...recently be World War II. Not only was WWII considered a good war for the majority of Americans, but it was also beneficial to the minorities of America. The two groups that benefited the most were the African-Americans and women. The main benefits of America as a whole were it pulled the country out of the depression, and it united people through sacrifice and cooperative projects. WWII was also a beneficiary war to the African-Americans and women by increasing their participation in the work force, and also helped to increase their wages. WWII was one of the major factors that helped pull America out of the Great Depression. During the years of World War II the wages of workers was at the highest that it had been since the 1920s (Henretta, et. al. 739). Wages had increased by 70% during this time (Lecture, April 11, 2013). Even though these extra wages were mostly gained by workers working overtime in the shipyards and military factories, it was still money that people had not had in twenty years (Henretta, et. al. 739). Because of all of the overtime working in the factories, manufacturing doubled (Lecture, April 11, 2013). A secondary effect of people having more money was that they were willing to spend it on more things to stimulate the country’s economy. Another effect the war had on helping The United States’ economy was the gross national product. “Between 1940 and 1945, the annual gross national product doubled, after-tax profits of American businesses nearly...
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...1.1 Evolution of its use * 2 Definitions of the term * 2.1 United States * 2.1.1 Strategic * 2.1.2 Military * 2.1.3 Criminal (civilian) * 3 Common hazard symbols * 3.1 Radioactive weaponry/hazard symbol * 3.2 Biological weaponry/hazard symbol (3) Treaties * 1 General * 2 Delivery systems * 3 Biological weapons * 4 Chemical weapons * 5 Nuclear weapons * 5.1 Non-proliferation * 5.1.1 By region * 5.2 Weapons limitation * 5.3 Cooperation (4) Nuclear (or) Atomic (4.1) Nuclear warfare * 1 Types of nuclear warfare * 2 History a. 2.1 1940s i. 2.1.1 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ii. 2.1.2 Immediately after the Japan bombings b. 2.2 1950s c. 2.3 1960s d. 2.4 1970s e. 2.5 1980s f. 2.6 Post–Cold War g. 2.7 Sub-strategic use * 3 Nuclear terrorism * 4 Survival (4.2) Nuclear Weapons * 1 Types * 1.1 Fission weapons * 1.2 Fusion weapons * 1.3 Other types * 2 Weapons delivery * 3 Nuclear strategy * 4 Governance, control, and law * 4.1 Disarmament * 4.2 United Nations * 5 Controversy * 5.1 Ethics * 5.2 Notable nuclear weapons accidents * 5.3 Nuclear testing and fallout * 5.4 Public opposition * 6 Costs and technology spin-offs * 7 Non-weapons uses * 7.1 Civil engineering and energy production * 7.2 Physics * 7.3 Propulsion...
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...Background Siemens AG in Munich was divided into 7 groups and 5 divisions as a both electronic and electrical producer. The Electric Motor Works (EMW), belonging to the largest group named Energy and Automation where occupied nearly a quarter of total-revenues in 1987, primarily produced low wattage alternating current (A/C) motors. From 1937, Siemens stopped producing electric motors. With the massive reconstruction after WWII, EMW plant in Bad Neustadt became the principal electric motors producer. * Products and Processes In 1970s, EMW produced standard motors (80% sales volumes) and customised motors (20% sales volumes) The process of long run production was highlighted by standard motors due to large differentiated demand. * Market and Competition The market for standard motors was perfect competitive. The Eastern Bloc competitors with lower rates are dominant in market despite the actions by EMW in 1980s. * Costing system Under old costing system, overhead cost was separated to 3 categories related to materials, production and support. For new strategy, another two overhead pools were established to assign the used support related cost in further details. * Strategy EMW enlarged production of low-volume customized motors and lessened high-volume standard motors. Problems and issues * Problems: For old strategy, disadvantages in price competition existed due to low labour rates. And under old costing system, EMW has inaccurate data for costing...
