...THE USE OF BIOMASS WASTES TO FABRICATE CHARCOAL SUBSTITUTES IN KENYA Feasibility Study forming part of the Shell Foundation-supported project on charcoal briquetting in Kenya March 2004 Chardust Ltd. P.O. Box 24371 Nairobi and Spectrum Technical Services P.O. Box 69993 Nairobi Executive Summary This study was designed by Chardust Ltd. and implemented jointly by Chardust and Spectrum Technical Services, a Nairobi-consulting firm. The aim was to determine the viability of producing briquetted charcoal fuel from biomass wastes in Kenya. The study was funded by the Shell Foundation and conducted over a two month period in late 2003. The viability of producing fuel commercially from biomass wastes was assessed from four perspectives: (a) Availability: Existence and accessibility of biomass in bulk, preferably with no competing uses. The study began with a list of 28 potential wastes, which was narrowed down to 20 and then to just ten, according to a ranking system based upon basic availability and accessibility. (b) Conversion Potential: Physical suitability for drying, carbonisation and briquetting. Samples of the ten short-listed wastes were sourced and delivered to Chardust in Nairobi, where production trials were carried out. Based on these trials, a ranking system was devised for comparing the wastes in terms of their suitability for fuel production. (c) Fuel Quality: Energy value and general performance of fabricated fuel. The third part of the study comprised...
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...gather all the coconuts ( ready to harvest) in one place...It's easy to do the job when they are gathered together... Second - Husk all the coconut; separate the husk and the whole coconut shell unbroken. Third - Break the whole coconut shell in the middle ( put it all together in one place)..Take out the white thing or the meat (Copra) using some tools.....(There is water inside the coconut when you break it...Find a place far from fruits it makes the fruit wither when it absorbs too much water from the coconut) Forth - Let the empty coconut shell under the sun from 1 to 2 days....( To make it dry - the drier the coconut shell is the better result of charcoal). MAKING THE CHARCOAL ( 5 to 6 hours or let the charcoal inside the Drum overnight) Things Needed: - Empty 55 gallon Metal Gasoline Drum ( without top lid) - Coconut shells - Match - Covering ( Fresh banana bark - flattaned (10 -15 pieces) - Heavy things ( Rock, pile of woods, etc) Step 1 - Put the Drum in a flat surface or to make it safer you can make a round hole, 1 ft deep, bury the bottom part of the drum with lid and cover it with soil. Step 2 - File the coconut shells ( one is on the top of anotther) in circle form up to the brim of the drum leaving a small space in the middle of the circle. Step 3 - Take a piece of a coconut shell and make a fire and put it in the middle of the circle on the file.Wait for how many minutes till the fire kindled the other coconut shells below....
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...com/republicactno8048.htm REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8048 . AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE REGULATION OF THE CUTTING OF COCONUT TREES, ITS REPLENISHMENT, PROVIDING PENALTIES THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. The Republic Act No. 8048, also known as the “Coconut Preservation Act of 1995”, states the importance, conservation and replanting of coconut trees. The act was approved on June 7, 1995 http://www.ustcivillaw.com/Republic%20Acts/RepActNo6260.php REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6260 AN ACT INSTITUTING A COCONUT INVESTMENT FUND AND CREATING A COCONUT INVESTMENT COMPANY FOR THE ADMINISTRATION THEREOF. The republic act no. 6260, also known as the coconut investment act, states the development of the coconut industry through the provision of adequate medium and long-term financing for capital investment in the industry by creating a corporation to be known as the "Coconut Investment Company". It was approved on June 19, 1971 http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno4403.html REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4403 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4403 - AN ACT ENCOURAGING THE ORGANIZATION OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COCONUT COOPERATIVES UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF THE PHILIPPINE COCONUT ADMINISTRATION, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED ELEVEN HUNDRED FORTY-FIVE | | The republic act no. 4403 states the aim to help planters and processors organize themselves into associations and/or agro-industrial coconut cooperatives with a view to giving them greater control in the marketing of their products, to help them obtain...
