...analysis b. defining science and pseudoscience c. explain purpose of paper- fingerprinting gone awry II. Mayfield a. 2004 Madrid Spain bombing b. ACE-V method of fingerprint analysis c. FBI point of comparison d. SNP point of comparison III. Bryan Strong a. a forensic examiner questioning ACE-V method via Brady v. Maryland b. exculpatory evidence IV. Jay Siegel a. percentages of bad print analysis V. PBS special- The Real CSI a. Itiel Dror, Ph.D. cognitive neuroscientist b. his theory and experiment c. results VI. Conclusion a. mention science and pseudoscience b. how to make fingerprinting a true science Did Hollywood cause more problems for the criminal justice system today with the use of forensic science in fingerprint analysis? Is fingerprint analysis a Bona Fide science or Pseudoscience? You decide, let’s take a look into what fingerprint analysis truly is and the outcome of different researches questions and answers. On the hit television series that you see like CSI and NCIS, fingerprint science is a bona fide science where investigators use computers to match a known finger with an unknown fingerprint. This is untrue, forensic science fingerprint examiners match the prints, the computer only searches out possible matches. Science is a systematical knowledge derived from observation, study, and experiments (Lilienfeld & Landfield, p.1216). In other words science deals with phenomena that can be explained...
Words: 1122 - Pages: 5
...Criminal Profiling: The Public Face of Forensic Psychology Jason Evans Brandman University Table of contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Literature review 4 Discussion 7 Personal interest in the topic 10 References 11 Abstract The utilisation of psychological concepts has been extended in many fields in seeking to enhance understanding of human behaviours. Forensic psychology is one of the various psychological filed which have developed out of the necessity to apply psychology in different fields. This article discusses the element of forensic psychology in relation to the various issues arising within the field. A discussion of the various issues highlights ethical aspects as the main causes of many challenges faced in the field. The complexity of the setting under which the psychological practice is conducted makes the topic become one of the interesting psychological segments that can be studied. Introduction Forensic psychology can be defined as the utilisation of psychological concepts, skills, and insights in seeking to enhance the understanding of various elements of legal and criminal justice systems. Within the context of the subject various psychological and legal aspects become combined in seeking to understand the functioning and operations of criminal systems (Davies & Beech, 2012). This approach to criminal justice involves various activities involved in the delivery of justice, ranging from the enforcement to treatment of suspects...
Words: 2200 - Pages: 9
...according to eyewitnesses of the crime, physical evidence or a valid confession from a suspect (Bartol & Bartol, 2012). Criminal profiling has proven to be a valuable tool involving criminal investigations and is used by forensic psychologists. There are factors that become involved when compiling a profile such as liabilities and limitations related to personality traits that are identifiable, particular behavior exhibited, and characteristics specific to the offender and the criminal act (Bartol & Bartol, 2012). There is doubt regarding the use of criminal profiling within the law enforcement community as this type of investigating may not present the reliability this approach may offer and it would be reflected in the validity. Criminal profiling is in many cases unreliable so professionals tend to choose analytical criminal investigating to help alleviate errors involving demographics, behaviors or cognitive issues relating to the suspect (Bartol & Bartol, 2012). Errors could involve bias against a particular culture, race or geographical area which would impair the outcome of an investigation. Another issue of importance is relating to the evidence found at a scene and being able to provide an accurate profile related to evidence and not guesses or assumptions. In the case study involving Thomas Lee Dillon and the five murders he committed the authorities had a feeling they had the right man but did not have the correct evidence so they could not make an arrest. In the case...
