...1) Define "Restorative Justice". Do you feel that this concept provides realistic and effective sentencing alternatives? I feel Restorative Justice does provide realistic and effective sentencing alternatives because it is believed that not only the offender gets to be restored but the victim and the justice process as well. One of their goals is to hold the offender accountable to help them to become productive, law-abiding members of their community. The Restorative Justice has an impact in the U.S. sentencing practices, but also it became influential international wide. 2) Define "Probation"! When do you feel this sentencing option can be a viable alternative to jail or prison? Probation is a release condition for a convicted...
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...Robbery case study I have chosen to write about the robbery case. The synopsis of the case is: Two people, after conducting some surveillance on a small shoe store robbed a man while he was transporting money from his business to the bank. The two people later identified as Bertha Bloutt and William Bloutt, used the ruse of a broken down vehicle to get the victim to stop to render assistance at which time the robbed him at gun point. The usual process that these two offenders would go through is known as the criminal justice process. The criminal justice system is comprised of three major institutions which process a case from inception, through trial, to punishment. A case begins with law enforcement officials, who investigate a crime and gather evidence to identify and use against the presumed perpetrator. The case continues with the court system, which weighs the evidence to determine if the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. If so, the corrections system will use the means at their disposal, namely incarceration and probation, to punish and correct the behavior of the offender. Throughout each stage of the process, constitutional protections exist to ensure that the rights of the accused and convicted are respected. These protections balance the need of the criminal justice system to investigate and prosecute criminals with the fundamental rights of the accused (who are presumed innocent). Though a number of rights derived from the Constitution protect the...
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...In the next decade, I believe the “pendulum” of the juvenile justice system will continue to swing towards rehabilitation. The juvenile court's main focus was to use a more rehabilitation approach instead of restoring to incarceration since juveniles are just kids. With this approach, the juvenile court puts an emphasis on the whole child instead of the offense, used parens patriae as its foundation, discretion of the juvenile's behaviors, and has the judge be the sole determining factor of the juvenile's faith (Cauffman, 2018). Throughout history, it is evident that the pendulum tends to swing back and forth between rehabilitation and punishment, especially within the past century. In fact, cases such as In re Gault and in re Winship, have...
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...The “justice as a human problem” worldwide accentuates that the type of justice adopted in a society heavily depends on the cultural norms and social values regarding human behaviours. For example, western societies mostly focus on the retributive justice as means for demonstrating justice through the infliction of punishment against those who violated the laws. The victims are often emotionally devastated, but they also suffer severe hardships in the criminal justice process during testimonies or sentence hearings (Herman, 2005). For example, the victims are negatively stigmatized in society due to the infliction of certain crimes like sexual assault, which increases fear and anxiety (Herman, 2005). It remains imperative that the criminal justice system actively takes steps to fulfill the victim’s needs in order to gain strong cooperation (Herman, 2005)....
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...lot of work within the criminal justice system and the Aboriginal communities to create new restorative justice programs to amalgamate Aboriginal justice traditions and reduce the number of Aboriginals within the criminal justice system. Within the last ten to thirty years these many new restorative justice programs have been created, such as: Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA), Circles of Support and Accountability (CoSA), RJ option project and conferences. Many communities have had success from the restorative justice programs. Despite all the good work within the programs there is underlying problems will be identified. While despite all the good work with the programs there are underlying...
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...Criminal justice communication centers are an extremely stressful environment. By definition, “In telecommunication, the term communications center has the following meanings: An agency charged with the responsibility for handling and controlling communications traffic. The center normally includes a message center, and transmitting and receiving facilities.” There are several problems within the center including a lack of communication; however, the most prominent issue comes from the lack of professionalism from the superiors. From favoritism, to unwritten rules, to misinterpretations of orders, the environment can quickly become hostile and extremely unpleasant. It is stated that “Choosing Police Emergency Communications Officer (PECO) as a profession means that you enjoy a fast-paced, exciting environment in which to work. Many times, PECO’s are the first to speak with a citizen during an emergency, and must provide accurate information to the citizen and relay the information to the responding police officer.” In an already stressful position, hostility is not something that should be added....
