...Psychopathology Specific Learning Disorders Table of contents Index Pages Introduction 3 Diagnostic criteria 4 Aetiology 11 Differential diagnosis 14 Comorbodity 16 Prevalence 16 Prevention and Treatment 17 Prognosis 18 Multicultural factors 19 Social factors 19 Conclusion 20 References 21 Stupid Slow Stubborn A tiny fragment of words used, labels for children and people with specific learning disorders. If only they understood Introduction The most basic definition of a specific learning disorder/disability according to Gould (2005) cited in Rörich (2008) is when a learner has an average to above average intelligence, with normal vision and hearing, and receives the same teaching experiences as other learners his age. He, however, underachieves. He is unable to keep up with his peers and generally cannot cope with the demands of the school (pp16). Margari (2013) defines SLD’s as that which are characterizations of academic functioning that are below the level that would be expected given their age, Intelligent Quotient and grade level in school, and interfere significantly with academic performances or daily life activities that require reading, writing or calculation skills. The gist of it, is that specific learning disorders are neurodevelopmental/cognitive disorders that Hulme and Snowling (2009,pp22) define as “typically characterized...
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...the claim that Person-Centered Therapy offers the therapist all that he/she will need to treat clients Person-centered therapy, which is also known as client-centered, non-directive, or Rogerian therapy, is an approach to counseling and psychotherapy that places much of the responsibility for the treatment process on the client, with the therapist taking a nondirective role. Developed in the 1930s by the American psychologist Carl Rogers, client-centered therapy departed from the typically formal, detached role of the therapist emphasized in psychoanalysis and other forms of treatment. Rogers believed that therapy should take place in a supportive environment created by a close personal relationship between client and therapist. Rogers's introduction of the term "client" rather than "patient" expresses his rejection of the traditionally hierarchical relationship between therapist and client and his view of them as equals. In person-centered therapy, the client determines the general direction of therapy, while the therapist seeks to increase the client's insight and self-understanding through informal clarifying questions. This essay will evaluate this type of therapy to establish if it is the only therapy needed by therapist to treat their clients. Rogers was a humanistic therapist which differed greatly from other approaches at that time which were based on the psychodynamic ideas of Freud, Carl Yung, Alfred Adler and others. Person Centred Therapy is not active, challenging...
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...the person-centered approach ones view of human nature comes from one’s helping style. One would require a style that would make the client believe he or she is safe and understood. By the client knowing his or her therapist or counselor does understand him or her then he or she will believe he or she is safe and accept the help offer by the therapist or counselor. One could possibly set his or her on goals for change or except those of the therapist or counselor. “Person-centered therapy holds an optimistic view of human personality and focuses on present rather than past experience. Focusing on the inner experience of persons rather than on observable behavior, it holds that behavioral change evolves from within the person rather than through the manipulation of the environment” (Parrott III, 2003). View on Helping Developing a personal theory for the way one would want to understand human nature and provide him or her with the help he or she needs takes careful consideration. From what I have learned from this model of effective helping course is that the human service profession is a complex and overwhelming process, and one has to understand the methods one uses. My view on professional help is that, it was created for a reason and that reason is to service those who are in and to offer the best guidance for individuals who need it. One has to understand all the therapeutic theories and which one will be the most effective for his or her client. If at any...
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...Paper on the Psychoanalytical, Existential, and Person Centered Therapies BSHS 312 February 6, 2012 Paula Krasselt Comparison and Contrast of the Psychoanalytical, Existential, and Person Centered Therapies Throughout the centuries, different methods and techniques have been developed to help enhance the quality of therapy for people who suffer from different types of behaviors. Many theories about how and what therapy is and most effective techniques have also been sought out and applied. These include psychoanalytical, existential, and person-centered therapies. All have different techniques with yet the same goal is to find a cure and treat the individual’s issue. Through the years clinicians have found one to be more effective than another, and some of the therapies have been modified or enhanced to better treat a client. Psychoanalytical therapy allows patients to cope and understand experiences, whether traumatic or sad. It allows for their experiences to be coped with and to treat the effect of current behavior and feelings due to the experience that the patient has endured. Psychoanalytical therapy looks in-depth at the conscious and unconscious feelings of the patient. Existential therapy is more of a philosophical method of treatment. It allows for the patient to face and accept the inevitable. These patients can be experiencing a difficult way of accepting death or difficult life events. Existential therapy has been studied and evaluated by different philosophers...