Words: 687 - Pages: 3
...Legal Aspects of Professional Psychology “Professional psychologists study mental processes and human behavior by observing, interpreting, and recording how people and other animals relate to one another and the environment.” The psychologists express theories that have possible explanations and concentrate on an individual behavior that influence a person’s action where understanding and explaining thoughts, emotions, feelings and or behavior is in attention. However there is a legal aspect of professional psychology that is the most important part in professional practice. “Legal aspects of professional psychology cover abroad spectrum of any application of psychological ethics, and ways of understanding legal issues and questions. Additionally to the practical practices, legal aspects of psychology also include empirical or academic research on topics concerning the relationships of government laws and regulations to human behavior and mental processes”(Roger Rivera, “Legal Aspects Of Professional Psychology”). Legal issues related to informed consent and refusal Most important factor of legal issue in professional phycology is the informed consent of the client, where the doctor gets consent of the client for performing tests and medical treatments including records of the patients. It is the psychologist’s duty to offer and explain services, and if the patients have no ability for opinion, take consent from the person who has the legal power to do on behalf of the...
Words: 1297 - Pages: 6
...truth about lies: What works in detecting high-stakes deception? Stephen Porter* and Leanne ten Brinke University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada In this paper, we provide our view of the current understanding of high-stakes lies often occurring in forensic contexts. We underscore the importance of avoiding widespread pitfalls of deception detection and challenging prevailing assumptions concerning strategies for catching liars. The promise and limitations of each of non-verbal/body language, facial, verbal/linguistic, and physiological channels in detecting deception are discussed. In observing the absence of a single cue or behavioural channel that consistently reveals deception, a holistic approach with concurrent attention to multiple channels of a target’s behaviour (ideally videotaped for review) and changes from baseline behaviour is recommended whenever possible. Among the best-validated cues to be considered together include: illustrators, blink and pause rate, speech rate, vague descriptions, repeated details, contextual embedding, reproduction of conversations, and emotional ‘leakage’ in the face. While advocating a reliance on empirical evidence, we observe that few studies of high-stakes deception yet have been conducted. Further, some manifestations of lying are highly idiosyncratic and difficult to address in quantitative research, pointing to the need for keen observation skills, and psychological insight. A recurring...
Words: 11532 - Pages: 47
...also be settled in the pretrial process. The pretrial process largely determines the outcome of a criminal case; most criminal cases never make it to trial. Charges against the defendant may be dropped or dismissed due to a lack of evidence. The defendant may also plead guilty without trial. Many guilty pleas result from plea negotiations between the prosecutors and defendant or defense attorneys. This pretrial process makes a formal criminal trial unnecessary (Scheb & Sharma, 2013). There are various roles in the criminal trial process, including the judge, the prosecuting attorneys, the jury, and the expert witnesses such as forensic psychologists. The assortment of roles has a high effect on the outcome for the defendant. A prosecutor is responsible for determining what charges to pursue and whether to plea bargain with the defendant. A jury decides a verdict. A judge decides a sentence. A forensic psychologist can influence all of these decisions by serving as an expert witness after their interaction with the defendant. All of these positions involve a great deal of discretion. This work seeks to research existing guidelines for decisions of prosecutors in bringing charges against a defendant, of judges in sentencing a defendant, of forensic psychologists in giving expert testimony,...
Words: 3921 - Pages: 16
...Methods of Lie Detection Samuel Medina Housatonic Community College Abstract This research paper will cover a few different aspects of Lie Detection. Through the knowledge gathered from 5 journal articles the reader will learn of different methods of lie detection as well as some real life applications and the possibilities of lie detection in the near future. The areas that the 5 journal articles touch upon are the Cognitive load approach, the use of the polygraph and its controversies, the behavioral differences when using a person’s first or second language, the use of fMRI and the potential future of fMRI technology and last but not least some of the application of lie detection in our world today and potential for even more efficient and less intrusive methods of lie detection. Methods of Lie Detection In today’s society technology is at the fore-front of almost every aspect of life. In one particular area technology has created a new path of discovery for society to explore. Lie detection is a subject widely used in different ways throughout law enforcement and is becoming implemented in many different ways in our society today. Lie detection is being used in court rooms all over the world to solidify verdicts proved in the court rooms. There are a few methods of lie detection used in and outside of the court rooms but not all are allowed in the court rooms because of certain controversies. Of course with every...
