...TOPIC 7: Power and Conflict i. Which power bases lie with the individual? Which are derived from the organisation? Expert and Referent power base lie with the individual. Expert power influence based on special skills or knowledge. Because the specialisation of jobs becomes more and more popular, we become increasingly dependent on experts to achieve goals. Referent power influence based on possession by an individual of desirable resources or personal traits. Referent power develops out of admiration of another and a desire to be like that person. For example, If I like, respect and admire you, you can exercise power over me because I want to please you. Coercive and Reward and Legitimate power are the power derived from the organisation. Coercive power is the power base that is dependent on fear. In other words, The coercive power base depends on fear of the negative results from failing to comply. Coercive power can also come from withholding key information. Reward power is the opposite power of coercive power. Reward power is the compliance achieved based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable. Legitimate power is the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organisation. It includes members’ acceptance of the authority of a position. ii. Write a 200 word summary of the argument in the article by Politis. This paper examines the relationship between credibility, the dimensions of power and...
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...Discipline and Punish is a history of the modern penal system. Foucault seeks to analyze punishment in its social context, and to examine how changing power relations affected punishment. He begins by analyzing the situation before the eighteenth century, when public execution and corporal punishment were key punishments, and torture was part of most criminal investigations. Punishment was ceremonial and directed at the prisoner's body. It was a ritual in which the audience was important. Public execution reestablished the authority and power of the King. Popular literature reported the details of executions, and the public was heavily involved in them. The eighteenth century saw various calls for reform of punishment. The reformers, according to Foucault, were not motivated by a concern for the welfare of prisoners. Rather, they wanted to make power operate more efficiently. They proposed a theater of punishment, in which a complex system of representations and signs was displayed publicly. Punishments related obviously to their crimes, and served as an obstacle to lawbreaking. Prison is not yet imaginable as a penalty. Three new models of penality helped to overcome resistance to it. Nevertheless, great differences existed between this kind of coercive institution and the early, punitive city. The way is prepared for the prison by the developments in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of the disciplines. Discipline is a series of techniques by which the body's operations...
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...Another event that occurred was “In 1774 Parliament responded [to the Boston Tea Party] by passing a series of laws called the Coercive Acts. These laws were meant to punish the colonists for resisting British authority” (Appleby 119). American colonists were fed up with high British taxation and were upset that they did not have a voice in Parliament. Colonists in Massachusetts Bay resisted the tea tax by throwing British tea into the ocean, and Great Britain enacted the Coercive Acts as a punishment. The acts closed a key port and replaced local government leaders, and colonists felt that this was unfair and unjust. To prevent acts like this in the new country, they created the Bill of Rights. The Founding Fathers wanted the people at large to control the government, without giving too much power to appointed rulers and judges because they would make unfair and slanted rulings involving cruel and absurd punishments (“8th Amendment”). When they were creating the Bill of Rights, people feared the federal government would abuse the power given to them to create federal crimes and unfair punishment, just like Britain...
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...Another event that occurred was “In 1774 Parliament responded [to the Boston Tea Party] by passing a series of laws called the Coercive Acts. These laws were meant to punish the colonists for resisting British authority” (Appleby 119). American colonists were fed up with high British taxation and were upset that they did not have a voice in Parliament. Colonists in Massachusetts Bay resisted the tea tax by throwing British tea into the ocean, and Great Britain enacted the Coercive Acts as a punishment. The acts closed a key port and replaced local government leaders, and colonists felt that this was unfair and unjust. To prevent acts like this in the new country, they created the Bill of Rights. The Founding Fathers wanted the people at large to control the government, without giving too much power to appointed rulers and judges because they would make unfair and slanted rulings involving cruel and absurd punishments (“8th Amendment”). When they were creating the Bill of Rights, people feared the federal government would abuse the power given to them to create federal crimes and unfair punishment, just like Britain...
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...Psychologists interested in this line of applied work may be found working in prisons, jails, rehabilitation centers, police departments, law firms, schools, government agencies. They may work directly with attorneys, defendants, offenders, victims or with patients within the state's corrections or rehabilitation centers. So i’m gonna focus on the role of psychology that shaped the jail policies. One of the event that changed the way people were treated in prisons for the last 25-30 years was the stanford prison experiment. Stanford experiment was conducted in 1973 by craig haney and Philip zimbardo. A group of healthy, normal college students were temporily but dramatically transformed in the course of six days spent in a prison like environment. Emotionally strong college students, they suffered acute psychological trauma and breakdowns. The guards too who also had been carefully chosen on the basis of their normal average scores on variety of personal measures quickly internalized their randomly assigned role. The goal in conducting the SPE was to extend that basic perspective- emphasizing the potency of social situations. The study represented an experimental demonstration of the extraordinary power of institutional environments to influence those who passed through them. The behavior of the prisoners and guards in the simulated environment had a remarkable similarity to patterns found in actual prisons. Despite the fact that guards and prisoners were essentially free to...
