...Unit 9 Assignment Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Linda is an ex substance abuser and has experienced a few relapses. Linda is 33 and is in good health besides damage to her lungs due to smoking crack cocaine. She is concerned about her memory, since she misplaces her car keys at home and losing her car in the parking lot. Linda is also telling stories regarding her children and is later corrected for telling the story about the wrong child. Linda has no brain damage, besides the decay of her memory due to her substance abuse. When one has brain damage, or anyone uses any illicit drug, it affects the function of the brain. She believes she might be suffering from a neurological disorder. I believe the effect she is experiencing is due to her past substance use. Cocaine is known to cause several neurological disorders due to the fact that the crystalline free-base form is water insoluble which when smoking or free basing results in an instantaneous high contributing to the rapid absorption through the large pulmonary surface area and swift penetration to the brain. Cocaine can be absorbed from the mucous membrane, therefore causing neurological complications (Agarwal, 2013). Since she is healthy I would rule out that it is a neurological disorder and that it is just poor memory. Substance abuse affects the brain stem, the limbic system, and the cerebral cortex since drugs are chemicals. Cocaine causes nerve cells to release excessive amounts of natural neurotransmitters...
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...PSYCH 640 COMPLETE CLASS To purchase this visit following link: http://www.activitymode.com/product/psych-640-complete-class/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM PSYCH 640 COMPLETE CLASS PSYCH 640 Complete Class PSYCH 640 – Week 1 – DQ 1 PSYCH 640 – Week 1 – DQ 2 PSYCH 640 – Week 1 – DQ 3 PSYCH 640 – Week 1 – Individual – History of Cognitive Psychology Lecture PSYCH 640 – Week 2 – DQ 1 PSYCH 640 – Week 2 – DQ 2 PSYCH 640 – Week 2 – Individual – Visual Information Processing PSYCH 640 – Week 2 – Learning Team – Perception, Attention, Encoding, and Performance Presentation PSYCH 640 – Week 3 – DQ 1 PSYCH 640 – Week 3 – DQ 2 PSYCH 640 – Week 3 – DQ 3 PSYCH 640 COMPLETE CLASS To purchase this visit following link: http://www.activitymode.com/product/psych-640-complete-class/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM PSYCH 640 COMPLETE CLASS PSYCH 640 Complete Class PSYCH 640 – Week 1 – DQ 1 PSYCH 640 – Week 1 – DQ 2 PSYCH 640 – Week 1 – DQ 3 PSYCH 640 – Week 1 – Individual – History of Cognitive Psychology Lecture PSYCH 640 – Week 2 – DQ 1 PSYCH 640 – Week 2 – DQ 2 PSYCH 640 – Week 2 – Individual – Visual Information Processing PSYCH 640 – Week 2 – Learning Team – Perception, Attention, Encoding, and Performance Presentation PSYCH 640 – Week 3 – DQ 1 PSYCH 640 – Week 3 – DQ 2 PSYCH 640 – Week 3 – DQ 3 PSYCH 640 COMPLETE CLASS To purchase this visit following link: http://www.activitymode.com/product/psych-640-complete-class/ ...
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...Cognitive Processes Associated With Language Gwendolyn Spillman, University of Phoenix Cognitive Psychology PSYCH/640 Gaston Weisz March 21, 2014 Cognitive Processes Associated With Language Language is a cognitive function that most humans take for granted. The basic means of communication among individuals is through language. Language allows people to communicate with each other, share his or her thoughts and feelings, share ideas and concepts, fears, and affirmations. Different cultures have different languages as well as vocabulary and grammatically components that each one understands. The goal of this paper is to explain what language is and the many methods behind it, the cognitive process of perception and how it affects language, and the cognitive process of language comprehension. Cognitive Processes Associated with Comprehension There are three processes concerning the cognitive processes associated with language comprehension. These processes begin with the perceptual processes that encode spoken or written words (Anderson, 2010). Parsing is the second stage, in which people try to extract as much information from every word in order to put meaning to a sentence. Individuals will use syntactic cues, such as word order to arrive at an interpretation of a sentence (Anderson, 2010). When sentences contain ambiguity, people will use the principle of minimal attachment to help them interpret a sentence. This is a process where a person will choose an interpretation...
