...INTRODUCTION: The idea of using a polygraph for lie detection emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. Despite major technological advances in the twentieth century, the polygraph has evolved little since its invention. The polygraph works under the assumption that lies can be detected by certain measurable physiological changes, a theory proposed more than 100 years ago. The three physiological vectors measured in polygraphs in the 1920s cardiovascular, respiratory and perspiratory activities are still measured by modern polygraphs. Although the polygraph is still widely used, critics question its accuracy because of the subjectivity involved in the test. Recent technological breakthroughs have created new machines for lie detection. However, since many of these new technologies still operate under questionable assumptions, they are still prone to error and misinterpretation. Perhaps one of the most fascinating and misunderstood tools of the criminal justice and criminology industry is the polygraph exam, more commonly known as the lie detector test. While the tests are based on relatively simple scientific principles, not just anyone can strap you up to an instrument and start firing away with questions. Lie detector tests are instead conducted by highly trained and disciplined technicians, known as polygraph examiners. LIE DETECTION AND FORENSIC PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY * Lie Detection * It is also referred to as deception detection which uses questioning techniques along...
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...THE LIE DETECTOR BY, ALMITA JOHN 0981090 VENKATA LAKSHMI SAILAJA CHAVALI 0982874 OBJECTIVES ▶ To create a sensing device modeled after a polygraph test ▶ Test would incorporate results from several physiological sensors ▶ Create a Labview program to gather and analyze subject data POLYGRAPH THEORY ▶ Polygraphs ▶ Heart measure: rate ▶ Respiratory ▶ Blood ▶ Arm rate pressure and leg motion ▶ Electrodermal activity LIE DETECTION ▶ Lie detection, also referred to as deception detection, uses questioning techniques along with technology that record physiological functions to ascertain truth and falsehood in response. It is commonly used by law enforcement and has historically been an inexact science. Manufacturers of lie Detectors ▶ Lie detector manufacturer Nemesysco ▶ Lafayette Instrument Company ▶ Axciton Systems ▶ Limestone Technologies Inc. ▶ Stoelting Company Evolution ▶ From the onset of civilization:there has been a compelling need to determine the truthfulness of individuals when transgressions have occurred. ▶ Over the centuries: there have been many efforts to refine the rule of ‘two or more witnesses’ with additional methods of truth verification. An example of this would be circa 500 B.C. in India Evolution conti.. ▶ The first recorded effort: In 1885 Lombroso was recording changes in blood pressure in police cases in Italy with some...
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...what you were doing earlier to your friend, when really you were at the mall buying her a birthday present for her birthday that weekend. A negative example of lying would be a girlfriend cheating on her boyfriend, and lying about what she was doing instead. Then you have situations where you lie and agree with someone just to keep a conversation going. You also have compulsive liars who feel the need to lie about everything they do and talk about. Sometimes these people get so convinced on what they are lying about themselves, that they don’t even know how much they do it or when they do it. Both men and women lie in approximately a fifth of their social exchanges lasting 10 or more minutes; over the course of a week they deceive about 30 percent of those with whom they interact one-on-one. (Phycology Today, 1997.) Now if you’re in a criminal situation and they only have your feedback to go off of, they need to test whether or not you’re lying. In order to do this, they need to use a polygraph or brain scanner. These lie detecting technologies aren’t 100% effective. My question is if they will ever be improved or 100% accurate. While looking up how we benefit ourselves with the lie detection technologies we use today, I came across articles with a similar outlook and proposal. In the research, I was able to see all the experiments done from college students around the world for up to 40 years that led to what devices we use today. Right after reviewing this I was able to encounter...