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...aberration, as an “animal,” with “no other like it,” as Justice Ginsburg stated. Descriptions of Guantánamo as a lawless zone enhanced this image of its exceptional status: a legal black hole, a legal limbo, a prison beyond the law, a “permanent United States penal colony floating in another world.”3 Yet since the revelations of prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib in Iraq and the leak of the Washington “torture memos,” it has become increasingly clear that, more than an anomaly, Guantánamo repre- sents the start of the “road to Abu Ghraib,” one island in a global penal archi- pelago, where the United States indefinitely detains, secretly transports, and tortures uncounted prisoners from all over the world.4 As a rallying cry against human rights abuses in the U.S. “war on terror,” Guantánamo has come to embody what Amnesty International calls a “gulag for our times.”5 The global dimensions of Guantánamo cannot be understood separately from its seemingly bizarre location in Cuba. Prisoners captured in Afghani- stan and around the world were transported here, to a country quite close geographically, yet far politically, from the United States, a country with which the United States has no diplomatic relations. Guantánamo occupies a transi- tional political space, where a prison housed in a communist nation against Where Is Guantánamo? | 831 832 | American Quarterly whom the U.S. is still fighting the cold war has become an epicenter for the new “war on terror.” It also occupies a liminal...
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...implications of the growing role of private military companies (PMCs) for governing global politics Introduction The focus of the investigation, the findings of which are presented in this essay, was on the implications for the governance of global politics of the growing role of private military companies (PMCs). PMCs are different from traditional military contractors, which more often than not are referred to as defense contractors. Traditional military (or defense) contractors manufacture the weapons of war, provide the supplies that are required by armed forces, or perform other services that do not directly involve their personnel in combatant roles. Private military companies, in contrast to traditional military contractors provide both direct military services and security services. PMC personnel are directly involved in combatant roles when the contract provides for the delivery of military capacities. PMC personnel may be directly involved in combatant roles when the contract provides for the delivery of security services. PMC personnel providing security services must be prepared to engage in combatant roles; however, much of their duties will be as guards to prevent breeches of security. In the investigation, the results of which are presented in this study, the implications of the growing role of PMCs on the governance of global politics considers the effects of PMCs in both their military roles and their security roles. While the direct combatant roles...
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...understandings of power, leading away from the analysis of actors who use power as an instrument of coercion, and even away from the discreet structures in which those actors operate, toward the idea that ‘power is everywhere’, diffused and embodied in discourse, knowledge and ‘regimes of truth’ (Foucault 1991; Rabinow 1991). Power for Foucault is what makes us what we are, operating on a quite different level from other theories: ‘His work marks a radical departure from previous modes of conceiving power and cannot be easily integrated with previous ideas, as power is diffuse rather than concentrated, embodied and enacted rather than possessed, discursive rather than purely coercive, and constitutes agents rather than being deployed by them’ (Gaventa 2003: 1) Foucault challenges the idea that power is wielded by people or groups by way of ‘episodic’ or ‘sovereign’ acts of domination or coercion, seeing it instead as dispersed and pervasive. ‘Power is everywhere’ and ‘comes from everywhere’ so in this sense is neither an agency nor a structure (Foucault 1998: 63). Instead it is a kind of ‘metapower’ or ‘regime of truth’ that pervades society, and which is in constant flux and negotiation. Foucault uses the term ‘power/knowledge’ to signify that power is constituted through accepted forms of knowledge, scientific understanding and ‘truth’: ‘Truth is a thing of this world: it is produced only by virtue of multiple forms of constraint. And it induces regular effects of power. Each society...
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...Is Management within a Business Ethical? In this essay I am going to argue and focus on how management within businesses and corporations are frequently unethical nevertheless necessary. In Section One I am going to argue that the way in which management is exercised is to some extent designed to be unethical. Through the use of W D Ross and Immanuel Kant (1785) I am going to outline ethics and employ Roberts, J. (1984) and Milgram’s (1974) works to display how management can be seen as not ethical. In Section Two I aim to reveal that not only the exercise of management is dissolute but individual managers themselves operate unethically as well. To confirm this I am going to mainly refer to Knights, D and Roberts, J. (1982) and Morgan, G. (2006) to illustrate how managers can perform unethical acts. On the other hand in Section Three I am going to highlight the necessity for management within Businesses despite the fact that the structure of management and the managers themselves are unethical. To exemplify this I will use the work of Huczynski, A. (1993) to argue that management is essential in spite of being unethical it is still significant even in our day-to-day lives. Section One: Management is Unethical In order to determine whether management within a business is ethical, an important question needs to be asked, what is ethical? W D Ross (1877-1971) a well recognized Philosopher for his work on deontological conveys his views on ethics. He is best known for “The Right...