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...the Study Charcoal is the dark grey residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen. The resulting soft, brittle, lightweight, black, material resembles coal. It has been used since the earliest times for a range of purposes including art and medicine, but by far its most important use has been as a metallurgical fuel. Prior to the industrial revolution charcoal was occasionally used as a cooking fuel. Philippines is the Top 1 among the coconut producing countries. For coconut is abundant in our country, it is popular for its culinary purposes, commercial, industrial, and household uses, and medical applications. Coconut shells with husks are used to buff wooden floors, making it clean and shiny (free from dusts). Here in the Philippines, it is known as “bunot”. The husk and shells can be used for fuel and are a source of charcoal. Coconut shells/husks are usually left around and are considered wastes besides making them into husks. To get benefits from them, by a primitive process, they can be produced to charcoal which can be an alternative fuel especially for cooking. B. Statement of the Problem The study aims to produce charcoal using coconut (Cocos nucifera) fibers. Specifically, it seeks to find answers for the following questions: 1. How much charcoal can be produced...
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...DESIGN FOR RICE HULL AS AN ALTERNATIVE SUBSTITUTE CHARCOAL Submitted By: John Paul Apolinario Jose Ramil Gaña Eugene Denamarca Introduction: This is the research design for the comparative/experimental study named as “Rice hull as an Alternative Substitute to Coconut Charcoal”. This contains the blueprint of the tests needed to conclude whether Rice hulls can equal or surpass Coconut as charcoal in different aspects. Test 1: In this test, we will compare the durability of Rice Hull Charcoal to the Coconut Charcoal, and the maximum temperature achieved in the performed test. In this experiment, durability of the rice hull is defined as the length of time it can sustain the maximum temperature. Variables of this test: Independent Variables: Type of Charcoal Dependent Variables: Maximum Temperature Durability Control set-up: To test whether Rice Hull Charcoal is good enough to contest Coconut Charcoal, The Control set-up would include a pot, 2/4 full of water, thermometer, and electric fan. Experimental set-up: The experimental set-up would include Rice Hull Charcoal instead of Coconut Charcoal in the same weight. All the other variables, such as the pot, amount of water, thermometer, and electric fan will be the same. Replication: We will replicate the test 40 times to reduce inaccurate data. Data retrieved will be analyzed using the statistical tool T-Test. Set-up 1: Type of Charcoal | Amount (grams) | Level of Air* | Amount of Water**...
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...Activated Charcoal: Good or Bad? Activated charcoal is charcoal that has been treated with oxygen, which makes it more porous and increases its surface area. This also increases its capacity to absorb gases and liquids, which works by chemically binding the impurities to the carbon surface. Activated charcoal is most typically utilized to remove odorous substances from the atmosphere. Wood, peat, coconut shells, coal and sawdust are the most common materials used for making activated charcoal. Activated charcoal is most commonly found in aquarium filters, drinking-water filters and air filters; and has a role in the treatment of ingested poisons for humans. What is Charcoal? Charcoal is produced from the combustion of plant material, most typically wood, and closely resembles coal. It is extensively produced in the developing world, where it is used as a fuel for cooking and heating requirements. It is produced by heating wood at a low temperature in the absence of oxygen. All that remains after this process is the black carboniferous material know as charcoal. Activated Charcoal for Human Health Activated charcoal is utilized in human health, particularly in the treatment of poisoning, where it is ingested to counter the effects of a chemical. It is generally produced in a powdered form, which can be mixed with water and consumed as a suspension, or as a food supplement for where it comes in small, readily digested tablets or capsules. This form of activated charcoal is...