Words: 1960 - Pages: 8
...study. * Findings * State how the researcher interpreted the data that was collected. * Research findings are always open to discussion and debate. * It is important to interpret findings in terms of the culture in which the research has been conducted, and always to be aware of potential cultural bias. * Participants * People who take part in a psychological study. * Sample * Very important in determining the usefulness of a piece of research. * Obtain a sample that is representative of target population. * Representative sample * Try to obtain a sample that represents a population * The size of the sample matters. * Small groups are more open to distortions than large one. * Small group has an individual that quite influence on the overall result. * Opportunity sampling * A sample of whoever happens to be there and agrees to participate. * Easy way for the researcher to get participants, but one has to question the nature of an opportunity sample. * Can lead to rather biased results, and it is problematic to generalize from studies that use opportunity sampling. * Sampling bias * The data that is collected may not be accurate or represent the group * Consistent error that arises due to the sample selection. * Certain members are underrepresented or overrepresented relative to others in the population. * Self-selected sample * Made up of volunteers * Relatively easy...
Words: 1864 - Pages: 8
...INTRODUCTION The article “Another Malaysian Education Dilemma: Can We Trust Our Exam?” was published at The Edge Malaysia on Jan 07, 2014. It was written by the author, Nicholas Chan. He is a graduate from Universiti Sains Malaysia and he is a forensic scientist by education. Currently, Nicholas Chan is a socio-political research analyst at Penang Institute. He believes that there is truth in everything and it all depends on whether a person willing to see it or not. SUMMARY The author started the article by informing the reader about the current education status of the Malaysian students. The main points which were discussed in this article were about the examination and educational level in Malaysia. The author is disappointed with the education level in Malaysia. The author compared the education level with other countries too. Besides, the author mentioned about the removal of Penilaian Menengah Rendah (PMR) which was announced recently, and replaced with school based assessment (PBS). The removal of PMR was caused by the difficulty in making sense of having students with excellent results, but still underperforming to international standards. The author made assumptions on the education level that the standard of Malaysia education is low. Lastly, the author gave suggestions on ways to overcome the inequality problem in education. The author concluded the article with hope. ANALYSIS Facts VS Opinion Author is using many facts data to support his opinion....
Words: 1649 - Pages: 7
...“Eyewitness evidence is one of the earliest and widely studied topics in forensic psychology” (Pozzulo, Bennell, & Forth, 2015, p. 123). Eyewitness testimony is very diverse and is becoming increasingly influential during court proceedings, which leads to many wrongful convictions. A specific topic that will be investigated during this paper will be the use of independent variables aiding eyewitness testimonies. In 1978, Wells divided those independent eyewitness cues into estimator and system variables (Leach, Cutler, & Van Wallendael, 2009, p.160). Estimator variables occur at the crime scene while the eyewitness is encoding the event into their memory; these are not controlled by the criminal justice system (Leach, Cutler, & Van Wallendael,...
Words: 1794 - Pages: 8
...Psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. The word “psychology” comes from the Greek words “psyche,” meaning life, and “logos,” meaning explanation. Psychology is a popular major for students, a popular topic in the public media, and a part of our everyday lives. Television shows such as Dr. Phil feature psychologists who provide personal advice to those with personal or family difficulties. Crime dramas such as CSI, Lie to Me, and others feature the work of forensic psychologists who use psychological principles to help solve crimes. And many people have direct knowledge about psychology because they have visited psychologists, for instance, school counselors, family therapists, and religious, marriage, or bereavement counselors. Because we are frequently exposed to the work of psychologists in our everyday lives, we all have an idea about what psychology is and what psychologists do. In many ways I am sure that your conceptions are correct. Psychologists do work in forensic fields, and they do provide counseling and therapy for people in distress. But there are hundreds of thousands of psychologists in the world, and most of them work in other places, doing work that you are probably not aware of. Most psychologists work in research laboratories, hospitals, and other field settings where they study the behavior of humans and animals. For instance, my colleagues in the Psychology Department at the University of Maryland study such diverse topics as anxiety...