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...Learning Group Posting Person Centred Therapy 1. The Goals of the therapy Developed by humanist psychologist Carl Rogers as a non-directive form of talk therapy in the 1940’s and 1950’s.The goals of the person-centred approach are different to many traditional approaches to therapy. “Its focus is on the person, not on the person’s presenting problem. The main goal of the therapy is for the client to realise their capacity for self-actualisation” (Davis).To achieve this goal therapists would work on developing an” increased self-esteem within the client and create an environment whereas the client is more open to experience(Person Centered Therapy,2012)” Rogers (1977) did not believe that the aim of therapy was to solve problems. Rather, it was to assist clients in their growth process so clients could better cope with their current and future problems.”(Corey, 2009, p170). Person centred therapists do not set goals for their clients, but assist clients through facilitative therapy to achieve their own goals. As self-concept develops goals would be expected to change. This therapy could not be applied to all clients as some would not possess the natural inclination towards the self-actualisation process even within the context of the supportive, facilitative client-therapist relationship. 2. A description of the processes and procedures of the therapy Person centred therapy differs from other therapies in that it is not technique orientated and the therapist does not assume...
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...MODIFICATION AND PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY Behavior Modification and Person-Centered Therapy Grand Canyon University PSY 255 May 15, 2012 Behavior Modification and Person-Centered Therapy Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is a treatment that helps patients to understand the feelings and thought that influence his or her behavior. Cognitive behavior treatment can help outpatient client deal with his or her problems. Many approaches can be used for outpatient therapy, two such treatments are Behavior Modification and Person-Centered Therapy. Cognitive treatments are used to treat disorders like depression, addiction, and anxiety, with the right treatment patient can become capable at fulfilling his or her potential for growth. Carl Rogers, a humanistic American psychologist, developed the client-centered therapy. His ideas have been used all over the world. Rogers’s person-centered approach has been used in education, parenting, organizational development, recovery, and administration (Natiello, n.d.). Roger believed that humans “naturally strive to reach an optimal sense of satisfaction with our lives” (Burger, 2008, p. 292.). Roger believe that therapist’s job is to provide an atmosphere where the clients can change themselves, therapist are not there to change the client. He believes that each person can develop in a positive self-actualizing fashion unless in some way his or her progress is impeded (Burger, 2008). Person-centered therapy or client-centered therapy is an approach...
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...Psychology, Other - Year 2 Person-Centered model of helping Prepare a response on a Person-Centered model of helping. I need suggestions, information and ideas for each section in this task to help get me started. TASK: You must integrate your learning from the course and discuss how and why you have, at this point in your development, formed your viewpoint(s). Your response must include the following elements: 1. Presentation of the Person-Centered model 2. Your view of helping and how your chosen model fits within your viewpoint 3. The relationship between the clinician and the participant as it relates to Person-Centered model 4. Techniques or approaches to change as indicated in the Person-Centered model 5. The kinds of problems that can be addressed with Person-Centered model 6. The population(s) that this Person-Centeredmodel can help 7. Limitations and strengths of the Person-Centeredmodel 8. Multicultural issues related to the Person-Centeredmodel Paper must show adequate understanding of the material presented in the workshop, and reflect your ability to integrate and synthesize the course material. • Created: • Jun 01, 2009 11:15 am • Solution By Expert: • Departed Expert Solutiongo to problem One approach to help you with an assignment like this one is to address each question, which you can then draw on for your final copy. This is the approach that this response takes. I also attached a helpful APA resource. Let's take...
