...Coding Theory 8/12/15 Coding theory is a study of codes it is generally used in error correcting codes ad error detecting codes. It is way to have a secured application or network in today’s generation where the technology and information is growing rapidly. How coding theory works is for example we have lots of information and we want to decode it. Error detecting will detect all the errors in the information and error correcting will fix al the errors but most of the time it can we difficult to correct the errors when they are detected. Coding theory has many techniques different like hamming codes, perfect codes and generator matrices these are few techniques that work with coding theory. Error detecting codes helps look for errors in information or codes and it lists all the errors in the codes. Since most of the technology we use are binary numbers of 0’s and 1’s error detecting codes uses these binary numbers to look for the errors in codes. Some of the things like digital messages and zip code use error detecting to find any error like if there is a wrong zip code entered. Error correcting codes include error detecting codes so it can detect errors and also fix the errors. What exactly error correcting does is for example if we send some data to someone. Error correcting will fix all the errors it has detected while it is getting all the information. Hamming distance measures the length of the character from one to another mostly two binary strings or...
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...Coding Theory Ian Bathelt Math\221 02\16\2015 Cory Bennet Coding theory is the study of codes and their properties and their propensity to work with certain types of applications. There are four general types of coding that we as humans use. The four types are: line coding, error correction or channel coding, data compression, and lastly cryptographic coding. In relation to error detecting codes, there exist error-correcting codes. The purpose of this paper is to explain the different types of coding and go over hamming distance, perfect codes, generator matrices, parity check matrices, and hamming codes. We will also be giving examples of how coding theory could be applied in a real world application; and a brief history of coding theory. According to “Wolframmathworld” (2015) “Coding theory, sometimes called algebraic coding theory, deals with the design of error-correcting codes for the reliable transmission of information across noisy channels. It makes use of classical and modern algebraic techniques involving finite fields, group theory, and polynomial algebra”(). Coding theory has roots in communication filed. Claude Shannon first published the “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” in the Bell System Technical Journal. It was a piece that featured encoding information transmitted by a send. The fundamentals of this work included probability, which he applied to his communication theory. This gave way to Shannon developing what later became known...
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...Other than the methods discussed above, there are few other methods can be applied under the grounded theory such as open coding, axial coding, selective coding, memoing, sorting, writing and many others.For our research purpose as stated by Holy Feen we will be only looking at the first three methods. The first method is known as open coding. Open coding is carried out by analysing a research by identifying, naming, categorizing and describing a phenomena found in the text. The only way for us to analyse a research is by going through each line and paragraph and also reading and re-reading in search of the answer by questioning ourselves 'what is the objective about?' or 'what is being referenced in that particular line?'. These categories may consist...
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...Correct Medical Billing and Coding in the Healthcare Industry Medical billing and coding is one of today's topics. When services are billed for patients, they must be coded based on the documentation the physician has dictated in the patients chart to receive payment from the insurance company. As the physicians office and/or hospitals practice correct medical billing and coding, this will prevent audits being brought forth in their practice and/or hospital. Kenny, Christopher,Correct Coding for Dialysis Billing Providers must ensure proper coding to avoid returned claim, 2012. This article is geared for those in the medical field who do coding and billing in hospitals for dialysis. The author is educating the coders and billers how to correctly code for dialysis billing. He mentions that The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid, issued a transmittal that has revised the Medicare claims processing manual as it pertains to hospitals billing for dialysis procedures that are non covered under the ESRD benefit for emergency dialysis. In addition, the author discusses how the hospitals should utilize Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System billing code G0275 and code 90935 for hemodialysis. Only to bill G0275, if the hospital is a ESRD facility, emergency services, and when dialysis is performed with related procedures, such as a vascular access procedures or when performed following treatment for an unrelated medical emergency. The author also continues to...