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...Adriana Umana 27 April 2015 Psych 351 Cognitive Dissonance According to cognitive dissonance theory, there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (beliefs, expectations, or opinions of a particular individual). When inconsistency does exist between these beliefs or attitudes, psychological tension (dissonance) occurs and must be resolved through some action. My personal example of cognitive dissonance is the purchase of a 1996 Mustang I made over the summer. This car was my dream car; it was new, and had all of the features I could ever want. I didn’t have much money but I was so excited that I took out my first loan to buy this beautiful car. However, when it came time for school in the fall, I discovered that it was not the ideal vehicle to drive over the mountains. It was an older car; it didn’t have seatbelts, and was very sluggish traveling over the mountain pass. I was extremely frustrated. Dissonance existed between my belief that I had bought a dream car and that a dream car should have seatbelts and have enough power to make it over a mountain pass. To eliminate this dissonance, I decided to store the car at my parent’s house and only drive the car infrequently. Since then, I have also purchased another car that does have seatbelts and can drive 75mph over the pass. In doing so, I have changed both my behavior and my beliefs. I have changed my belief that it is important for a dream car to have seatbelts and drive over...
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...INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY (McLeod, 2015) Psychodynamic approach includes human functioning that drives within the unconscious and between different structures of personality. The understanding of human behaviour is called ‘psychoanalysis’. (Freud, 1939), the father of psychology, assumed that mental illnesses wasn’t something to be treated medically but by what has come to be known as psychodynamic therapy. He advocated that the unconscious mind could influence the mental illness whilst recovering (Cardwell, 1996). This approach to psychoanalysis is demonstrated in his treatment of Anna O. Freud assumed that mental illnesses wasn’t something to be treated medically but by therapy. He implicated that unconscious mind could influence the mental illness whilst recovering (Cardwell, 1996). He diagnosed her illness as hysteria and developed a form of therapy to treat her symptoms (Webster, 2015). (Cardwell, 2004) Freud compared the mind to an iceberg with the water above being the conscious and the water beneath the unconscious part of the mind. The id - the primary part of personality follows pleasure and gratification, and dominates the unconscious part of the mind. Ego - driven by reality principles and penalties of an action dominates the conscious mind. Superego contains conscience and guilt, and also dwells mostly in the conscious mind. The superego develops as we become aware of societal rules. (Cardwell, 1996) According to Freud we have two drives which are sex and...
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...Cognitive Processes Paper Psych/560 June 6, 2013 Prof. Pitt Cognitive Processes According to Robinson-Riegler and Robinson-Riegler (2008), learning is a natural task carried out by humans to facilitate better and more fulfilling life development. In general, human beings learn through, observation or even through other classical methods. Humans learn how to adapt to specific disciplines as well as how to ignore some unnecessary responsive stimulus though classical methods. However, in applying the available learning methods, human beings must pass through a comprehensive cognitive process. There are several types of stimulus or cognitive processes common in human growth and development. Different people employ the available cognitive processes at different times in their life time. The identification of the common cognitive processes as well as their purpose in human development is exceptionally decisive in facilitating the understanding of human cognitive development. Common Cognitive Processes By referring to Robinson-Riegler and Robinson-Riegler (2008), the first main cognitive process is perception. Perception entails the front-end process which helps in the organization and interpretation of the received information. Perception is usually based on auditory information as well...
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...Issue Analysis: Cognitive Dissonance PSYCH/555 April 22, 2013 Dr. Keisha Anthony Issue Analysis: Cognitive Dissonance “Festinger's (1957) cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we have an inner drive to hold all our attitudes and beliefs in harmony and avoid disharmony (or dissonance)” (McLeod, 2008). Issue 5: Does Cognitive Dissonance Explain Why Behavior Can Change Attitudes debates the cognitive dissonance theory with one of the authors challenging the theory by claiming that self-perception is a better explanation as to why people behave differently once they have acted outside of their norm as most people try to find some sort of consistency between their actions and their attitudes. Consonant and dissonant cognitions both affect the attitude on opposite ends of a spectrum. As with consonant cognitions the behavior matches the attitude and with dissonant cognitions have behaviors that conflict with their attitudes. One of the most powerful influences on attitude change is the motivation of people to maintain that consistency between their attitudes and behaviors. Although the cognitive dissonance theory is studied and utilized by psychologists all over the world, there are some who reject this theory and believe that self-perception is what enables people to decide on their attitudes, emotions, and behaviors because they are able to cast judgment upon themselves based on their behavior in different situations. Summary of both Arguments in Issue 5 Festinger...