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...Teri R. Taylor PAD – Week 1 Dr. Udom 12/15/09 1. It is important for you to understand what administrative law is. Briefly, it is the branch of law that deals with public administration, provideing authority on which administrative agencies operate as well as the limits necessary to control them. Having studied chapter 1 of Cooper, go beyond this basic definition and discuss administrative law broadly and narrowly. Answer: One will find that “administrative law” has been defined in two senses. On the one hand, the concept has a broad sense that includes “not only administrative powers, their exercise, and remedies but also such subjects as the various forms of administrative agencies; the exercise of and limitations upon regulatory power; the law of the civil service; the acquisition and management of governmental property; public works; and administrative obligations.” Having recognized this broad sense, however, most legal practitioners tend to dismiss that perspective in favor of a narrower conception. The authors, who work from a narrow view of administrative law, base their definition on a number of specific distinctions that should not be quiclky or uncritically made and one key omission that has become increasingly important. First, there is the oft-repeated assumption that administrative law is procedural and not substantive. A second distinction on which the narrow definition rests concerns what is sometimes called the internal versus external dichotomy...
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...also worsened (Ulrich et al., 2010). The enrollment according to Ulrich et al., 2010, continued to increase but not enough to counteract the continued nursing shortage. This shortage only subsided when the economic downturn forced experienced nurses back into the workplace in large numbers (Ulrich et al., 2010). Those who were already in the workplace, increased their work hours. Those who re-flooded the workplace were both nurses with Bachelor’s degrees and Associate degrees. The creation of the Associate Degree in Nursing according to Mahaffey, 2002 was the direct result of the nursing shortage in the 1950’s. The initial nursing shortage was brought about and propagated after World War II. The nurses of the military and those in civilian practice did not all stay in the work force after WWII. As a result of the shortage, there were substantial growths of associate degree nursing programs throughout the nation (Mahaffey, 2002). According to Haas 1990, as cited by Mahaffey, 2002, the nursing curricula reflected approximately half-general education courses and half-nursing courses. The nursing concept in these associate degree programs were patient centered and not disease centered. Donley & Flaherty 2008 reiterated this point and affirmed that during times of shortage, “there is usually a call to reduce educational requirements and to change licensing and accreditation standards.” The associates...
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...across the world have gone through several distinct transformations. With the invention of motorized farming implements and improved crop rotation practices our abilities to produce food greatly increased. Yet, the most profound advancement comes not from machines, but the introduction of chemical agents that are capable of inhibiting or completely stopping the growth of crop destroying weeds (Adler, 2011). Focusing specifically on the introduction of herbicides, one such chemical stands out clearly amongst the others, that being N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (C3H8NO5P) (Paz y Miño Cepeda & López-Cortés, 2014, p.6). The common name for this compound being either glyphosate or “Roundup”, an organic moderate herbicide developed shortly after WWII for both commercial and residential uses (Adler, 2011). Alone, this solvent only had a moderate impact on the farming industry because it could only be used during the early growing season before the planted seeds started growing. However, this would soon change since the chemical corporation “Monsanto” developed a glyphosate resistant strain of soybean seeds in the early 1990s. This single breakthrough would shortly allow farmers to use herbicides all year round. Simply put, these glyphosate resistant “Roundup Ready” seeds revolutionized the farming of major cash crops in the U.S. and around the world” (Adler, 2011). Now why is this an important issue? At first it appears as if this “wonder herbicide” is without any negative side...
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...in situations that require someone to follow instructions. What happens to someone when they follow the orders of another person in authority? An experiment conducted by psychologist Stanley Milgram reveal how situationism applies to study results. How would this experiment differ if the participants were from various races, cultures, gender groups? A summary of the study and how it was conducted Stanley Milgram is a psychologist who conducted a study based on obedience during the 1960’s, and this experiment produced startling results. Questions still arise about the experiments validity, but the impact on psychology remains to be one of the best measures to assess how authority plays a role in obedience. In 1961 after the Trial of WWII criminal Adolph Eichmann, Milgram started his study. Stanley Milgram's experiment built on the idea of obedience, and the experiment would deliver a shock to participants who participated in the experiment. There were levels of voltage from mild to dangerous, and to a maximum voltage of 450, the highest level were labeled XXX. The role of a teacher who would deliver the shock to the student every time the student answered incorrectly. The student would only pretend to be shocked, but the teacher...