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...with discipline, can have different meanings, and the meaning of “authority” is dependent upon the context in which used for. For example: * The power or enforce obedience * Delegated power * A person whose opinion is accepted because of expertise. The independent police complaints commission The IPCC was formed in 2004 as a result of the police reform act 2002. It replaced the police complaints authority as the independent body to oversee completes, against the police in 43 police services in England and wales. It currently comprises 15 commissioners, who are appointed by the home sectary for a period of 5 years, and a team of independent investigators. Each team of investigators is headed by a regional director in each of its four regions, covering England and wales. The IPCC carries out investigations into serious allegations of misconduct by serving police person. These include allegations of: * Serious or organised corruption * Against senior officers * Involving racism * Of perverting the course of justice. HM chief inspector of prisons Her majesty’s chief inspector of prisons is another independent body which reports to the sectary of state for the ministry of justice on the condition and treatment of prisoners in England and wales. Its authority is given under section 5A of the prisons act 1952 and by section 57 of the criminal justice act 1982. The inspectorate is appointed by the home salutary for a period of 5 years and its authority...
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...Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2012 (ISSN1948-352X) Beyond Dehumanization: A Post-Humanist Critique of Solitary Confinement Lisa Guenther Abstract What does it mean to be treated like a nonhuman animal? In this paper, I analyze the discourse of “dehumanization” in Madrid v Gomez, a 1995 Eighth Amendment case concerning the treatment of prisoners at California’s Pelican Bay Supermax Penitentiary. I argue that the language of dehumanization fails to describe the harm of solitary confinement because it remains complicit with a hierarchical opposition between human and nonhuman animal that rebounds against prisoners, especially those who have been racialized and/or sexualized as less than human. Humanist discourse neglects the sense in which both human and nonhuman animals are affective, corporeal beings who rely upon the support of others for their own capacity to orient themselves within a mutually-perceived world. Drawing on the testimony of inmates in solitary confinement, and situating this testimony in relation to the political and scientific history of US incarceration practices, I develop a post-humanist critique of solitary confinement. Keywords: Solitary confinement, sensory deprivation, intercorporeal Malebranche would not have beaten a stone as he beat his dog, saying that the dog didn’t suffer. Merleau-Ponty, Nature, 166 Certain carceral practices are often condemned – both by prisoners and by their legal or political advocates –...
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...Page 1 of 15 Public Police and Private Security - Impact of Blurred Boundaries on Accountability ‘Gap’ Public safety and security are understood to be the responsibility of the state to its citizens as a ‘social right’ agreed between the government and its citizens, (Kempa, Carrier, Wood, and Shearing, 1999) enforced through policing, establishing a line of accountability between the publicly funded police and their citizens, providing services on a non-profit basis, (Department of Criminology, 2009/2010). Bayley and Shearing, (1996) describe public policing as government ‘monopoly’ which in recent times has inevitably undergone restructuring enabling private security to blossom. Significantly, the boundaries between the roles of the public police and private security have become less clear in recent years, despite the varying degrees to which the private security and the public police are regulated, creating accountability gap between the ‘highly regulated’ public police and the ‘barely regulated’ private security. Johnston, (1999) describes the term ‘policing’ as a ‘social function’ while the term ‘police’ refers to agents. According to Johnston, (1999) policing is a form of social control. As many aspects of life can be influenced by a social control, Cohen, (1985, as cited in Innes, 2003:13; Johnston, 1999) defines social control in the context of policing as organised (societal) response to deviant behaviour. Reiner (1997, as cited in Johnston, 1999) describes...
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...particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders. For example, traits like extraversion, self-confidence, and courage are all traits that could potentially be linked to great leaders. - Behavior Theories based upon the belief that great leaders are made, not born. Consider it the flip-side of the Great Man theories. According to this theory, people can learn to become leaders through teaching and observation. - Contingency Theories According to this theory, no leadership style is best in all situations. Success depends upon a number of variables, including the leadership style, qualities of the followers and aspects of the situation. - Influence Theories these are based on the different ways that leaders use power and influence to get things done,...
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...often lack the ability to appreciate the seriousness of a situation, may not understand the long-term consequences of their actions … highly submissive (especially eager to please authority figures), compliant, suggestible, and responsive to stress and pressure” (Drizin & Leo, 2004). These characteristics make vulnerable individuals more sensitive to leading questions, minimization and maximization techniques, and social desirability effects. Specifically, those possessing intellectual disabilities are accustomed to various figures of authority to guide their choices. When interrogated by an officer, a highly upheld authority figure to most, these individuals tend to comply without dissent, due to the connotation of an officer’s inherent power and authority (Kassin et al., 2010). Evidently, this propensity to acquiesce is disadvantageous, as these individuals will likely agree to any request, or will latch on to any narrative contamination introduced by officers that will result in coerced-compliant false confessions. Overall, regardless of the circumstances, providing a false confession is futile for an...
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...interrogation techniques used by the Central Intelligence Agency do not yield actionable results, according to psychologist James Mitchell, a former member of the United States Air Force. Coercion is used by law enforcement all around the United States to coerce people to admit to untruths, enhanced interrogation techniques are often used to solicit information that does not prove to be useful. Former President Obama recognized “the power of our most important values” and that “we uphold our most cherished values, not only because doing so is right, but because it strengthens our country, and keeps us safe,” which is why he banned the use of enhanced...
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