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...Cognitive Psychology Psych 560 May 20, 2013 Prof. Pitt Cognitive Psychology The brain is one of the major faculties that provide sense to human life. The numerous and various abilities of the human brain are truly amazing. However, although it is a common thought that man may think extraordinarily, human emotions have great influence to how human beings think, and use his brains. It is the reason why any activity facilitated or performed by the brain is called a mental processes or cognition. Cognition refers to the process that involves mental or cognitive ability such as in learning, comprehension, judging, thinking, problem-solving, remembering and recalling (Kendra, 2011). Neisser (2009) defined cognition as the “act of knowing, and cognitive psychology is the study of all human activities related to knowledge”. (Page 1) Cognitive psychology is a part of the larger field of cognitive science and is related to various disciplines in psychology such as neuroscience, linguistics, and philosophy. The main thrust of cognitive psychology is how the people acquire, store and process information. Compared with other dominant approaches in psychology for example, the behaviorism approach which is concerned with the observable behaviors, the cognitive approach focuses on internal mental states. Unlike psychoanalysis which is focused on subjective perceptions, the cognitive psychology...
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...Effects of Aging on Cognitive Development Dawn Menard Psych/640 September 7, 2015 Dr. Samantha Hickman Effects of Aging on Cognitive Development This news release is going to discuss and evaluate the effects of aging on cognitive development. It is also going to discuss how cognitive neuroscience and Alzheimer’s disease play a role in how memory declines with information processing and working memory. Aging and Cognitive Development Aging plays a role on cognitive development as people get older. As people get older, their cognitive ability does not enhance but they are able to learn new things over time. One test, the Weschler test, deals with verbal and performance intelligence. These tests are rapid tests but are often misguided. These tests focus on verbal and language skills and remain consistent for cognitive development for aging adults, however, when given reasoning or problem-solving tests, their skills tend to slow down and their cognitive thinking is not as quick. According to Anderson (2009, p. 404), “the importance of these declines in simple measures of cognitive capabilities can be easily manipulated”. Cognitive Neuroscience Cognitive neuroscience works with dedicating itself to studying cognition in the brain and how information is processed. According to Anderson (2009, p. 12), “cognitive neuroscience develops ways to help one process the neural basis of cognition”. The brain has more neurons during birth and infancy but as adults’ age...
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...Effects of Aging on Cognitive Development Natasha Veruchi PSYCH 640 3/30/14 Professor Weisz Effects of Aging on Cognitive Development As the society moves more towards the technological age, there also are advancements in medical technology that can prolong one’s life and solve medical issues that may be threatening one’s life. In the following paragraphs, there will be an evaluation of the effects of aging on cognitive development. These effects consist of physical decline as well as decline of one’s ability to obtain knowledge through their senses. There will also be examples provided to support the points as they are stated. Working with the older population one comes to realize that the majority of the older population will develop some form of dementia or Alzheimer’s. Cognitive frailty is emerging as the highest of health issue for the older population. As Bishop, Lue,and Yanker discusses as the life expectancy increases so does the onset of dementia and Alzheimer’s (2010). Aging effects several changes in the brain, as we grow older, the part of the brain that is responsible for cognitive functions show less coordination. As one ages, parts of the brain become inactive and others are affected by age even when they are free of disease (Bishop, Lue, and Yanker, 2010). There are certain cognitive processes that are relevant to one learning new information and trying to remember the information learned. A general downward spiral of overt attention capacity...
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...Effects of Aging on Cognitive Development Daphney Walker PSYCH/640 May 5, 2014 Holly Berry Effects of Aging on Cognitive Development Aging is a natural process of life however, studies show that there are some age-related decline in cognitive development. As a person grows older some brain cell dies, shrink, or weaken and cause some decline in brain functions. Some cognitive processes include attention, working memory, long-term memory, perception, and executive control. The material will explain the effect of aging on cognitive development by providing scholarly research proof. Cognitive Development Cognition is the process by which human beings learn about the world and the objects in it and also understand the relationship between themselves, the objects, and themselves. It is the ability of a person to learn and understand from his or her experiences, to acquire and retain knowledge to use in new situations, and solve problems. Cognitive development refers to the process of growth to the intellectual or mental abilities such as thinking, reasoning, and understanding. Cognitive development includes acquiring and condensing of knowledge. Social-emotional, language, perceptual, motor and environment experiences aid in cognitive development in infant. Piaget’s development theory gives an understanding of cognitive development from birth to adulthood. He postulated that when a child enters the world he or she lacks the cognitive competencies that an adult has. However...