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...In 2015, after the Illinois Governor Bruce Rauner had attended several Summit of Hope Events which are put on IDOC and Illinois Department of Public Health( IDPH), he signed a executive order to create the Illinois State Commission on Criminal Justice and Sentencing Reform. “The Illinois State Commission on Criminal Justice and Sentencing Reform will review of the State of Illinois current criminal justice and sentencing structure, sentencing practices, community supervision, and the use of alternatives to incarceration, including, but not limited to, a review and evaluation of”( Illinois Executive Order 15-14): • “The existing statutory provisions by which an offender is sentenced to or can be released from incarceration; • The existing statutory...
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...The juvenile justice offender intervention would have a better chance to be successful if greater use of evidence-based practice principle and rehabilitative programs followed the ten principles (Bartollas & Miller, 2011). First, the Target Criminogenic Needs principle is a program to assess factors such as crime causing needs, anti-social attitudes, lack of self-control and lack of responsibility. Second, the Target Thorough Assessment of Risk and Need basically governs that a juvenile offender that does not receive proper treatment will repeat their offense. Third, the Base Design and Implementation on a Proven Theoretical Model is enforcing an effective program that focuses on social learning and cognitive behaviors. Fourth, is the Use of...
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...The introduction of the Youth Justice and Other Legislation Amendment Act in 2014 introduced changes to the legislation surrounding youth justice. These changes are designed to provide harsher punishment to youth offenders, focusing on deterrence techniques. The first change introduced by the Youth Justice and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2014 is – where part 4, division 2 of the Children’s court Act 2000 is to provide that an open court for repeat offenders is now allowed (Department of Justice and Attorney General, 2014). The court has the authority, if it is believed to be in the best interest of justice, to close the court in a repeat offender’s case. The court may also be closed if the evidence is being given of a sexual nature is being given in a Court room. (Department of Justice...
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...Amartya sen’s Idea of Justice – A criticize on John Rawls theory of justice Dr. Mugdha Saptnekar. Guided by : Dr. Asmita A. Vaidya. Email- saptnekar31@gmail.com Mobile no- 9404789720 Abstract- In 2009 Amartya sen’s Book The Idea of Justice was published. The book was a highlight on Economic reasoning and a critique of John Rawls Theory of Justice written in 1971. Sen in his Idea of justice has established the importance of objective reasoning. He states that justice is not a singular term but a pluralistic notion with many Dimensions. He criticizes John Rawls Theory of justice for its inadequacy in delivering actual justice. According to him concepts and principles of justice should change as per the changing needs of the society. In Idea of justice Sen makes an attempt to use basic tenets of the Theory of the Theory of Social choice to suggest possibilities that could be adopted in identification and minimization of injustice Key words: Economic reasoning, objective reasoning, utilitarian, egalitarian, libertarian, monolithic ideal, pluralistic notion Introduction- Amartya Sen is a much admired, award winning economist, writer and philosopher. A voice of the poor, and malnourished, tirelessly engrossed in the problems of the society’s poorest people. Born in West Bengal in 1933, Amartya Sen studied at Presidency college, Calcutta and Trinity college, Cambridge. He taught economics in Delhi ...
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...THE IMPACT OF THE CHARITIES AND SOCIETIES LEGISLATION ON THE PROMOTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE IN ETHIOPIA By Gebremedhin Birega gbdagaga@gmail.com March 2014 Addis Ababa Ethiopia 1 Abstract Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in general and environmental CSOs in particular, have been playing considerable constructive role in the nation building efforts in Ethiopia. However, all their contributions are not wholeheartedly accepted by the government. In 2009, the government introduced a new law overtly presented to register, administer and create an enabling environment for a more meaningful contribution of CSOs/NGOs. Nevertheless, it has been argued that the introduction of the new law further weakened the already young and inexperienced CSO/NGO sector in general and those engaged in environmental justice in particular. The main objective of this paper is therefore to assess the impact of the legislation on NGOs/CSOs engaged in environmental justice mainly in: limiting areas of intervention; affecting access to foreign funds and other forms of support to undertake mandated tasks; retaining competence including knowledge and skills; making government answerable to felt needs of the society; advancing meaningful networking among CSOs at national, regional and global level on environmental policy reform issues; downsized change in amount of budget and skilled staff; engaging in research undertaking; conducting quality monitoring and evaluation activities. Based on...
