...Deception by the Investigating Officer in the Investigative, Interrogative, and Testimonial Processes Anita L. Levy AJS/532 Ethics in Justice and Security June 8, 2015 Professor Melba Pearson Deception by the Investigating Officer in the Investigative, Interrogative, and Testimonial Processes Deception involves “acting in such a way which leads another person to believe something that you, yourself, do not believe to be true” (Alonso-Quecuty, 1992). Deception can occur in any or all of the three stages of the detecting process which include, investigation, interrogation and court testimony. Each stage is subject to increasingly tough normative constraints (Skolnick, 1999). In the investigation phase of a case police are permitted by the courts to engage in deception and they are trained to do just that. The method that they use may include wiretaps, informants, undercover agents, and the possession and sale of illegal materials or substances (Skolnick, 1999). The line between what is acceptable and what is not is that of entrapment. The deception may be employed up to the point that an “agent of the government initiates a court of action that induces an otherwise innocent person to commit a crime in order that the government may then prosecute” (Skolnick, 1999). It is being recognized that these deceptive practices will be used against those who are reasonably suspected of engaging in criminal behavior or otherwise acting in an unjust manner, to include people...
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...can occur within a relationship, that neither are single events but rather an accumulation of acts in which forms of violence enter the relationship, and that neither are easy to stop. Some authors argue that prostitution per say is violence and is the same as domestic violence, and that all prostitution causes harm to women (Farley 2004; Stark and Hodgson 2004). We show the relational nature of sex trafficking through an analysis of police investigations into sex trafficking related to window prostitution in the Amsterdam red-light district during the period 2006. In the Netherlands, prostitution is a legal and regulated profession. In 2007, for instance, a literature study was published on the intersection between domestic violence and human trafficking (Warnath 2007). Sex trafficking is a form of trafficking in persons, which is defined in the UN Palermo Protocol as: ‘The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose...
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...DETECTING DECEPTION To summaries the first two articles topic area Deception may be suggested that both articles are concerned with the investigation of deception from the view point of the verbal and nonverbal reasoning. Their aim is to find predominantly nonverbal cues to when people are telling the truth and when people act in a deceptive manner. They both were found to more or less lack of stance validity Article three however; “Outsmarting the Liars” was chosen as it was more recent; it was corresponding well to the previous two articles topic, but in the same time was offering ultimate solution and entirely new approach to the topic. It was also offering different and new modern continuation of the topic and was moreover offering solutions that work and were based on real life outsets to an extent. Further it was a practical solution to the outstanding unresolved problems of the research on detecting deception. Another reason was that the authors were well known authorities in the research field of deception and they use the most recent research done in the field by others as well as their own. The Methodology used by the first two articles is using controlled experiment and collecting primary data. Both of them rely highly on previous research and are aiming to fill gaps in further research, to minimise limitations and to find solutions to limitation that cannot be overcome until that point. In comparison the three articles are conducted as experiments in which...
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...and Alone” was that he was always in contact with John Ciccone and Ciccone was always in contact with the rest of their chain of command. The operation went pretty smoothly for various reasons, but one main reason was due to Queen’s constant contact with his chain of command, filling them in on what was happening and where around about he would be required to travel in the days coming. A final skill that an undercover officer should possess before proceeding with an undercover operation is knowledge regarding the difference between deception and entrapment. As we all know, entrapment is illegal and it is commonly used as a criminal defense strategy. Deception is legal and is commonly used by most police officers as a means to obtain a confession, to make an arrest, or to infiltrate a group engaging in criminal activity. I believe many citizens do not trust police officers because of their ability to use deception, but, in fact, the use of deception in undercover operations is...
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...Psychological Society The British Psychological Society www.bpsjournals.co.uk The truth about lies: What works in detecting high-stakes deception? Stephen Porter* and Leanne ten Brinke University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada In this paper, we provide our view of the current understanding of high-stakes lies often occurring in forensic contexts. We underscore the importance of avoiding widespread pitfalls of deception detection and challenging prevailing assumptions concerning strategies for catching liars. The promise and limitations of each of non-verbal/body language, facial, verbal/linguistic, and physiological channels in detecting deception are discussed. In observing the absence of a single cue or behavioural channel that consistently reveals deception, a holistic approach with concurrent attention to multiple channels of a target’s behaviour (ideally videotaped for review) and changes from baseline behaviour is recommended whenever possible. Among the best-validated cues to be considered together include: illustrators, blink and pause rate, speech rate, vague descriptions, repeated details, contextual embedding, reproduction of conversations, and emotional ‘leakage’ in the face. While advocating a reliance on empirical evidence, we observe that few studies of high-stakes deception yet have been conducted. Further, some manifestations of lying are highly idiosyncratic and difficult to address in quantitative research,...