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...PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY Most important person and what they believed: Carl Rogers created Person-Centered Therapy in the 1940’s. Rogers humanistic approach was revolutionary in shifting the mainstream ideology of psychoanalytic and behavior counseling modalities to a client-based approach. Although this counseling modality was initially called nondirective counseling and underwent four main development/evolutionary stages, Rogers maintained his belief that it is ultimately up to the client, not the therapist, to become the agent needed for self-change. Rogers was a humanist who believed that people are ultimately trustworthy, they have the potential to understand themselves and resolve their own problems, and much of the clients’ ability to change lies in the relationship found between they client and the counselor. Philosophy: The main philosophy behind Person-Centered Therapy is that the client is capable of becoming fully functioning individual, whom is responsible for creating change to help resolve issues they face in their lives; people can worked toward self-awareness and self-healing, without the direct influence and techniques used by a therapist. Person-Centered Therapy treats every client as a unique individual and has respect for the client’s subjective world. This approach also believes if a person enters into a positive, genuine relationship with a counselor, every person attains a natural potential to actualize and finding meaning in their life. The client-therapist...
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...Running Head: A BRIEF CRITIQUE OF PERSON CENTERED THERAPY A Brief Critique of Person Centered Therapy Date of submission: 11.09.2008 A Brief Critique of Person Centered Therapy “Existential therapy is a process of searching for the value and meaning in life” “(Corey, p. 131) with a focus on central concerns of the person’s existence; Such as death, freedom, existential isolation and meaningless. “Existential therapy can best be described as a philosophical approach that influences a counselor’s therapeutic practice” (Corey, p. 131). Founders of Existential Therapy include Soren Kagarra, Fredrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger and Martin Buber. They employed the humanistic approach. The contributing developers include Victor Frankl, Rollo May, Irvin Yalom, and James Bugental who developed the theory into what we have today. As one looks at the Philosophy and basic assumptions existential therapy looks at the unique characteristics that make us human and uses them as a foundation to build upon. Existential therapy also puts a great emphasis on freedom, choice, responsibility, and self determination. This student applauds that existential therapy suggests that we are the authors of our own lives. Our goal is to create meaning in our lives. There are six key propositions in existential therapy. The first is we have the capacity for self awareness, the second is because we are basically free beings we must accept the responsibility that accompanies...
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...Counseling of Counseling or Psychotherapy Introduction This application paper will discuss my personal theory of counseling or psychotherapy in a number of different areas. Specifically, I will discuss the seven areas of interest. First, I will discuss and describe my basic view of human nature, Second, I will determine key factors that account for changes in behavior. Third, I will describe the nature of the therapist client relationship and its importance. Fourth, I will describe key functions and role of the therapist. Fifth, I will discuss the goals of therapy. Sixth, I will determine the techniques and theories of my approach. Seventh, I will discuss specific client issues best suited for my approach. (Walden University, 2012). In this paper I plan to describe and explain my own personal model for counseling. My personal model of counseling uses Gestalt Therapy, Person Centered Therapy, Existential Therapy and Adlerian Therapy which I think complement one another well My Basic View of Human Nature My basic view of human nature is a combination of Person -Centered, Gestalt and Existential theories of counseling (Corey, 2013a). I believe that we are all searching for what it means to be human. I also believe that people are both the product and the process of their choices that are influenced by thoughts and emotions. Self-awareness in the individual leads to greater freedom in the...
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...founder of client-centered therapy, which asserts that childhood experiences affect an individual’s feelings, thoughts, and behavior (Rathus, 2004). The therapist must see the world from that of the client to be effective in treatment. Rogers has influenced many psychological theories and therapies present today, especially positive psychology. Despite this fact, many who practice positive psychology do not, or are not willing to, accept the influence of past theories. Client-Centered Therapy In 1959, Rogers asserted that the therapeutic relationship is used differently with different clients and “it is not necessary to manipulate the relationship in specific ways for specific kinds of clients” (Moon, 2001, p. 45). This means that when a client enters the therapy room, treatment using psychotherapy can begin if the therapist is warm, available, open, accepting, and seeks to understand and follow the client’s needs (Moon). Therefore, client-centered therapy asserts that when a clinician is successfully embracing the attitudinal conditions with a client, the relationship becomes therapeutic and psychological transformation occurs. In essence, Rogers believed that all humans are free to make choices and control their destiny, despite what has occurred in the past. Therefore, client-centered therapy’s goal is to provide insight into the client that has been discarded or disowned in order for the client to feel whole or complete. When the therapist accepts the client as a whole...