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...Copyright © The British Psychological Society Reproduction in any form (including the internet) is prohibited without prior permission from the Society 57 Legal and Criminological Psychology (2010), 15, 57–75 q 2010 The British Psychological Society The British Psychological Society www.bpsjournals.co.uk The truth about lies: What works in detecting high-stakes deception? Stephen Porter* and Leanne ten Brinke University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada In this paper, we provide our view of the current understanding of high-stakes lies often occurring in forensic contexts. We underscore the importance of avoiding widespread pitfalls of deception detection and challenging prevailing assumptions concerning strategies for catching liars. The promise and limitations of each of non-verbal/body language, facial, verbal/linguistic, and physiological channels in detecting deception are discussed. In observing the absence of a single cue or behavioural channel that consistently reveals deception, a holistic approach with concurrent attention to multiple channels of a target’s behaviour (ideally videotaped for review) and changes from baseline behaviour is recommended whenever possible. Among the best-validated cues to be considered together include: illustrators, blink and pause rate, speech rate, vague descriptions, repeated details, contextual embedding, reproduction of conversations, and emotional ‘leakage’ in the face. While...
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...Polygraphs as Truth or Lies Thanks to the abundance of police dramas on television, people have begun to believe that a polygraph test is infallible. Many studies, as well as a Supreme Court case, have since revealed that the veracity of polygraphs is far from impeccable. Also, there are few if any credible sources that support the veracity of polygraph machines. As Dr. Saxe and Israeli psychologist Gershon Ben-Shahar (1999) notes, "it may, in fact, be impossible to conduct a proper validity study." In real-world situations, it's very difficult to know what the truth is.” (American Psychological Association [APA], 2004) Polygraphs do not function as a lie detector. A polygraph only directly measures the autonomic responses of the subject. It measures reactions such as changes in skin conductance, pulse rate, blood pressure, and breathing while the subject is asked a series of questions. From that data, it makes an indirect assumption that positive physiological responsive indicate dishonesty and vice versa. When taking a polygraph test, proctors use several different tactics to elicit responses from their subjects. One is called the "relevant-irrelevant" technique, which mixes questions like "Did you steal the money?" in with questions like "Is today Tuesday?" Questions that are relevant to the topic are suppose to cause a jump within the subject’s autonomic system and in turn would produce results on the polygraph. Another tactic that is commonly used is "comparison questions"...
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...of public and private people’s lives. For example, they can know data about person’s personality, behavior, and even history. However, such a technology could be an invasion of privacy, an organized group of philosophers, neuroscientists, lawyers, and psychologists formed the Neuroethics Society, which they discuss the ethical and philosophical dilemmas that the advances in neuroscience have created. Hence, all of us who will be affected by this technology have the right to access to information about it, and have a judgment about. It believed that by interpreting images of a person’s brain, employer or court officials could use it as a creditable evidence for his/her behavior, personality, etc. Henceforth, it could be a feasible method of lie-detection. However, this kind of system is still imperfect and the information produced is erroneous because it requires human interpretations of sophisticated and variable brain functions. Thus, it is very difficult to verify if someone is lying or not. This kind of technology could be an earth-shattering breakthrough, if it were existed. It is true though that neuroscience has now a better understanding of how brain functions and can somewhat treat mental illnesses, but still is very far from the level where can even know a piece of information about a person’s life. In addition, since the corporations are the more confident ones from the neuroscientist, it is more likely to be a commercial tumor to earn money...
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...spin relaxation, spin injection and spin detection. Spin relaxation is defined as an act of bringing the unstable electrons into a state of stability. The process of fetching a spin momentum and velocity from a ferromagnetic material to a semiconductor or a non-ferromagnetic substance. Spin detection is the method of finding the exact spin of the electron particles in the device. These three concepts are the major principles of spintronics. The information is represented as bit in the form of spin of an electron. One...