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...Picasso paints these repercussions in his art piece Guernica. Inspired by the bombing of the paintings title, Picasso shows the fear and real tragedy of war. During World War II (WWII), Francisco Franco, “sent planes, tanks and troops into Spain in support of the Spanish generals… who were attempting to overthrow that country’s popularly elected government.” Then, on April 26th 1937, the town was bombed. Businesses, innocent civilians and their homes were killed and destroyed mercilessly. This attack was the first of its kind, large-scale and intentional against a non-military target (Martin 38). Within the painting are men, women and children suffering during the attack. Each painted figure is positioned in a way of protest. Perhaps the most shocking image is a mother cradling her dead child in her arms. The flaming buildings show the destruction of Guernica and the disastrous outcomes of war. A black and white color scheme exemplify the bleakness of the attacks. It was all of these dramatic attributes that lead to the popularity and power of the painting years later. Globally, Guernica, “spoke not specifically to a terrible day in Spain. Rather… the horrors that humans have visited on each other for millennia, and because of this the painting began to symbolise the reality of every war remarkably soon after its creation” (Martin 38). Picasso's painting universally speaks to anyone, because war is something that may always happen. It serves as a warning to what human aggression may...
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...Official goals are purposely vague and general they do not indicate the hose of decisions that must be made among alternative ways of achieving official goals and the priority of multiple goals. Considered high acceptance and low quality goals. ii. Operative Goals are higher in quality but lower in acceptance, they specify where the money will come from and what alternative goals will be ignored. iii. Most official speak of official goals until after election since they are generally more accepted. iv. Examination of costs and benefits combined with knowledge of what motives a particular individual often will determine what is rational for them if the reward system is designed that is irrational to be moral does not necessarily mean that immorality will exist. b. War i. Primary objective is to...
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...The Tuskegee Airmen were essential to the complete integration of the United States armed forces. Although the Tuskegee Airmen were not the first black service members to distinguishably serve their country, they were able to do so during a time of progression in the black community and turmoil in the world. The Tuskegee Airmen represented the diverse and deeply patriotic African American population on an international front. After World War I, several studies were conducted, in reference to the role that African Americans played in the military. The results were biases and based in prejudice and stereotypes of the past. “The study concluded that black men were cowards, poor technicians and fighters, lacking initiative and resourcefulness. The study also stated that the Negro was a subspecies of the human population.” The study also reported that the average brain of a black man only weighed thirty-five ounces compared to the forty-five ounces of an average white man. These test results provided more than enough evidence for military leaders that the military need to continue its practice of segregation. With World War II quickly advancing on the heels of America, the War College was commissioned to do another study into the role of blacks in the military. This study did not differ very much from the previous report, but it did suggest that more blacks be allowed to join the Army. Despite the need for more soldiers, this did not change the positions that blacks were given...
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...------------------------------------------------- Definitions[edit] Cybernetics has been defined in a variety of ways, by a variety of people, from a variety of disciplines. The Larry Richards Reader includes a listing by Stuart Umpleby of notable definitions:[6] * "Science concerned with the study of systems of any nature which are capable of receiving, storing and processing information so as to use it for control." — A. N. Kolmogorov * "The art of securing efficient operation." — Louis Couffignal[7] * "'The art of steersmanship': deals with all forms of behavior in so far as they are regular, or determinate, or reproducible: stands to the real machine -- electronic, mechanical, neural, or economic -- much as geometry stands to real object in our terrestrial space; offers a method for the scientific treatment of the system in which complexity is outstanding and too important to be ignored." — W. Ross Ashby * "A branch of mathematics dealing with problems of control, recursiveness, and information, focuses on forms and the patterns that connect." — Gregory Bateson * "The art of effective organization." — Stafford Beer * "The art and science of manipulating defensible metaphors." — Gordon Pask * "The art of creating equilibrium in a world of constraints and possibilities." — Ernst von Glasersfeld * "The science and art of understanding." — Humberto Maturana * "The ability to cure all temporary truth of eternal triteness." — Herbert Brun Other...