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...not think you need any math skills to create your own web page. I learned it is enough to learn patterns of coding language. Nonetheless, it is not easy to memorize all the necessary strings. Moreover, you have to be really focused on all the details and practice a lot. Many times during the assignment I got stuck because of some small mistake I was making such as placing comma instead of semicolon at the end of the string. I think that every student should learn coding because it influence positively your imagination and trigger the creativity. In fact when I worked on the assignment I just felt like an artist even though I follow carefully the step by step instructions that have been provided to me. In addition coding is funny. I felt happy like a child when I was able to make the moon circulate around the sun. The three keys I learned from this assignment are: 1) Coding is just as any language, easy and straightforward. However in order to be fluent you have to practice a lot and accept the fact you are going to make mistakes along the path. 2) Being patient is the key to learn coding. If you get stuck, make a pause, try again otherwise get help. To avoid any kind of frustration be detail oriented. 3) Do not be scared of unfamiliar subject. I will definitely use codeacademy again. It offers you the comprehensive assistance in making first steps in the coding experience and stimulate your interest to deepen your knowledge in the subject...
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...using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Data; using System.Drawing; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Threading.Tasks; using System.Windows.Forms; using System.IO; namespace Project { public partial class Form1 : Form { public Form1() { InitializeComponent(); } private void label2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { } private void label17_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { } private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { } private void label20_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { } private void label21_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { } private void label19_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { } private void label22_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { } int numkChesney, numjBoog, numCitizens, numGovt, numMacy; double pricekChesney = 0, pricejBoog = 10.00, priceCitizens = 31.00, priceGovt = 29.50, priceMacy = 30.75; double costkChesney, costjBoog, costCitizens, costGovt, costMacy, subtotal, discountAmount, discountRate, servicecharge, tax, total; double taxRate = 0.075; private void checkoutButton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { Button b = (Button)sender; ...
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...Chapter 1 Page 30 evens 2. 481 4. 415.0 6. 242.31 8. 569.85 10. 414.01 12. V22.0 14. 131.03 Page 48-49 all 1. K35.2 2. Z85.3 3. R07.2 4. I26.09 5. J15.4 6. E05.20 7. Q89.2 8. M19.071 9. J20.9 10. I25.119 11. K55.21 12. Z34.02 13. S72.142A 14. M32.14 15. I63.239 16. B17.11 17. A59.02 18. D3A.020 19. N13.8 20. C91.01 Chapter 2 Page 65 Evens 2. 47.09 4. 86.62 6. 98.02 8. 68.41 10. 81.23 12. 79.35 14. 22.62 Page 86-87 All 1. 0DJ08ZZ 2. 0HBUOZZ 3. 041L0KL 4. 0UN74ZZ 5. 0SG10A1 6. 0TP98OZ 7. 0XMJ0ZZ 8. 0W9G3ZX 9. 0Y6M0Z9 10. 0TY10Z0 11. 0DQE0ZZ 12. 0Q5G0ZZ 13. 02RG38Z 14. 02703ZZ 15. 025N8ZZ 16. 05CD0ZZ 17. 0SWD0JZ 18. 0UCB8ZZ 19. 0TF6XZZ 20. 0D848ZZ 21. 0HXKXZZ 22. 02VR0CZ 23. 04LE3DT 24. 0W4M0K0 25. 0H0V0JZ 26. 00HV3MZ 27. 0UQG0ZZ 28. 0BP10ZZ 29. 009000Z 30. 0W3G0ZZ Chapter 3 Page 100-102 All 1. In the discharge summary the doctor had put the diagnosis of what he had found with the patient. He said nothing about the testing there for the coder should not have coded the tests. 2. Medicare and Medicaid 3. Principal diagnosis is the condition established after study to be chiefly responsible for occasioning the admission of the patient to the hospital for care. 4. Other diagnosis are all conditions that coexist at...
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...Coding Compliance: Practical Strategies for Success by Sue Prophet, RRA, CCS, and Cheryl Hammen, ART -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "Fraud," "abuse," "upcoding," "unbundling," and "compliance" have all become buzzwords in the news media. Eliminating healthcare fraud and abuse has become a top priority for the federal government. Government investigations are on the rise and providers everywhere tremble at the thought of becoming the next investigative target. An Office of Inspector General (OIG) audit of the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) revealed errors in 30 percent of all claims paid by HCFA in fiscal year 1996.1 These errors account for approximately $23.2 billion annually, or 14 percent of total Medicare fee-for-service (i.e., excluding managed care) payments. About half of the errors identified resulted from insufficient or lack of documentation from providers, and one-third of the documentation errors were associated with providers who failed to respond to repeated requests from auditors to submit documentation. The breakdown of the types of errors resulting in the improper payments is as shown in Figure 1. Breakdown by type of provider is shown in Figure 2. Figure 1 Insufficient/No documentation 46.76% Lack of medical necessity 36.78% Incorrect coding 8.53% Nonconverted/ Unallowable service 5.26% Other 2.67% -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ...
