needs theory? Answer : D. Specification needs 2. Collegial model is an extension of: Answer: None of these 3. Sigmund Freud‟s theory on personality is: Answer: Moral values 4. A person who moves fast, talk rapidly, usually impatient, measures success by quantity is a person of: Answer: Class A Personality type 5. According to Maslow‟s need hierarchy theory esteem need comes at________ position from bottom: Answer: At 4th position 6. Informal communication is also called: Answer Grapevine 7. Needs related to hunger, thirst, sleep etc. are considered as: Answer: Physiological needs 8. Horizontal expansion of a job that involves the addition of tasks at same level of skills: Answer: Job Enlargement 9. Path goal theory of leadership is developed by: Answer: Robert house 10. Potential or ability to influence others in a delivered direction is called: Answer: Leadership Part 2 1. Define Bureaucracy. A bureaucracy is a system of organization noted for its size and complexity. Everything within a bureaucracy — responsibilities, jobs, and assignments — exists to achieve some goal. Bureaucracies are found at the federal, state, county, and municipal levels of government, and even large private corporations may be bureaucratically organized. People who work for government agencies, from...
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...can understand any type of behaviour by examining what individuals have learnt. This includes various personality traits such as confidence, shyness, being helpful, pessimistic or optimistic. Behaviourist theorist claim behaviour is a resulting factor of experience. Two very important figures who have both had a great hand in developing most of the ideas explained by this perspective is Pavlov and Skinner. Although both theorist had very different procedures in which they took to investigate their ideas, they both came to the conclusion that nearly all types of behaviour is produced as the result of learning. The first theory of learning was developed and introduced by Russian psychologist, Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), which he called ‘Classical Conditioning’. His initial study was based on the investigation of dogs and their digestive system. Pavlov had them secured and attached monitors in their stomach area and mouth to measure the rate of saliva that they produced. He noticed that one day that his dogs produced a high rate of saliva when his lab assistant entered the room with a bowl of food, rather than producing saliva whilst they ate. This was an unusual result as dogs usually produce saliva when food has touched their tongue. Pavlov guessed that the dogs had learnt to associate the lab assistant to their food. He then developed this idea further by looking at all the consisting factors: * The food uncontrollably caused the response of salivation (this response is a...
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...CONSUMER BEHAVIOR NOTES CHAPTER # 5 “CONSUMER LEARNING” LEARNING: ⇨ “It is a relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience”. CONSUMER LEARNING: ⇨ “Process by which individuals acquire the purchase and consumption knowledge and experience that they apply to future related behavior”. ⇨ Consumer learning is a process that continuously evolves and changes as a result of newly acquired knowledge (which could be gained from reading, from discussions, from observations, from thinking) or from actual experience. Both newly acquired knowledge and personal experience serve as feedback to the individual and provide the basis for future behavior in similar situation. THE ELEMENTS OF LEARNING THEORIES: • MOTIVATION: “It is the processes that lead people to behave as they do”. It occurs when a need arises that a consumer wishes to satisfy. Motivation is based on needs and goals. It acts as a spur of learning. Uncovering consumer motives is one of the prime tasks of marketers, who then try to teach motivated consumer segments why and how their products will fulfill the consumer’s needs. • CUES: “It is a stimulus that suggests a specific way to satisfy a silent motive”. If motives serve to stimulate learning, cues are the stimuli that give direction to these motives. In the marketplace, price, styling, packaging, advertising and store displays all serve as cues to help consumers fulfill their needs in product-specific ways. Cues serve to direct...