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...Habeas Corpus POL 201 Instructor Burrus May 5th, 2014 Habeas Corpus Habeas Corpus has been around a very long time and has been very controversial as of late. With the war on terror and the many debates about the rights of said terrorists, it has become the spotlight amongst those who demand reform or better clarification of Habeas Corpus in terms of those deemed as enemies “without borders.” In this paper I hope to explain how Habeas Corpus came about as well as its historical purposes. Along those lines I hope to generally define the term/topic as well as how it protects civil liberties other than those aforementioned in this paragraph. Along with some specific examples and how it was suspended in certain scenarios, I will also analyze its relevance to terrorists, or those marked as enemy combatants. I will also shed some light on a few perspectives from scholarly resources. Habeas Corpus has been around since the 16th century back in England when there were still monarchies in power. It was created in order to get rid of what was called the “STAR chamber.” They were “controlled by the crown and held sessions in secret, meting out severe punishments.” (Funk & Wagnalls 2009) Habeas Corpus writs came about in 1641 due to unfair and unjust imprisonments in England. In America, we adopted habeas corpus from Europeans when we broke away in independence. It is a piece of our Constitution and is very clear to whom it applies to. The writ of Habeas Corpus was amended...
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...which the harvested materials influenced every aspect of the lives of tropical communities, but most importantly its fruit, the coconut flesh, water, milk and oil. The use of coconut oil around the world in tropical regions is prolific: South and Central America, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, Micro-, Mele- and Poly-nesia and most of Asia. The uses are so respected that they were documented by Ayurvedic medicine in Sanskrit from 1500BC in all areas relating to the mind, body and spirit. Early European explorers including Captain Cook wrote affectionately about the beauty of communities across the Pacific using coconut oil as an integral part of their daily lives. During WWII the water of the young green coconut was successfully used as a substitute for a saline drip saving the lives of many allied soldiers. After the war, in England coconut oil was sold as "margarine" and in the USA as "coconut butter". However, this all changed in 1954. In the social environment of the USA in which coronary heart disease (CHD) was becoming the primary cause of mortality in the adult population, the young researcher David Kritchevsky published two academic papers. The initial research described the effects of feeding cholesterol to rabbits and indicated that this may lead to the formation of blocked arteries and thus contribute to potential heart disease. In his second paper he described the beneficial effects of consuming polyunsaturated fatty acids from the oil of corn, soybeans, safflower and...
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...financial crises in advanced market economies since World War II. Denmark experienced some banking problems but managed to avoid a systemic crisis. This paper reviews the process of liberalization and discusses the reasons why Finland, Norway, and Sweden drifted into financial and economic crises. Keywords: financial repression, credit rationing, capital account controls, financial deregulation JEL classification numbers: E42, F36, G28 I am grateful to Tapio Korhonen for extensive assistance. Adam Gulan, Hanna Putkuri, and Juhana Hukkinen helped in specific aspects of work. Jarmo Kontulainen and Juha Tarkka provided useful comments. The views expressed are my own and do not necessarily represent those of the Bank of Finland. 1 Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2190375 I Introduction The banking and economic crisis that occurred in the Nordic countries in the 1990s has ever since received wide international attention. The episode was the most serious economic and financial crisis experienced by advanced market economies in the period subsequent to WWII. 2 In particular, the nearly 15% plunge in Finland’s aggregate output in a period of two or three years was a surprising and unusual event. 3 The...
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...pleasure e.g. city guides, coach drives Business and Personal travel: conferences, courses, training, interviews Leisure & non-working time: shopping, visiting museums, toured guides GROWTH OF LEISURE AND TOURISM: Since WWII: * Paid holidays from businesses →1938 UK holiday with pay act 4 days * Increased availability of free time → technology * Incomes have increased, mainly in MEDCs * Access to media e.g. travelling shows and documentaries about distant lands * Development of transport methods: train, car and aircraft carry more people, are faster and safer * People work less hours and have more holidays * Average worker in the EU 4 weeks paid holiday + public holidays * Average USA worker has only 2 paid weeks THE PLEASURE PERIPHERY MODEL: * INVENTED BY Turner and Ash → 1975 * The furthest distance tourist will travel is known as the Pleasure Periphery (PP) PLEASURE PERIPHERY MODEL: Country of origin: UK 1900-1939: increased pay and paid holidays allowed INCREASING DISTNACE INCREASING DISTNACE families to take weeks on holidays 1945-1960s: Post WWII foreign destinations started to become popular e.g. travelling to Spain because of...
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