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...Coding, capacity and duration of memory Coding – the format in which info is stored in the various memory stores. Capacity – The amount of info that can be held in a memory store. Duration- the length of time info can be held in memory STM – coding is acoustic Capacity between 5 and 9 Duration between 18 and 30 seconds LTM – coding is mainly sematic Unlimited capacity Stores memory up to life time Multi store model – representation of how memory works in terms of three stores – sensory register- STM – LTM Describes how info is transferred from one store to another , how it is remembered and forgotten Multi- store model Atkinson and Shiffrin’s ( 1968 , 1971) Three stores Sensory register Stimulus from environment will pass into sensory register Main stores are iconic memory ( visual memory ) ( coded visually ) Echoic memory ( sound memory ) ( coded acoustically ) Memory lasts only briefly duration is less than half a second High capacity Key processes is paying attention Short term memory limited capacity capacity is between 5 and 9 items info is coded acoustically lasts about 30 secs unless rehearsed maintenance rehearsal – occurs when we repeat material if rehearsed long enough it will go into the LTM Long Term Memory capacity is unlimited memory can last many years When we want to recall memory it has to be transferred back into STM by retrieval. ...
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...Comparison of Approaches It can be difficult to sort through the approaches. They seem self-explanatory, but when you have to decide which approach was used, they begin to look alike. There is a page with Week 3, Chapters 8 and 9. I have added some color coding to further compare them below. This is the portion from Week 3: Start in your –PCS manual, page 6 where the approaches are listed and defined. There are 7 of them, and seem self-explanatory enough, but there are some fuzzy areas that may throw you. For example, the difference between open and percutaneous: Open approaches use an incision through skin or mucuous membrane and other body layers, large enough to see the operative site. A laparotomy is an obvious example. Percutaneous, while it means “through the skin,” can also go through other layers to reach the operative site. But a percutaneous approach is a smaller incision or puncture, usually just large enough to insert an instrument. An obvious example is a needle biopsy of the liver. A not so obvious example is a carpal tunnel release as in Exercise 8.3. Via a natural or artificial opening uses the body’s own or created passageways – like the colon (natural), colonostomy (artificial, created opening (stoma) into the colon), trachea, vagina, etc. No incision is needed to reach the operative site. External is on the surface of the body, or the operative site can be seen without instrumentation. Examples are reduction of a closed fracture, or tonsillectomy...
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...Briefly explain causes and solutions for three of the most common billing and coding errors. What effects does the medical national correct coding initiative have on the billing and coding process? Pg.207- 211 Working in medical billing and coding can be very challenging and demanding. In this field there is absolutely no room for any mistakes. There are many common billing errors such as using inappropriate modifiers or no modifiers, billing an invalid or outdated code and billing non covered services. Most health care payers base their decision to pay or deny claims only on the diagnosis and procedure codes. Simple errors and mistakes such as typos, incorrect dates, and double billing. Typos, or typing mistakes, can occur when entering a patient’s name or address. Although these may seem not as vital compared to entering the correct code it’s still very important to double check all records, files, and bills before submitting them. There are ways errors in billing and coding can be solved. Patients need to review billing statements when they receive them by mail, to be certain that the statements contain no typos, incorrect dates, or double billing. Improper coding that can lead to incorrect payment for Medicare claims. These claims are controlled by the Medicare National Correct Coding Initiative (CCI). The coding policies of the CCI are derived from the coding guidelines of national medical societies. Physicians are required by CCI to report the most extensive version of...