Words: 13774 - Pages: 56
...ISSUE NO. 267 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice National Institute of Justice JOURNAL Police Use of Force: The Impact of Less-Lethal Weapons and Tactics n Toward a Better Way to Interview Child Victims of Sexual Abuse Solving the Problem of Untested Evidence in Sexual Assaults Extending the Time to Collect DNA in Sexual Assault Cases Also in this issue In Brief: Block by Block: Zeroing in on Crime Trends Minimizing the Risks of Hazardous Materials: The CBRN Standard Improving Forensic Death Investigation In Brief: Expanding Research by Sharing Data n n i Building Knowledge to Meet the Challenge of CriMe and JustiCe National Institute of Justice John H. Laub Director, National Institute of Justice The NIJ Journal is published by the National Institute of Justice to announce the Institute’s policy-relevant research results and initiatives. The Attorney General has determined that publication of this periodical is necessary in transacting the public business of the U.S. Department of Justice as required by law. Findings and conclusions of the research reported here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. All products, manufacturers and organizations cited in this publication are presented for informational purposes only, and their discussion does not constitute product approval or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Justice. Subscription...
Words: 19057 - Pages: 77
...Section A: Audit Practice Part b (i): Why is the audit of cash important part of the audit? From an auditing standpoint, cash is an important account because cash transactions affect all other business and financial processes. Businesses acquire cash by selling goods or services, disposing of fixed assets, or acquiring debt or equity. The same businesses put their cash to use through purchasing, paying employees, and buying inventory. Audits are an important part of business. Cash audits check that money has been handled properly, and performance audits ascertain whether employees are doing their jobs properly. Corporations are likely to undergo tax audits to ensure proper tax reporting and withholding. Audits may be performed in-house by management or human resources, by a third-party consulting firm hired specifically to perform the audits or by IRS agents who are auditing company tax records. The audit of cash is considered an important part of an audit mainly due to almost all business transactions will be ultimately settled through the cash accounts, the audit of cash accounts also assists in the verification of other asset and liability accounts as well as revenue and expenses. Some of the investor relies on the accuracy of the cash account to evaluate the financial health of the company. They use current asset which include the cash account to compute several financial measures. Other than that, cash is the highly liquid asset in a company and it is an area of high...
Words: 9221 - Pages: 37
...anbehaviors.[1][2] Psychology has the immediate goal of imae humanae in the late 15th century or early 16th understanding individuals and groups by both establish- century.[11] The earliest known reference to the word ing general principles and researching specific cases,[3][4] psychology in English was by Steven Blankaart in 1694 and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit in The Physical Dictionary which refers to “Anatomy, society.[5][6] In this field, a professional practitioner or which treats the Body, and Psychology, which treats of researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified the Soul.”[12] as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors. 2 History Psychologists explore concepts such as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intelligence, Main article: History of psychology phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, The study of psychology in a philosophical context dates personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships, including psychological resilience, family resilience, and other areas. Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious...
Words: 12427 - Pages: 50
...IOP3701 EXAM QUESTIONS SECTION 1 May 2011 For fair & equitable testing & assessment in the work context, the starting point is that the job must be described, explain why this would be important (5) Discuss the importance of doing a thorough job analysis in testing and assessment in the work context (5) * The first step and main emphasis in the decision making process is a thorough job analysis * Job analysis consists of: * Job description – indicates the tasks that need to be done in the job. * Job specification – specific characteristics required of a person to perform well in the job. * It is important to list specific requirements that are not often stated – which candidates cannot be considered. * The next step includes fair procedures for making decision. This entails well thought through and justifiable procedures for job description, advertisements etc. * Evaluate and justify minimum requirements in formal education, prior learning, relevant experience, training, skills and knowledge. * Decide on suitable testing and assessment techniques * Follow scientific, professional and ethical guidelines * Monitor outcomes for fairness and adverse impact. * Take steps to ensure equity and fairness for future opportunities. * Fair and equitable testing and assessment: * 1st step and main emphasis in the decision-making process is a thorough job analysis – to know exactly what the job entails and what qualities, characteristics...
Words: 10873 - Pages: 44