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...conspiracy theories about who was involved with the murder. President Kennedy wanted to travel to Dallas, Texas to help strengthen his vote for the upcoming election and also to gain more Democratic Party members. Before Kennedy went on the trip there was some concern about a sniper being on top of a building. President Kennedy also made comments before he was killed about his safety in a convertible car. The car President Kennedy was driving in was a 1963 Lincoln Continental open top limo. Sergeant Davis of the Dallas police department was the one who made sure the city was secure whenever any President or foreign leader came to Dallas. The secret service agent who was responsible for the planning of the Kennedy motorcade was Winston Lawson. Lawson told Sergeant Davis not to allow any police officers to follow the president's car. It was standard procedure for the police to secure the perimeter when any president came to Dallas. Jessy Curry who was the chief of police said that if the cops were allowed to secure the area, then the murder could have...
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...Truro Police Department CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION Policy Number: OPS-6.02 REFERENCE: TPDM Policy OPS-6.02.1 Effective Date: June 1, 2000 Revised Date: October 20, 2004 Accreditation Standards: Mass. Gen. Law: Chap. 90, Sec.22B, MRCP 14(a)(1)(A)(viii) Other: Comm. v. DiGiambattista, District Attorney’s Guidelines on Identification Procedures _________________________ POLICY: It shall be the policy of the Truro Police Department to conduct criminal investigations for the purpose of clearing crimes by arrest and/or complaint; to prosecute lawbreakers; and to recover stolen property. Whenever members of this department conduct an investigation, which requires the interrogation of a suspect, or an interview, connected therewith, all constitutional and statutory rights guaranteed under the law shall be afforded to the individual. The Truro Police Department will ensure that there is a screening of all reported offenses to assure adequate follow-up investigation whenever appropriate. Whenever possible, the District Attorney’s Guidelines on Identification Procedures with attached forms and checklists will be used when dealing with photo line ups, arrays, show ups and taped interrogations and identifications. (Revised October 20, 2004) PROCEDURES: 1. UNIFORM PATROLMEN CONDUCT PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS: Most preliminary investigations will be conducted by members of the patrol force since they are usually the first to arrive at the scene and can start the investigation without delay. Patrolmen...
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...working in law enforcement and undercover policing there may be a wide variety of issues that come up and have to be dealt with. To gather information about ongoing and future criminal activity as well as disrupt these activities and arrest those involved, law enforcement agencies often use undercover employees. Over the years UCEs have worked to combat organized prostitution rings, the manufacture and distribution of drugs, street gangs, outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMGs) and extremist groups on both the political left and right including the Ku Klux Klan, neo-Nazis, skinheads, and militant separatist groups. Undercover assignments include short-term drug "buy and bust" stings that last for no more than a few hours to deep cover, long-term investigations that keep UCEs in the field for months or years. (Fitzgerald, P. n.d.) There are massive amounts of stress to overcome during undercover work. As the UCE forms relationships with those he or she is investigating, feelings of ambivalence and guilt may ensue. UCEs may find themselves witnessing offenses committed by members of criminal organizations, a scenario that can trigger a serious moral dilemma. Should they attempt to intervene and stop the crime, or remain passive and protect their undercover identity? Another sensitive moral issue is that of UCEs having sexual relations (to gain information) with individuals they are investigating. Should there be limits as to what UCEs can and cannot do, to and with both criminals and noncriminal...
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...“The interrogation is critical to any criminal investigation. A suspect might lie or tell the truth, they may be innocent or guilty. Interrogation is a high stakes game. Too much pressure and an innocent person might confess to a crime they didn’t commit.” National Geographic’s “Nothing but the Truth” This is a concept held by many to be the ultimate goal of interrogation. But, from research, deception is a common technique used by interrogators against the accused. In the Oxford Dictionary deceive is defined as deliberately causing someone to believe something that is not true, especially for personal gain. It is said to bring out the truth by using a lie, but is it really ethical? There are three types of false confessions: Voluntary false confessions are made without external pressure. Compliant false confessions happen when a suspect confesses to the crime just to get out of the interrogative situation. Internalised false confessions occur when the accused starts believing that they have committed the crime. In a criminal case documented by National Geographic’s, in 1988 a 12 year old girl was killed and police believed her 14 year old brother had killed her. The detective told him if he did not confess he would be tried as an adult and if he confessed he would get help. This was a lie. The detectives in a 10 hour interrogation finally led to him confessing to the crime. Luckily, DNA later revealed that he was innocent. There is a misconception amongst arrogant...
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...justified in their lie” (Barash 1). This means that, women lie to please others and to protect their reputation amongst others. Many people use a lie to spare someone’s feelings; however lying should be used as a form of deception. Women are more likely to lie to spare someone’s feelings, while other women and men use...