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...Coconut Charcoal . Charcoal is the dark grey residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen. The resulting soft, brittle, lightweight, black, material resembles coal. It has been used since the earliest times for a range of purposes including art and medicine, but by far its most important use has been as a metallurgical fuel. Prior to the industrial revolution charcoal was occasionally used as a cooking fuel. Philippines is the Top 1 among the coconut producing countries. For coconut is abundant in our country, it is popular for its culinary purposes, commercial, industrial, and household uses, and medical applications. Coconut shells with husks are used to buff wooden floors, making it clean and shiny (free from dusts). Here in the Philippines, it is known as “bunot”. The husk and shells can be used for fuel and are a source of charcoal. Coconut shells/husks are usually left around and are considered wastes besides making them into husks. To get benefits from them, by a primitive process, they can be produced to charcoal which can be an alternative fuel especially for cooking. . The study aims to produce charcoal using coconut (Cocos nucifera) fibers. Specifically, it seeks to find answers for the following questions: 1. How much charcoal can be produced from the coconut...
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...Fuel from the Fields Charcoal B a c k g r o u n d More than 2 billion people use wood, charcoal, dung or agricultural residues as the primary fuel for their cooking and heating needs, leading to significant health, economic and environmental consequences. Burning wood or agricultural residues produces smoke with a variety of irritant pollutants, some of which are known carcinogens. More than 1.5 million deaths a year are caused by acute respiratory infections from breathing smoke from indoor cooking fires. Women and children are generally exposed to the greatest levels of pollutants and it is children who suffer the greatest health risk – respiratory infections are the leading cause of death of young children worldwide. Small-scale subsistence farmers who make less than US$2 per day may use wood charcoal for cooking fuel. In areas where wood is scarce and farmers are not able to collect it themselves, the cost of cooking fuel is a significant drain on their limited resources. An estimated 50 billion hours are spent collecting firewood each year and families can spend over 25% of their income on fuel, leaving them with less income to cover other basic needs such as medicine, food and clean water. For comparison, even the poorest 20% of the U.S. population spends only 1% of their income on energy for their household. In the year 2000, indoor air pollution from solid fuel use was responsible for more than 1.6 million annual deaths and 2.7% of the global burden of disease. -World...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION As the demand of Food Industry continues to upsurge at the present time, people as the consumers tend to explore for a unique food outlet which can offer products suitable to their taste and preferences. Since meals on the go are nothing new in the Food Service Industry, there is an outgrowing demand of people who are looking for healthy, “Home- Cooked Meals” and finding them outside their traditional way of eating. Food that is flavorful and healthy is making the grade, which explains why ethnic or native meals are among top home meal replacement preferences. Hence, Food chains are becoming popular already. Considering this fact, the proposed business is entitled “Harampangan ha Sinirangan”, this has the quickness of the service in fast-food chains and the convenience that most upscale restaurants gives to its customers and top it all with meals and delicacies that are inspired by purely Eastern Visayas Cuisine. The local residents and tourists as the major target beneficiaries, tend to discover a place where to gather, relax, enjoy and eat something new. Having these ideas, the proposed business would be a place that would cater with that needs and wants. It would be first Food Outlet that would offer purely native meals and delicacies. The proposed business would be situated at Real Street, Sagkahan Tacloban City. It is therefore accessible and is located near with the prospective target consumers. The proposed business would not only...