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...CRP 460/560X Social Justice & Planning Spring 2013 IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Community and Regional Planning DIVERSITY AWARENESS CASE STUDY – ASSIGNMENT 1 Beyond simple “text book” learning, in this course we will strive to connect the material with current happenings in our world and communities. You will have an opportunity to do this in this two‐part assignment. In assignment 1 you will find and research a diversity awareness project. This first part will focus on learning what other groups and organizations have done to promote diversity awareness. Then, in assignment 2 you will develop a campaign for promoting diversity awareness in your own academic community – the College of Design. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Iowa State University has many projects and initiatives focused on social justice and diversity. Each unit and department creates educational programing and events to meet the needs of their students, faculty, and staff. The College of Design Diversity Board, the University Diversity Committee, and other departments want help developing a Diversity Awareness Campaign that: Is inclusive to all Iowa State University students, faculty, and staff, Encourages sensitivity towards and connections across differences, Initiates dialogue and training opportunities related to diversity concerns, Encourages the development of educational programming and activities that explore multiple ...
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...of Justice 2 2. Analysis of Sen’s Idea of Justice 3 2.1. Theoretical Versus Practical Approach 3 2.2. Niti and Nyaya’s Model in Sen’s Framework of Justice 4 2.3 Capability Approach in Sen’s Theory of Justice 4 Conclusion 6 Bibliography 7 Abstract Amartya Kumar Sen’s thought on justice are groundbreaking in our pluralistic society. The question could be why? To my mind, Sen constructs theory of justice basing on the social injustices encountered due to structural and cultural backgrounds. He concentrates on the practical application of transcendental theories of justice in building a more just society based on enhancement of capabilities (real opportunities and freedoms). We can say a society that focuses on promotion of people’s freedom in the Sen’s framework moves towards achieving justice. Introduction Amartya Kumar Sen is a renown Indian economist, philosopher, developmental ethicist and a first Asian to receive a Nobel Prize in Economics. His book Idea of Justice and Development as Freedom have made a new paradigm shifting as regards welfare and wellbeing of individuals in the society. Sen propounds for a practical approach of justice that is concerned with eliminating forms of injustices in the society. It is here that Sen develops capability approach as an evaluative tool in the just society, whereby social justice addresses structural forms of discrimination. His thoughts on justice tend towards positive consequences of the theories of justice in enhancing...
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...Justice has always been an interesting topic for philosophers and also for ordinary people. Justice can be defined briefly as “the fairness in the way that people are treated” (Collins Cobuild, p. 910). Plato and Aristotle, two leading figures of ancient Greek civilization, were earliest philosophers who thought about justice and developed theories about the sublime aspects of being just. This assignment is an attempt to prove that pursuing a life of justice would make living more worthwhile than being unjust or a combination of just and unjust life. In order to reach this point, I am going to explain the concept of justice and its superior aspects from the perspective of both Plato and Aristotle by taking help from their famous works “The Republic” and “The Nicomachean Ethics”. I will also give place to counter arguments and their rebuttals. I will make my own comments at the final part of the assignment. Plato (427 BC-347 BC) was one of the earlier and most important philosophers of the world and is also known as the founder of “The Academy”. Plato’s most famous work is “The Republic” in which he tries to draw the qualities of a just individual and a just state by explaining the sublime nature of justice. In the first two books of The Republic, dialogues between different characters focus on different meanings of justice. During the conversation two conventional definitions of justice (“giving a man’s due” and “doing good to your friends, harm to your enemies”) are refuted...
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...Law and Justice THEORIES OF JUSTICE Plato In Plato’s major work, The Republic, he used Socrates as a mouth piece to develop his on view of justice. Socrates outlines his, i.e Plato’s view of justice both for the individual and for society. Dealing with the man first; a man’s soul has 3 elements: 1. Reason 2. Spirt 3. Appetite or desire A man is just when each of these three elements fulfils its appropriate function and there is a harmonious relationship between them. Within society there are three groups society is just hen each class fulfils its appropriate function and there is a harmonious relationship between them. Therefore Plato viewed justice as harmony between the warring elements. Distributive Justice This is concerned with fairly shaking the benefits such as money, property, family, takes and civic duties of life within an organisation. Aristotle Aristotle stressed the need for proportionality and achieving the middle ay and a proper balance between extremes. He said a ‘just state’ ill distribute its wealth on the basis of worth (merit) therefore giving to each according to their virtue and contribution to society. He stated there was a need for corrective justice to ensure that individuals can keep what they are entitled to. The role of the court is making sure the offender does not benefit from his crime ad victim does not suffer loss. In this sense, the balance or ‘middle way’ is achieved. Thomas Aquinas Illustrated his view of...
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