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...The IUCN Anti-Fraud Policy February 2008 – Version 1.0 Office of the Director General The World Conservation Union Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 999 0296 Fax: +41 22 999 0029 www.iucn.org Policy Version Control and Document History: The IUCN Anti-Fraud Policy Title Version Source language Published in French under the title Published in Spanish under the title Responsible Unit Developed by Subject (Taxonomy) Date approved Approved by Applicable to Purpose IUCN Anti – Fraud Policy 1.0 released February 2008 English Politique de l’UICN de lutte contre la fraude Política para la Prevención de Fraudes de la UICN Office of the Director General IUCN Oversight Unit Fraud, Internal Control, Risk Management November 2007 Director General and Global Management Team All IUCN Staff Members world-wide The aim of the IUCN Anti-Fraud Policy is to safeguard the reputation and financial viability of IUCN through improved management of fraud risk. It sets out explicit steps to be taken in response to reported or suspected fraud, as well as measures that will be taken to prevent or minimize the risk of fraud. IUCN Internal Control Policy Framework COSO Standards IUCN Code of Conduct and Professional Ethics for the Secretariat Sent to all staff members world-wide, available on the IUCN Knowledge Network (intranet), provided for information to all partner organizations and suppliers with contracts with IUCN, and available publicly on request. Is part of Conforms...
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...fighting force taking care of things in country against terrorist attacks and foreign intelligence while helping the police force with major crimes and works with all serial murders, child trafficking, kidding napping and major in-country crimes. The CIA is an international intelligence there job is collecting all information that may be a threat and then deciding to take action upon it or not CIA also does not directly interact in other investigations, and does not have any jurisdiction over issues in the United States. The CIA and FBI are both very specialized government offices that have an extensive history, strict requirements and specialized training. In 1908 the FBI was created by Attorney General Charles Bonaparte, while Theodore Roosevelt was in office. The FBI was originally named the Bureau of Investigation at the time of its creation. Then in 1932 the agency was renamed into the United States Bureau of Investigation, then yet again in 1933 was named Division of Investigation (DOI) and finally in 1935 it was given the name the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). In 1935 J. Edgar Hoover became the first FBI Director and served for 48...
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...Officer Selection Process 2 Abstract This paper will discuss the major components of the state police. It will focus on the selection process which determines if a candidate is suitable to work in law enforcement. In addition, the following will be discussed, the training process and career development programs that are available for officers. Many different kinds of government agencies have a great deal of responsibility for enforcing the law and striving for protection. To become employed with a state police law enforcement agency, one must go through an extensive process which includes the passing of a written exam, an in-depth background check, oral interview, and pass a psychology test. Once the application has been submitted, the written exam begins the first phase of the selection process. Typically these exams are given by the civil service department. The exam evaluates the applicants’ basic knowledge such as: reading, writing, and comprehension skills. The scores are ranked, and whoever amongst the candidates pass the percentage amount will advance to the next phase. The purpose of a background check is to determine if the applicant is in good moral standing. In doing so, the applicant cannot be convicted of any felonies or have any serious misdemeanors. Not only should the candidate be deterred from all criminal convictions, but also should not elicit the use of drugs, violent activity, the excessive use of alcohol, or portray any...
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...Abstract This paper will discuss the major components of the state police. It will focus on the selection process which determines if a candidate is suitable to work in law enforcement. In addition, the following will be discussed, the training process and career development programs that are available for officers. Many different kinds of government agencies have a great deal of responsibility for enforcing the law and striving for protection. To become employed with a state police law enforcement agency, one must go through an extensive process which includes the passing of a written exam, an in-depth background check, oral interview, and pass a psychology test. Once the application has been submitted, the written exam begins the first phase of the selection process. Typically these exams are given by the civil service department. The exam evaluates the applicants’ basic knowledge such as: reading, writing, and comprehension skills. The scores are ranked, and whoever amongst the candidates pass the percentage amount will advance to the next phase. The purpose of a background check is to determine if the applicant is in good moral standing. In doing so, the applicant cannot be convicted of any felonies or have any serious misdemeanors. Not only should the candidate be deterred from all criminal convictions, but also should not elicit the use of drugs, violent activity, the excessive use of alcohol, or portray any racial or prejudicial attitudes of any kind. The...
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...Your Name Professors Name Class Name Date the Assignment is Due American History Book Review Research Paper Blood, Money, and Power: How LBJ killed JFK, is an interesting non-fiction novel written by Barr McClellan. Barr McClellan was a lawyer who worked in President LBJ’s administration as an attorney clerk for National Labor Relations Board, and later on as a Commissioner lawyer of the Federal Power Commission. The novel uncovers the secret of a conspiracy that led to the death of President John F. Kennedy (JFK) and the progression of Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) as the President. In his novel, through his qualifications and use of evidence from the warren commission, court papers, and documents, Barr McClellan uses corruption, fraud, and assassination as the main themes that disclose the murder plot of President JFK. The author of the book provides clear evidence and details that connect several people especially LBJ to the assassination of JFK, and further enlighten people on the JFK’s murder case. Barr McClellan started working as a licensed lawyer after finishing his studies, whereby he started working for Lyndon B. Johnson. He first worked with the United States Labor Relations and later moved to the United States Federal Power Commission department. In 1966, Barr McClellan joined the Texas law firm of Clark, Thomas, and winters, where he worked for about eight years and resigned. McClellan resigned after discovering the illegal activities that the firm was engaged...
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