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...Science & Technology Information Center Master List of Investigatory Project 01 Investigatory projects I. Pyrolisis of plastic wastes materials for the production of plywood substitute II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Marang (Artocarpus ordorotissimus) peelings as hardiflex – like Ethyl alcohol from ripe banana peelings Rat killer extract from tuble roots Fuel briquettes from dried banana leaves and waste papers Coconut sheath substitute of abaca fiber Commercial glue from Talisay resin Butter derive from marang (Artocarpus odoratissima) seed Marang seeds as alternative source for commercial flour 02 Investigatory projects I. II. III. IV. V. Compendium of investigatory studies Basic geological concepts Maps and compass Rocks and fire Fungus Puccinia graminis as mycoherbicide 03 Investigatory projects I. II. III. IV. Sea cucumber (Cucumaria miniamata) as a potential source of leather Fiberglass from Apitong sap (Dipterocarpus grandiflorus) Rat killer extract from tuble roots Tetrodotoxin from bile of puffer (Sphoeroides maculates) as a potential source of stem borer pesticide V. VI. VII. VIII. Glue out of cigarette filer and acetone Roof sealant out of Styrofoam and gasoline Radical pesticide from garongin Chaetomorpha aerea a potential source of biogas 04 Investigatory projects I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Sawdust as an alternative source for corkboard Woodcraft from banana peduncle Lumber from carabao manure Herbal leaves produced herbal ointment The wonder...
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...According to the United Nations, coconut production in the Philippines grew at the rate of 5.3 per cent per year from 1911 to 1929, and increased by 5.2 per cent from 1952 to 1966.[3] A coconut tree in Boracay In 2012, the Philippines exported more than 1.5-million metric tonnes of copra, coconut oil, copra meal, desiccated coconut, coco shell charcoal, activated carbon and coco chemicals, a 1.49 per cent increase compared to the volume exported in 2011.[4] In 1989, it produced 11.8 million tonnes and at the time was the second largest producer but has since surpassed Indonesia. In 1989, coconut products, coconut oil, copra (dried coconut), and desiccated coconut accounted for approximately 6.7 percent of Philippine exports.[5] About 25 percent of cultivated land was planted in coconut trees, and it is estimated that between 25 percent and 33 percent of the population was at least partly dependent on coconuts for their livelihood. Historically, the Southern Tagalog and Bicol regions of Luzon and the Eastern Visayas were the centers of coconut production.[5] In the 1980s, Western Mindanao and Southern Mindanao also became important coconut-growing regions. In the early 1990s, the average coconut farm was a medium-sized unit of less than four hectares. Owners, often absentee, customarily employed local peasants to collect coconuts rather than engage in tenancy relationships. The villagers were paid on a piece-rate basis. Those employed in the coconut industry tended to be less...
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...COCONUT INDUSTRY PROFILE I. INDUSTRY OVERVIEW Coconut production constitutes one of the four major sectors of Philippine agriculture, the others being rice, corn and sugar. About 85% of coconut production is exported in the form of copra, coconut oil and dessicated coconut. The coconut industry is a dominant sector of Philippine agriculture. The country has the world’s widest geographical area planted to coconut. Of the 12 million hectares of farmlands, 3.1M hectare is devoted to coconut and 68 out of 79 provinces are coconut areas. The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao(ARMM) has a land area of 284,223 hectares planted with coconuts with over 32M coconut bearing trees and 88,956 documented coco farmers. Of the five (5) provinces of ARMM, the province of Basilan has the biggest coconut areas with 67,763 hectares, followed by Sulu with 66,902 hectares, then the province of Maguindanao with 63,122 hectares, Lanao del Sur with 55,150 hectares and Tawi-Tawi with 40,056 hectares (PCA-BAS). II. PRODUCT/ COMMODITY DESCRIPTION Botanically speaking, a coconut (cocos nucifera) is a fibrous one-seeded drupe, also known as a dry drupe. However, when using loose definitions, the coconut can be all three: a fruit, a nut, and a seed. The term coconut pertains to the fruit while the tree is called a coconut palm. It belongs to the Arecaceae palm family and can grow up to 6 meters tall. Called the "tree...