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...------------------------------------------------- LEARNING Submitted to: Prof. Ma. Corazon Cabigao Constantino PSYC1013 Th 10:30am-1:30pm Submitted by: Apiladas, Jessa Marie Bestal, Vanesa Billones, Joanne Camangian, Mae-Ann Cortez, Shayna Dela Cruz, Carlo BSA I-1, GROUP 2 What is “learning”? In ordinary language, this term is applied to many different cases—the development of new skills, the acquisition of new knowledge, and more. Although most people think of learning as “studying”, a lot of situations nonetheless take place outside a classroom. Psychologists define it more broadly as the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors. It is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Notice that this definition excludes temporary changes caused by motivation, fatigue, maturation, disease, injury, or drugs. Each of these can alter our behavior, but none qualifies as learning. Merely repeating a response will not necessarily produce learning. You could close your eyes and swing a tennis racket hundreds of times without learning anything about tennis. Merely repeating a response will not necessarily produce learning. You could close your eyes and swing a tennis racket hundreds of times without learning anything about tennis. For one to learn something, one must experience it first, whether directly from the person’s own experience or indirectly through the experiences of others. Learning must also be able to produce...
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...Unit 1 Discussion Board Applying Learning Theories EDU622-1304C-02 Regina Dzwonar Most records acknowledged formal education as existing as least as far back as ancient Greece. The big three names universally known are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Education at this time was concerned mainly with reason, logic and philosophy. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle differed in preferences of extremes. Socrates is infamous for pushing limits while Aristotle preached balance. Many historians consider Plato the most sophisticated of the three; Socrates taught on the streets of Athens. Sources, such as the American Psychological Association, credit Plato, with founding the first formal institution of education, “After returning to Athens, Plato set up his own school, which was called the Academy. Philosophy and other subjects were taught there, and the Academy continued to produce scholars for many centuries after Plato died.” (Downey, 2006, para. 6). Aristotle, according to legend, was the teacher of Alexander the Great. The most notable theory from this time the Socratic Method, which consists of posing probing questions to students rather than espousing a hierarchy of knowledge. Brief History of its Founding Modern theories such as behaviorism, founded in the early twentieth century, are associated with theorists including Watson, Skinner, Pavlov and Thorndike. Watson known as the father of behaviorism proposed an alternative to the views of Wilhelm Wundt the founder of...
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...STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS COUNSELLING: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY by KATLEGO FANDIE This thesis is submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree Philosophiae Doctor in the FACULTY OF THE HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE BLOEMFONTEIN January 2015 Promoter: Prof. L. Naudé DECLARATION I declare that the thesis hereby submitted by Katlego Fandie for the degree Philosophiae Doctor at the University of the Free State is my own independent work and has not previously been submitted by me at another University/Faculty. I further more cede copyright of the thesis in favour of the University of the Free State. SIGNATURE: _____________________________ DATE:____________________________ i DECLARATION OF SUPERVISOR ii PROOF OF LANGUAGE EDITOR 083 2877088 +27 51 4367975 corrieg@mweb.co.za CORRIE GELDENHUYS POSBUS 28537 DANHOF 9310 3 January 2015 TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN Herewith I, Cornelia Geldenhuys (ID 521114 0083 088) declare that I am a qualified, accredited language practitioner and that I have edited the following PhD thesis by Katlego Fandie: STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS COUNSELLING: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY All changes were indicated by track changes and comments, to be addressed by the researcher. ............................................................ C GELDENHUYS MA (LIN – cum laude), MA (Mus), HED, HDLB, UTLM ACCREDITED MEMBER OF SATI –...
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...1.2 The most important indicator of the main advantages is that it is a very decent way to organize large amounts of data, it is very easy analysis and interpretation. On the other hand, it also has some limitations, and, although it was originally described, and I, and many other factors, however, some differences can be avoided in the same column, if you only measure the relative standard 1.3 Yes, the indicators, I can be applied to other areas of management. For example, matrics service center employee performance, management urged him to take the number, the time required, he resolved customer inquiries, and his average idle time. A performance factor, you can rely on indicators to measure and manage. 3. Pavlov discovered classical conditioning. Learning conditions of the reaction, including the establishment of a conditioned stimulus and unconditional stimulus response association between the call of the conditions, it is the response to be unconditional performance. Stimulation, a striking and neutral, are paired, neutral conditioned stimulus, therefore, the reaction conditions to stimulate the nature of the needs and conditions (which is the same as the original unconditional response.) , Who found the operant conditioning, Skinner believes that the function of behavior and its consequences. People learn to get what they want or avoid something they do not want. Management behavior is voluntary or reflexive learning or not learning behavior opposite...
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