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...Breast Cancer Veronica Owens Baker College of Allen Park Speech (Wed) Heather Capote-Powell August 03, 2011 General Purpose: To inform Title of Speech: Breast Cancer Awareness Specific Purpose: To inform my audience on various types and stages of breast cancer, and who is susceptible, and available detection and treatment. I. Introduction: She is your mother, your sister, your aunt, and your best friend. She is the special someone in your life she also has breast cancer. This is very personal for me because I lost my dear friend a year ago to breast cancer. I will provide you with more in depth knowledge and understanding of this disease. I will define cancer of the breast and the various types as well as who is susceptible. I will discuss self-detection methods and available treatments. Transition: So I am going to begin with the most important thing, which is what is breast cancer? II. Body: A. What is breast cancer: 1. Non-Cancerous vs. Cancerous i. Rapid growth of abnormal cells which form a lump in the breast tissue. (NationalBreastgCancer.org 2009). ii. Benign tumor do not invade or spread and it’s not life threatening. iii. Malignant tumor cells may break away to form new tumors and its life threatening. 2. Breast Cancer Statistics i. Every three minutes, a woman in the United States is diagnosed with breast cancer. (Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, 2009) ii. Every twelve minutes a woman dies from breast cancer. 3. Breast...
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...boxes or software that detect and discard the commercials on the broadcast TV signal. Study in the field of the advertisement identification is segmented into various manners. It can be dependent on the audio or video information or an amalgamation of both. There are some works by A. G. Hauptmann and M. J. Witbrock (2006) that use the verbatim data achieved from the text streams, or the optical character recognition or speech identification for segmentation. In work proposed by L.-Y. Duan et al (2007) it has been given that using usual features of advertisement blocks like frames and silence amid commercials to identify cuts and categorize commercials dependent on OCR. In this work there have been two varied use cases for the commercial detection 1. Identify broadcast of recognized commercials with large precision something like the use of fingerprinting 2. Identify earlier not known commercials. Next segmentation is to differentiate amid the methodologies on online instantaneous or offline processing. A few...
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...Similarity based Analysis of Networks of Ultra Low Resolution Sensors Relevance: Pervasive computing, temporal analysis to discover behaviour Method: MDS, Co-occurrence, HMMs, Agglomerative Clustering, Similarity Analysis Organization: MERL Published: July 2006, Pattern Recognition 39(10) Special Issue on Similarity Based Pattern Recognition Summary: Unsupervised discovery of structure from activations of very low resolution ambient sensors. Methods for discovering location geometry from movement patterns and behavior in an elevator scheduling scenario The context of this work is ambient sensing with a large number of simple sensors (1 bit per second giving on-off info). Two tasks are addressed. Discovering location geometry from patterns of sensor activations. And clustering activation sequences. For the former, a similarity metric is devised that measures the expected time of activation of one sensor after another has been activated, on the assumption that the two activations are resulting from movement. The time is used as a measure of distance between the sensors, and MDS is used to arrive at a geometric distribution. In the second part, the observation sequences are clustered by training HMMs for each sequence, and using agglomerative clustering. Having selected an appropriate number of clusters (chosen by the domain expert) the clusters can be used to train new HMM models. The straightforward mapping of the cluster HMMs is to a composite HMM, where each branch of...
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...Knapp Commission and New York City Police Corruption Publication: June 2012 by: Columbia University Press In the course of his narrative, Armstrong illuminates police investigative strategy; governmental and departmental political maneuvering; ethical and philosophical issues in law enforcement; the efficacy of the police's anticorruption efforts; the effectiveness of the training of police officers; the psychological and emotional pressures that lead to corruption; and the effects of police criminality on individuals and society. Hunt, Jennifer and Peter K. Manning. “Symbolic Interaction” 14.1 (1991): 51-70-Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction Lies are relative to a moral context, and what an audience will accept. Police learn to lie and to carefully distinguish normal (or acceptable) lies from unacceptable lies, suggesting that lies are a part of a negotiated occupational order. This study reports and analyzes two kinds of troublesome lies: case lies, recognized stories an officer utilizes in a courtroom or on paper to facilitate the conviction of a suspect, and cover stories, lies an officer tells in court, to supervisors, and on the job with the aim of providing a verbal shield or mitigation in the event of discipline. Moskos. Peter. “Cop in the Hood: My Year Policing Baltimore's Eastern District” Publication: August 2009 by Princeton University Press When Harvard-trained sociologist Peter Moskos left the classroom to become a cop in Baltimore's Eastern District...