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...Science & Technology Information Center Master List of Investigatory Project 01 Investigatory projects I. Pyrolisis of plastic wastes materials for the production of plywood substitute II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Marang (Artocarpus ordorotissimus) peelings as hardiflex – like Ethyl alcohol from ripe banana peelings Rat killer extract from tuble roots Fuel briquettes from dried banana leaves and waste papers Coconut sheath substitute of abaca fiber Commercial glue from Talisay resin Butter derive from marang (Artocarpus odoratissima) seed Marang seeds as alternative source for commercial flour 02 Investigatory projects I. II. III. IV. V. Compendium of investigatory studies Basic geological concepts Maps and compass Rocks and fire Fungus Puccinia graminis as mycoherbicide 03 Investigatory projects I. II. III. IV. Sea cucumber (Cucumaria miniamata) as a potential source of leather Fiberglass from Apitong sap (Dipterocarpus grandiflorus) Rat killer extract from tuble roots Tetrodotoxin from bile of puffer (Sphoeroides maculates) as a potential source of stem borer pesticide V. VI. VII. VIII. Glue out of cigarette filer and acetone Roof sealant out of Styrofoam and gasoline Radical pesticide from garongin Chaetomorpha aerea a potential source of biogas 04 Investigatory projects I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Sawdust as an alternative source for corkboard Woodcraft from banana peduncle Lumber from carabao manure Herbal leaves produced herbal ointment The wonder...
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...with glowing charcoal under and above the cake. Ingredients : * 2 cups all-purpose flour (or rice flour) * 2 tsp. baking powder * 1 tsp. salt * 3 eggs * 1 cup sugar * 1-1/4 cups coconut milk * 1/4 cup grated (sharp) cheddar cheese * 2 tbsp. melted butter * 2 tbsp. sugar * 1/2 cup grated fresh coconut (Food Measurement Conversion) Cooking Procedures : 1. Preheat oven to 350°F. Grease and line with wax paper, or banana leaves, the bottoms of two 8″ layer baking pans. 2. In a bowl, sift flour, baking powder and salt together. Set aside. 3. In another bowl, beat the eggs until light and creamy. Gradually add sugar (about 1/4 cup at a time) beating well after each addition (about 5 minutes). 4. Add flour mixture alternately with coconut milk. Beat to blend thoroughly. 5. Pour mixture in lined pans. Bake for 15 minutes. 6. While still hot, sprinkle top of cake with grated (sharp) cheddar cheese. 7. Return cake to oven and bake 10 to 15 minutes more or until cheese is melted. 8. Brush top with butter as soon as it comes out of the oven and sprinkle with sugar. Serve with grated fresh coconut. 9. Serves 6 to 8. Its a mixture of glutinous rice( malagkit soaked overnight) finely grind, grated coconuts young meat, coco milk wrapped in banana leaves and cooked over artificial grill made of metal flat sheet on a lit charcoal/ or oven/ regular grill. Tupig Recipe: 4 pcs grated mature coconut meat 4 pcs shredded...
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...The Witch By Edilberto K. Tiempo When I was twelve years old, I used to go to Libas, about nine kilometers from the town, to visit my favorite uncle, Tio Sabelo, the head teacher of the barrio school there. I like going to Libas because of the many things to eat at my uncle’s house: cane sugar syrup, candied meat of young coconut, corn and rice cakes, ripe jackfruit, guavas from trees growing wild on a hill not far from Tio Sabelo’s house. It was through these visits that I heard many strange stories about Minggay Awok. Awok is the word for witch in southern Leyte. Minggay was known as a witch even beyond Libas, in five outlying sitios, and considering that not uncommonly a man’s nearest neighbor was two or three hills away, her notoriety was wide. Minggay lived in a small, low hut as the back of the creek separating the barrios of Libas and Sinit-an. It squatted like a soaked hen on a steep incline and below it, six or seven meters away, two trails forked, one going to Libas and the other to Mahangin, a mountain sitio. The hut leaned dangerously to the side where the creek water ate away large chunks of earth during the rainy season. It had two small openings, a small door through which Minggay probably had to stoop to pass, and a window about two feet square facing the creek. The window was screened by a frayed jute sacking which fluttered eerily even in the daytime. What she had in the hut nobody seemed to know definitely. One daring fellow who boasted of having gone...
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