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...Colour coding HRD, Samsung style It could well be a resort. It is, though in a different sort of way. The complex, located on rolling hills an hour's drive from Seoul, is Samsung's Human Resources Development (HRD) Centre, the place where the South Korean giant forges the mind and heart of its employees to its philosophy. Samsung takes its people seriously. It is constantly preparing them, at every level, for the rapidly changing world market that throws up ever-changing challenges. Employees of all the 70-plus companies of the group at one time or the other come here to be inspired and to learn to think out of the box.. Indeed, so serious is Samsung about its people thinking differently and spontaneously that it has designed the campus unlike any other. While many training/excellence centres recreate the college campus, Samsung has ideated differently, colour-coding its values and integrating them all over the campus so that these values get hard-wired among the trainees. If for people, it is Purple, it is Blue for Excellence, Red for Change, Green for Integrity and Orange for Co-prosperity. But the predominant theme in the campus is Green, emphasising the company's commitment to integrity. As Mr Ja Hwan Song, Vice-President, Globalisation Team, HRD Centre, recently told a group journalists from India, the people philosophy is quite simply giving them a wealth of opportunities to reach their full potential. Realising that change is a constant and the innovation is...
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...Thomas WILLIAMS – service record extracted from Muster Rolls of 20th Foot regiment 1812 May Active in Newry “Volunteer from Royal Westminster Militia paid by them to 6th May” (as a private) June Active in Newry July “From Private” (to Drummer on 25th). “Sent recruiting To Bungay, Suffolk, Eng paid by me to 25th” August Recruiting in Bungay September Recruiting in Bungay October In red: “Cordwainer at St George, Middlesex” November Recruiting in Bungay December “To recruiting company” 1813 January Recruiting in Bungay February Recruiting in Bungay March Recruiting in Bungay April Recruiting in Bungay May Recruiting in Bungay June Recruiting in Bungay July Recruiting in Bungay August Recruiting in Bungay September Recruiting in Bungay October Recruiting in Stowmarket November Recruiting in Stowmarket December Recruiting in Stowmarket 1814 January Recruiting in Stowmarket (Regiment shown as being in Totnes) February Recruiting in Stowmarket March Recruiting in Stowmarket April Recruiting in Stowmarket May Recruiting in Stowmarket June Recruiting in Stowmarket July Recruiting in Stowmarket “The regiment being at home this manning will be discontinued on the rolls from 25th July” (home depot = Knightsbridge) August Recruiting in Stowmarket (Regiment shown as ‘on ship’) September Recruiting in Stowmarket October Recruiting...
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...PROBLEM FORMULATION 3.1 Problem Statement Low density parity check codes are forward error correcting codes. The LDPC block codes are inefficient, since a new code must be hypothesized each time a change in frame size is desired. A number of algorithms with varying complexity and performance have been proposed for LDPC decoding. But achieving a balanced trade-off between decoding performance and implementation complexity still remains a potential problem. LDPC decoding algorithms operates by making either hard decision or soft decision on the message received from the noisy channel [20]. 3.1.1 Sum product Algorithm The sum product algorithm for LDPC decoding is a soft decision message passing algorithm. In case of soft decision based algorithms, the input data to the decoder is the channel probabilities, represented in logarithmic ratio which is known as log-likelihood ratio (LLR). This algorithm requires LLR for variable node operations to make decoding decisions. The LLRs are transferred over to the variable nodes (V), this variable node carry out the sum operation on the input LLRs as in equation (1) and computed messages are passed along the connected edges to the check nodes (C). SPA Variable node operation: V_i=〖LLR〗_n+∑_(j≠i)▒C_j (1) Where n=1,2,. . . .number of variable nodes i, j=1,2,. . . .degree of variable node The operation performed by the check nodes (C) is given in equation (2). The check nodes also perform...
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...The Electronic Health Record (EHR) is a electronic record of patient health information generated by one or more encounters in any care delivery setting. Included in this information are patient demographics, progress notes, problems, medications, vital signs, past medical history, immunizations, laboratory data and radiology reports. The EHR automates and streamlines the clinician's workflow. The EHR has the ability to generate a complete record of a clinical patient encounter as well as supporting other care-related activities directly or indirectly including evidence-based decision support, quality management, and outcomes reporting. A government-sponsored survey of the use of computerized patient records by doctors points to two seemingly contradictory conclusions, and a health care system at odds with itself. Skip to next paragraph A government-sponsored survey of the use of computerized patient records by doctors points to two seemingly contradictory conclusions, and a health care system at odds with itself. The report, published online on Wednesday in The New England Journal of Medicine, found that doctors who use electronic health records say overwhelmingly that such records have helped improve the quality and timeliness of care. Yet fewer than one in five of the nation’s doctors has started using such records. Bringing patient records into the computer age, experts say, is crucial to improving care, reducing errors and containing costs in the American health care...
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