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...Future interrogation and interviewing Technologies For centuries man has always tried to find ways to communicate more efficiently, when it came down to preventing crimes, investigating crimes and solving crimes. Therefore the study of future technology and methods has sparked the interest of scientist and developers to create a systems or method that would prove to be just as accurate as our DNA system is today. Their goal is to utilize this technology within an interview or interrogation setting. When it comes to detecting if someone is tell the truth, scientist are working on new technology that promises to be more accurate for lie detection. If these new technologies prove to be successful, not a violation of the suspect’s constitutional rights and the results become admissible in the court of law. This would then become a major breakthrough for investigators; when interviewing a suspect in an interrogation room. When speaking to witness officers so often relay on line up and photo’s (Mug spots) which are stored within in their computer data base. Scientists are also working on ways to present witness the virtual evidence, tele-presents of the suspect by means of Holograms. Holograms are used today but may be used in the future during interrogation and interview rooms. Holograms would actually be put in place of the actual interrogator or interviewer. The benefit of this technology is using an image of the victim with hopes of scaring a confession from the criminal...
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...How to know if someone is lying..? How to know if someone is lying..? People lie to avoid awkwardness or punishment. They lie to maintain relationships and please others. And, of course, most of all they lie to please themselves. They embellishing our credentials or strengthening our stories, they often tell untruths to make ourselves appear and feel better.The vast majority of us become liars from time to time. Sometimes, the lying seems very necessary, so they lie to spare someone else hurt feelings, or we lie to help someone else out of a jam, or we lie because the lie is so minor that it's not going to affect anyone negatively, but will affect us positively, so it seems to be quite justified. Sometimes we even lie because someone else is demanding information from us, and we know that that person doesn't deserve to know the information, or will use it in harmful ways once he or she gets it. How to know if someone is lying? There are several signs you should look for when attempting to spot a liar.fisrtly, Body Language: Liars usually hide their palms and don’t sit straight while telling a lie. They also avoid eye contact while telling the lie and they might take the body language negative evaluation gestures if they felt bad while lying. In addition, Eye Accessing Cues Mismatch: the eye moves in reflects the function taking place inside the brain at that time. For example, looking towards the upper left side means that you are constructing an image in your mind...
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...For example, a recent review found that people were able to distinguish between truth and lies only 54% of the time (Bond & DePaulo, 2006). Most research has paid exaggerated focus to non-verbal cues, including facial expression, vocal pitch and gesture, which either subjectively rely on human judgement or fail to achieve acceptable accuracy levels on a consistent level (Vrij, 2008). A recent meta-analysis suggested that only training in the recognition of verbal cues can improve deception detection (Hauch et al., 2016). However, technological progress means that linguistic cues can now be assessed automatically by utilising computer-based software such as Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) (Pennebaker, Francis, & Booth, 2001). Certainly, a computer system would be less disposed to human error, provide less subjective results, be less invasive and would not require complex...
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...it is a natural part of human behavior, which most likely started at age three or four. Many studies even confirm that very few people in the world can go through an entire day without lying even once. The negotiation process is like poker because while players are expected to play fair, there aren’t any guidelines to whether or not deception may be used to win a game by making others overestimate the value of one’s hand. As such, negotiators are employ any tactics necessary to get ahead, including lying. This is not done deliberately to hurt anyone, rather to reach their goal faster. While it is morally wrong to lie, the legality of lying is so complex and ambiguous that it is very to prove because as stated by Richard Shell in a 1991 article in Sloane Management Review called “When is it legal to lie in negotiations,” he explains the criteria needed to prove a lie under American law is so vague that the preset assumption is that no fraud is committed because every party has the choice of walking away from outrageous demands. However, he states there are five elements to fraud law that must be met: knowing, misinterpretation, material, fact and lastly, reliance and causation of fraud in order for it to stand in a court of law. Shell goes on to concede that most misleading statements are made to simply gain an edge in negotiations, which is perfectly normal because that the two parties don’t have to have a fiduciary relationship, thus it is alright for parties to employ tactics...
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