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...Comparative Analysis Person Centered Therapy and Choice Theory/Reality Therapy By Austin (Russ) Duffy Introduction Person Centered Therapy; Carl Ransom Rogers, Born January 8, 1902 – Died February 4, 1987. Rogers was an American Psychologist who developed Person Centered Therapy (originally referred to as Client Centered Therapy in 1951) based on premise that clients are responsible for taking control of the changes they believe are needed in their lives. This would be a clear departure from Freud’s lengthy approach where the counselor would interpret the client’s story or life experience. Rogers believed, using empathetic understanding and unconditional positive regard people would have the potential given the proper tools to resolve their own problems. Rogers identified accurate empathetic understanding as another critical task of therapists. Choice Theory / Reality Therapy; William Glasser, born May 11, 1925 is an American psychiatrist who developed Choice Theory / Reality Therapy in the early sixties therapies. Choice Theory is an explanation of human behaviour developed by Dr. William Glasser. Reality Therapy is the application of Choice Theory within the context of helping relationships Glasser first developed this approach to use working in schools for troubled adolescents and may explain his life-long interest in both therapy and education. In 1985 the Institute of Guidance Counsellors arranged for Dr. Glasser to visit Ireland. By 1987 the Irish branch...
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...Person-Centered Therapy HISTORY OF PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY Person-centered therapy is very much embodied in the work of Carl Rogers. He is mainly responsible for the development of person-centered therapy. His focus on the importance of the client-counselor relationship has had an influence on both theorists and practitioners. The following chart describes the personal and professional development of Carl Rogers. As he changed and developed, so did person-centered therapy. PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT AND POSITIONS PROFESSIONAL INFLUENCES Developmental Stage Born in 1902 in a suburb of Chicago Fourth of six children' Religious fundamental upbringing Adolescent interest in agriculture Early career goal: the ministry Graduated from the University of Wisconsin Married Helen Elliott Attended Union Theological Seminary Received Ph.D. from Columbia University Teacher's College in 1931 in clinical psychology 12 years at the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children in Rochester, NY 1940 - academic career at Ohio State University Early work influenced by psychoanalysis Rogers was influenced by Rank through his work with Jessie Taft and Elizabeth Davis. Rank focused on the uniqueness of the individual, as did'Alfred Adler Goldstein and Maslow wrote about self-actualization - a humanist idea Rogers read writings of existentialists The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child, 1939 Non-directive Stage 1945 - worked at the University of Chicago At Ohio State, started writing...
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...Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy embodies several theoretical and practical approaches, with its foundation forming in the 1950’s with the introduction of behavior therapy (Vonk & Early, 2009). Cognitive Therapy is described as “a set of therapeutic procedures (Beck, 2011), developed by Aaron T. Beck, emerging in the 1960’s (Walsh, 2013, p.172) and forming a “popular, effective basis for intervention by social workers” (Walsh, 2013, p. 172). Cognitive Therapy later restructured into cognitive-behavioral therapy which implemented, “A structured, short-term, present-oriented psychotherapy for depressions, directed toward solving current problems and modifying dysfunctional thinking and behavioral” (Beck, 2011, p.3). The use of daily affirmations and sharing positive messages through the use of self-talk and visual examination are techniques that embody the practice and approach of CBT (Halbur & Halbur, 2011, p. 70). These techniques assist in helping the client understand what people think about them and how...
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...Psychodynamic therapy and client-centered therapy requires the therapist to have certain skills and characteristics to help enhance the client’s treatment process and the therapeutic alliance. Psychodynamic and client-centered therapists generally spend time listening to clients talk about their lives. I am a good listener and demonstrate complete acceptance and support for them. In addition, I know that in order to provide ethical therapy, I must be able to establish and maintain healthy boundaries with clients. In order to protect the welfare of clients, I know the importance of avoiding dual relationships, especially relationships that are romantic or sexual. Furthermore, I accept people for who they are and display support regardless of...
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