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...Cognitive Development and Aging Paper Psych/640 Cognitive development and Aging Paper As people age their bodies go through a lot of changes physically as well as psychologically. As humans age normally they undergo changes in their brain which affect cognitive functioning and development. Each person is different so the age-related changes in the structure of the brain and in its function as well as in cognition and cognitive domains are not uniform across the whole brain, nor are the uniform across individuals. This means that some of the changes that a person goes through due to aging another person may not experience. The two basic cognitive functions that are affected most by a person aging is attention and memory (Glisky, 2007). The thing that a person needs to know is that memory and attention are not unitary functions; there are multiple parts to both functions some of which may not be affected by a person aging while others are affected. According to the Glisky (2007), perception in a person as the person ages declines due to declining sensory capacities which can impact the cognitive functions later in a person. Perception is a person’s senses such as touch, sight, taste, and smells which is why some people believe that it is actually a precognition function. According to Anderson (2010), perception is the sensory experience of the world around individuals which involve recognition of environmental stimuli as well as actions in response to the stimuli. What...
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...Attaining Expertise Daphney Walker PSYCH/640 June 2, 2014 Holly Berry Attaining Expertise In every industry experts are needed to teach others certain skills, give advice, and use strategies to solve problems. Individuals can attain expertise by focusing on a particular skill to improve. It is said that “experts are made and not born,” so expertise is not attained in one day, but takes practice and time and individuals also attain expertise at different rates performance levels. Experts develop cognitive processes that result in their high levels of performance, “Extensive practice can develop expertise in high level skill (Anderson, 2010). Acquired knowledge and skills are needed to attain expertise. This material will discuss the process involve in attaining expertise in teaching skills. Definition of Expertise Expertise refers to the superior achievement of an expert. The Webster’s dictionary defines expert as, “an individual who acquired special skill or knowledge in a particular subject through professional training and practical experience.” So this individual attain superior performance by instruction and extended practice and he or she is very skillful and well-informed. He or she is widely recognize as a reliable source of knowledge, technique, or skill and has authority and status by others. According to Anderson, (2010, p. 242), “No on develops expertise without a great deal of hard work. Also no one reach genius levels of performance without at least...
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...What is Cognitive Psychology? Basically, it studies human cognitive processes - acquiring, storing, transforming and using knowledge to make decisions. From all of the lessons we tackled in this class, I consider memory as the most important. If you notice my concept map, I used the term memory as a link with all the other terms we discussed in COGPSYC. It is because for me, everything is linked to it and impossible without it. We cannot learn without memory; we cannot solve problems without memory; and we cannot have emotions without memory. It starts with the concept of schema. It is said that schema is where information is organized to form concepts using our mental network (Woolfolk, 2007). It acts as a baseline where all the new information a person gets from the external stimuli is organized. This process of organizing is then adapted until it balances with the other cognitive schemas. Memory can be classified into three categories: sensory, short-term, and long term (Baddeley, 2004). In the process of sensory memory, a person see, hear or touch the information using his attention and perception from the external stimuli. From that, the information which is successfully monitored is then transferred into the short term memory. Information in short-term memory needs to be rehearsed. This is called maintenance rehearsal which involves process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking over specific information (Craik & Lockhart, 1972). One needs to repeat words or concepts...
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...Jayden White R. Cloeter Psych 1300 12 June 2016 Metacognition This is my introduction: Metacognition is defined as awareness or analysis of one’s own learning and thinking process. What that means is you are thinking about your own thinking; knowing about knowing. This is my understanding of the materials: Metacognition enables us to learn. It involves control over the cognitive processes in learning. There are many variables that go along with being a better learner; a better student. You are aware that it is better to study in a quiet place or to actually study. You also know it is better to have many study sessions, not to cram it all in one night. Now we are going to talk about metacognitive knowledge. There are three listed types of metacognitive knowledge: declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge and conditional knowledge. Allow me to elaborate these three steps of metacognitive knowledge. Declarative knowledge is knowing the facts of the material. An example: driving a car. You have to have the basic knowledge of how a car works, road rules and signs. Procedural knowledge is taking the facts and applying them. Example: finally driving a car. You apply all the knowledge you learned from driver’s ed to now physically driving the car. The last step is conditional knowledge; knowing the appropriate response for any given circumstances. Example: driving while it is raining. First you will want to turn the windshield wipers on (that is a given) then you will want to slow...
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